形式主语虚拟同位语独立主格

1、2021/4/21 it is advisable, it is desired, it is suggested, it is requested, it was ordered, it was proposed, it is necessary, it is important , it has been decided, it is desirable, it is essential, it is crucial, it is vital, it is proper, it is recommendable等结构后引导的主语从句。 It is+ adj.+ subjective cla

2、use2021/4/22 在这类从句中，谓语多用should+动词原形或省略should直接用动词原形。现代英语，特别在新闻文字，外交文件，提案等及口语中后一种形式比较普遍，美国人也比较爱用后一种形式。 例题 It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios _ after 11 oclock at night. A) were not played B) not be played C) not to play D) did not play 正确答案为B)。看见request一词，我们马上初步断定这是测试虚拟语气。应该

3、用should+动词原形或直接用动词原形。2021/4/23Appositive A construction in which a noun or noun phrase is placed with another as an explanatory equivalent, both having the same syntactic句法的 relation to the other elements in the sentence; for example, Plato and the Greek philosopher in Plato, the Greek philosopher,

4、was born in 427BC. 同位语：一名词或一名词词组作为解释性成分与另一个放在一起，这两个成分与句子中的其他成分有相同的关系2021/4/24Appositive Noun (phrase) as the appositive Anna, my best friend, was here last night. Paul Jones, the distinguished art critic, died in his sleep last night. Mr. Campbell the lawyer was here last night. His only interest in

5、 life, playing football, has brought him many friends. He always works hard in spite of the fact that he is not in good health.2021/4/25 同位语所表示的关系相当于连系动词，即可以用be把同位语连接起来。 Anna is my best friend. Paul Jones is the distinguished art critic. Mr. Campbell is the lawyer. His only interest in life is playi

6、ng football. The fact is that he is not in good health.2021/4/26Noun Clause as the Appositive a. 用作同位语的名词从句对与它同位的名词进行解释或说明其实际内容，一般由that 引导，有时也可用whether，what, when，where，why，how等来引导。 The fact that sea water cant be used for drinking is known to all. 2021/4/27 b. 用在同位语从句前的先行词通常是一个概括性抽象名词: answer, appe

7、al, belief, conclusion, decision, discovery, fact, idea，message, news, promise, proposal, question, remark, reply, report, saying, statement, thought, understanding, truth. The fact that he wrote a letter to her suggests that he knew her. 2021/4/28 c. 带有that-分句作同位语的句子，如果谓语动词及其补足成分较短或同位的主要名词词组带有其他修饰语

8、，则that-分句可与该主要名词词组分隔。例如： The fact remains that there is no filling station (加油站) here. Suddenly the thought came to me that he could go blind. Abraham Lincoln is the most famous instance of the claim that Americans often made that in their country a man may rise from the lowest to the highest positi

9、on. 2021/4/29 d. that既可以用在非限制性同位语从句中，也可以用在限制性同位语从句中。 The ugly fact that he was holding a gun indicated his guilt. The more relevant fact, that the gun had not been fired, was curiously ignored. 2021/4/210Absolute Structure also nominative absolute a free-standing (absolute) part of a sentence that d

10、escribes or modifies the main subject and verb. 试比较: Weather permitting, well go for a walk. Having finished his homework, he went downstairs for a walk.2021/4/211Absolute Structure 独立主格结构（the absolute structure）是由名词或代词加上分词或分词短语构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子，而不是一个词或词组。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词或分词短语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构与主句不

11、发生句法上的联系，独立主格结构的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词句之间不能使用任何连接词。 2021/4/212独立主格结构的构成 名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词； 名词(代词)+形容词； 名词(代词)+副词； 名词(代词)+不定式； 名词(代词) +介词短语 2021/4/213独立主格结构的特点： 1) 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 2) 名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。 3) 独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开

12、。 Example： The test finished, we began our holiday. = when the test was finished, we began our holiday. 2021/4/214 Weather _, well go out for a walk. A) permitted B) permitting C) permits D) for permitting So many directors _, the board meeting had to be put off A) were absent B) been absent C) had

13、been absent D) being absent 2021/4/215 All things _, the planed trip will have to be called off A) be consideredB) considered C) consideringD) having considered2021/4/216独立结构种类独立结构种类 分词独立结构的形式为 “逻辑主语 + 现在分词/过去分词”，常用作状语，用来表示时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随等；有时可作同位语，起补充说明的作用。例如： a. The dark clouds having dispersed, the

14、 sun shone again. (时间) b. This done, he left the home. (时间) c. Nobody having any more to say, the meeting was closed. (原因) 2021/4/217 d. All his savings gone, he started looking for a job. (原因) e. Weather permitting, well have a football match tomorrow. (条件) f. Everything taken into account, his pla

15、n seems to be more workable. (条件) g. He guiding her, they crossed the street. (方式) h. He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head. (方式) 2021/4/218 i. He climbed slowly up the mountain, his courage slipping away at every step. (伴随) 2021/4/219独立结构种类 无动词独立结构的形式为 “逻辑主语 + 名词/形容词/副词/介词短语”，

16、用作状语，表示方式或伴随等。例如： She sat down on the ground, her face pale with great pain. 2021/4/220独立结构种类 介词独立结构的形式为 “with/without + 逻辑主语 + 形容词/副词/介词短语/不定式/现在分词/过去分词”，常作状语，表示方式、伴随、原因等。例如: a. He left in a hurry, with the door open. b. The boy entered the room, without shoes and socks on. 2021/4/221独立结构种类 不定式独立结构

17、的形式为 “逻辑主语+不定式”，作状语，表示说明或伴随。例如： We divided the work, she to clean the window and I to sweep the floor. 2021/4/222分词、从句以及独立主格分词、从句以及独立主格之间的不同之间的不同 1. 分词短语结构，它表示分词动作的逻辑主语是句子的主语，连词可以保留，也可以省略。如： When leaving the railway station, she kept silent. 2. 从句结构，从句前既有连词也有完整的句子成分，并且主从句的主语可以相同也可以不同。如： Ann was sing

18、ing while she was dancing. The flight of No. 737 had taken off before he arrived. 2021/4/223 3. 独立主格结构，该结构中动词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，并且要省略连词，但必须保留独立主格结构中的主语。如： All the people having been here, the leader declared the meeting open. The task finished, they would have nothing to do. 2021/4/224Appositive 同位语, say

19、s Roseanne M. Lyle, associate professor at Purdue. (L6)The first and most common is having low iron reserves, a condition that typically has no symptoms. (L32)Split the above two sentences into simple sentences respectively.PracticePractice, says Roseanne M. Lyle. She is an associate professor at Pu

20、rdue University. (L6)2. The first and most common is having low iron reserves. It is a condition that typically has no symptoms. (L32)Now combine the following simple sentences into one sentence by using appositives.2021/4/225 The ancient Chinese were a people of inventors and discoverers. The ancient Chinese were a people of philosophers and soldiers. The ancient Chinese were a people of poets and craftsmen. The ancient Chi