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Chapter 7: Pathways of Elements in the EcosystemChapter 7: Pathways of Elements in the EcosystemTopic: global warming Difficulty: easy 1.During the past century, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the earths atmosphere has increased rapidly from about _ to its present level of about 360 ppm. A)0 ppm B) 100 ppm C) 280 ppm D) 350 ppm Answer: CTopic: global warming Difficulty: moderate 2.The atmosphere contained vastly more carbon dioxide at the beginning of the Devonian (409 Mya) than it did toward the end of the Devonian (363 Mya). What was the fate of this atmospheric carbon? A)It was incorporated into carbonate sediments in the ocean basins. B)It was incorporated into solid methane deposits in the ocean basins. C)It was incorporated into the living biomass of the earths rapidly developing forests. D)It was bound to clay minerals in paleosols. Answer: ATopic: energy transformations Difficulty: moderate 3.Energy transformations in biological systems typically link assimilatory and dissimilatory processes. Which of the following is necessary for such transformations to occur? A)The dissimilatory process must release less energy than that required by the assimilatory process. B)The dissimilatory process must release more energy than that required by the assimilatory process. C)The energy released by the dissimilatory process must exactly balance the energy required by the assimilatory process. Answer: BTopic: energy transformations Difficulty: moderate 4.Most biological energy transformations are associated with the biochemical oxidation and reduction of which of the following elements? A)sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium B)copper, iron, aluminum, and manganese C)carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur Answer: CTopic: water cycle Difficulty: easy 5.Which of the following is by far the largest reservoir of water on earth? A)the oceans D)lakes and rivers B)polar ice caps and glaciers E)soil moisture C)underground aquifers Answer: ATopic: water cycle Difficulty: easy 6.What percentage of solar energy striking the earth provides the energy required to drive the global water cycle? A)1% B) 2% C) 10% D) 25% E) 100% Answer: DTopic: water cycle Difficulty: moderate 7.Each year, the input (as water vapor) and output (as precipitation) of water to and from the earths atmosphere is balanced. The inputs and outputs each amount to 65 cm of water, if this water were spread evenly over the earths surface. The amount of water in the atmosphere at any time would amount to 2.5 cm if spread evenly over the earths surface. What is the approximate residence time (in years) of water in the atmosphere? A)40 years B) 26 years C) 4 years D) 0.4 years E) 0.04 years Answer: ETopic: water cycle Difficulty: moderate 8.How many times longer is the residence time of water in soils, rivers, lakes, and oceans (combined) compared to its residence time in the atmosphere? A)10 times longer D)10,000 times longer B)100 times longer E)100,000 times longer C)1000 times longer Answer: ETopic: carbon cycle Difficulty: moderate 9.The global assimilation rate of carbon by photosynthesis is approximately 85 gigatons per year, balanced by an equivalent rate of dissimilation by respiration. Given a global organic carbon pool (excluding fossil carbon) of 2650 gigatons, what is the average residence time of carbon in this pool? A)0.032 years B) 0.32 years C) 3.1 years D) 31 years Answer: DTopic: carbon cycle Difficulty: moderate 10.In aquatic systems, there is a small net removal of soluble carbon from the water column, primarily as insoluble calcium carbonate. What balances this small net loss? A)inputs from rivers, which tend to dissolve terrestrial limestone deposits B)inputs from wind-blown dust carried from terrestrial limestone deposits C)inputs from dissolution of insoluble aquatic calcium phosphate deposits Answer: ATopic: carbon cycle Difficulty: moderate 11.Geologist Gregory Retallack has studied fossilized Antarctic soils that formed during the Devonian. His findings suggest that declining atmospheric carbon concentrations during the Devonian were prompted by which of the following processes? A)extensive fires in Devonian forests B)cessation of soil development in the Devonian C)increased weathering of calcium and magnesium from soils during the Devonian D)increased respiration by soil invertebrates during the Devonian Answer: CTopic: nitrogen cycle Difficulty: easy 12.Which of the following abiotic processes can result in the transformation of atmospheric nitrogen gas (N2) to ammonia (NH3) available to plants and microorganisms? A)landslides B) acidification of lakes C) lightning D) none of the above Answer: CTopic: nitrogen cycle Difficulty: easy 13.Is biological nitrogen fixation an assimilatory or dissimilatory process? A)assimilatory B) dissimilatory C) neither of the above Answer: ATopic: nitrogen cycle Difficulty: easy 14.How do free-living bacteria, such as Azotobacter, obtain the energy necessary to reduce atmospheric nitrogen gas (N2) to ammonia (NH3)? A)photosynthesis C)metabolism of organic detritus B)parasitism of plant roots D)none of the above Answer: CTopic: nitrogen cycle Difficulty: easy 15.How do free-living cyanobacteria obtain the energy necessary to reduce atmospheric nitrogen gas (N2) to ammonia (NH3)? A)photosynthesis C)metabolism of organic detritus B)parasitism of plant roots D)none of the above Answer: ATopic: nitrogen cycle Difficulty: easy 16.Aside from that produced by biological nitrogen fixation, biologically available nitrogen is abundantly available in various rocks and minerals, which can be mined for fertilizer.A)true B) falseAnswer: BTopic: nitrogen cycle Difficulty: easy 17.Which of the following kinds of organisms are capable of ammonification? A)plants B) animals C) fungi D) protists E) bacteria F) all of the above Answer: FTopic: nitrogen cycle Difficulty: moderate 18.Nitrification: A)is carried out only by fungi. B)can proceed in waterlogged, anaerobic soils and sediments. C)results in the oxidation of nitrogen. D)releases nitrogen gas (N2) to the atmosphere. E)produces a form of nitrogen unavailable to plants. Answer: CTopic: nitrogen cycle Difficulty: easy 19.You are asked to identify a sample of microorganisms responsible for nitrification in aerobic soils. Which of the following would be a likely candidate? A)Methanosomonas D)Thiobacillus B)Hydrogenomonas E)Ferrobacillus C)Nitrosomonas Answer: CTopic: nitrogen cycle Difficulty: moderate 20.Denitrification is an important biological process because: A)it results in the release of nitrogen in a form unavailable to plants. B)it can proceed in waterlogged, anaerobic soils and sediments. C)it results in the breakdown of organic matter in soils and sediments. D)it is carried out by certain bacteria. E)All of the above are true. Answer: ETopic: elemental cycling Difficulty: easy 21.Which of the following elements lacks a form that circulates readily (as a gas) through the atmosphere? A)nitrogen B) phosphorus C) carbon D) sulfur E) oxygen Answer: BTopic: phosphorus cycle Difficulty: easy 22.The phosphorus cycle is not of particular interest to ecologists because phosphorus is not an essential element.A)true B) falseAnswer: BTopic: phosphorus cycle Difficulty: easy 23.Which of the following statements correctly characterizes the phosphorus cycle? A)Phosphorus undergoes relatively few oxidation and reduction reactions. B)Phosphorus is typically limiting in aquatic habitats. C)Phosphorus is relatively unavailable in both basic and acidic soils. D)All of the above are true. Answer: DTopic: sulfur cycle Difficulty: moderate 24.Under certain environmental conditions, bacteria may use sulfate as an oxidizing agent for organic carbon, much as they use nitrate under similar conditions. Under what conditions would you expect such use of sulfate to occur? A)aerobic conditions B) anaerobic conditions C) either of the above Answer: BTopic: sulfur cycle Difficulty: moderate 25.Sulfides are commonly associated with coal deposits. When mine wastes are exposed to oxygen and water, the resultant reactions can lead ultimately to the formation of: A)hydrogen sulfide. C)sulfuric acid. B)elemental sulfur. D)organic forms of sulfur. Answer: CTopic: organismal roles in elemental cycling Difficulty: moderate 26.Chemoautotrophic organisms use carbon dioxide as their source of inorganic carbon, but obtain energy for reduction of carbon from: A)sunlight. B)heat extracted from the atmosphere or water. C)oxidation of inorganic substrates. D)oxidation of carbohydrates. Answer: CTopic: organismal roles in elemental cycling Difficulty: easy 27.Chemoautotrophic organisms are almost exclusively: A)higher plants. B) fungi. C) protists. D) bacteria and archaebacteria. Answer: DTopic: elemental cycles Difficulty: easy 28.You are asked to identify a sample of microorganisms responsible for chemoautotrophic oxidation of reduced forms of sulfur. Which of the following would be a likely candidate? A)Methanosomonas D)Thiobacillus B)Hydrogenomonas E)Ferrobacillus C)Nitrosomonas Answer: DTopic: hydrothermal vent ecosystems Difficulty: moderate 29.The high productivity of areas surrounding deep-sea hydrothermal vents contrasts sharply with that of the surrounding ocean floor. What is the base of the food chain of these productive habitats? A)primary productivity by chemoautotrophic sulfur bacteria B)primary productivity by photoautotrophic sulfur bacteria C)detritus filtering down from the ocean surface D)carbohydrates emitted by the hydrothermal vents Answer: ATopic: hydrothermal vent ecosystems Difficulty: moderate 30.Pogonophoran worms of deep-sea hydrothermal vents occupy which trophic level in the vent ecosystem? A)first (primary producer) C)third (secondary consumer) B)second (primary consumer) Answer: BUse the following to answer questions 31-36:You receive a telephone call from one of your states senators, Phil I. Buster. Senator Buster has learned that you are an expert on the global cycling of carbon and its relevance to the issue of global warming. He invites you to Washington, D.C. to serve as an expert witness in a congressional hearing devoted to global warming. You accept the invitation and soon find yourself on Capitol Hill, facing some challenging questions from the senators attending the hearing. Please do your best to answer each of these questions. Topic: global warming Difficulty: easy 31.What are the principal anthropogenic sources contributing to increasing atmospheric concentration of CO2? Answer: combustion of fossil fuels and burning of forests Topic: global warming Difficulty: moderate 32.Why is the atmosphere so sensitive to inputs of anthropogenic CO2? Answer: The average residence time of carbon in the atmosphere is relatively brief, about 5 years. The concentration of atmospheric CO2 is thus quite sensitive to changes in the rate of CO2 production, increasing in parallel with the increasing rate of combustion of fossil fuels. Topic: global warming Difficulty: easy 33.What will be the consequences of global warming for human activities? Answer: Concerns include disruption of agriculture and displacement of human populations caused by changing climate. Rising sea levels, related to melting polar ice caps and thermal expansion of seawater, could also pose serious threats to human activities in coastal areas. Topic: global warming Difficulty: moderate 34.Are there any precedents in geologic history for global climate change linked to atmospheric concentrations of CO2? Answer: Concentrations of atmospheric CO2 and climate appear to have been closely linked throughout geologic history. High levels of atmospheric CO2 during the early Paleozoic and early Mesozoic Eras were associated with high temperatures and flourishing of tropical life worldwide. Declining atmospheric CO2 in the Devonian set the stage for cooler climates and glaciation by the end of the Paleozoic Era. Topic: global warming Difficulty: easy 35.The atmospheric concentration of CO2 does not appear to be rising as quickly as it might if all anthropogenic CO2 were to remain in the atmosphere. What is the principal sink for excess atmospheric CO2? Answer: the oceans Topic: global warming Difficulty: moderate 36.The public views atmospheric CO2 and the related greenhouse effect in a negative way. Is this view entirely appropriate? Answer: Not entirely. Atmospheric CO2 and its contribution to greenhouse warming of the earth is essential to the maintenance of favorable climatic conditions for life as we know it. Declines of atmospheric CO2 through the earths geologic history have led to climatic cooling and the onset of extensive glaciation. However, emissions of CO2 related to human activities are causing a rapid increase in atmospheric CO2. Global climatic warming and related consequences of increased atmospheric CO2 will lead to numerous undesirable consequences from the human perspective. Topic: energy transformations Difficulty: easy 37.When an atom gives up electrons, it is said to be _. Answer: oxidized Topic: energy transformations Difficulty: easy 38.Dissimilatory biological processes typically involve _ of an organic compound. Answer: oxidationTopic: energy transformations Difficulty: easy 39.Ecologists use _ models to organize their thinking about elemental cycling and processing of energy in ecological systems. Answer: compartment Topic: carbon cycle Difficulty: moderate 40.Most of the earths carbon is locked up in _. Answer: sedimentary rocks Topic: nitrogen cycle Difficulty: easy 41._ involves the hydrolysis of proteins into their constituent amino acids, followed by oxidation of the carbon in the amino acids, which releases ammonia. Answer: Ammonification Topic: nitrogen cycle Difficulty: easy 42.Species with _-fixing capabilities typically dominate on land first exposed to colonization by living things. Answer: nitrogen Topic: phosphorus cycle Difficulty: easy 43.Plants assimilate phosphorus in the form of _. Answer: phosphate Topic: sulfur cycle Difficulty: easy 44.Under aerobic conditions, chemoautotrophic bacteria, such as Thiobacillus, can oxidize reduced sulfur to _. Answer: sulfate Topic: organismal roles in elemental cycling Difficulty: easy 45.Organisms broadly referred to as _ obtain carbon in reduced (organic) form by consuming other organisms or organic detritus. Answer: heterotrophs Topic: energy transformations Difficulty: hard 46.From a thermodynamic perspective, evaporation and condensation of water resemble photosynthesis and respiration. Please explain. Answer: The evaporation of water is similar to photosynthesis in that solar energy powers both processes. When water evaporates, the resultant water vapor has potential energy, the energy of separation of water molecules from one another. The condensation of water also resembles respiration. When water vapor condenses, the water molecules aggregate, releasing their potential energy in the form of heat. In photosynthesis, reduced carbon atoms in carbohydrate molecules, such as glucose, contain substantial potential energy. This energy can be released, and some of it captured to perform useful work, when the carbon is oxidized in the process of respiration. Topic: energy transformations Difficulty: moderate 47.The water cycle can be viewed as an enormous solar-powered pump, transporting water from earths oceans to its landmasses, whence the surplus water returns to the oceans via rivers. Please outline the details of this process. Answer: Each year, evaporation from the oceans exceeds precipitation falling back to the oceans by 40 teratons (TT). Over land, the situation is reversed, with precipitation exceeding evapotranspiration by exactly the same amount, 40 TT. This surplus returns to the oceans via rivers. Solar energy is involved in two ways. First, solar energy is required to evaporate water from the oceans. Second, the net transport of water from the oceans to the landmasses via the atmosphere is the result of global atmospheric circulation, another solar-powered process. Topic: carbon cycle Difficulty: hard 48.Compare and contrast the paired processes of precipitation/dissolution and assimilation/dissimilation of carbon in aquatic systems. Answer: In aquatic systems, precipitation and dissolution of carbonates are essentially balanced. Similarly, assimilation and dissimilation of carbon in aquatic systems are essent
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