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Chapter 13: Population StructuresChapter 13: Population StructuresTopic: population structures Difficulty: easy 1.Populations of most species have persisted over many thousands or even millions of years. However, many species are now threatened with extinction and this is a cause of great concern. We need to understand why so many species are threatened and what management approaches may be effective in maintaining viable populations of species at risk. To do so, we must learn more about how changes in the environment influence the structure and dynamics of populations.A)true B) falseAnswer: ATopic: landscape ecology Difficulty: moderate 2.A recent branch of ecology addresses how the size and arrangement of habitat patches influence the activities of individuals, the growth and regulation of populations, and the interactions among species. Which branch of ecology is this? A)population ecology C)ecosystem ecology B)community ecology D)landscape ecology Answer: DTopic: habitat fragmentation Difficulty: easy 3.We now recognize _ as one of the most significant threats to the stability of populations worldwide. This threat arises as forests are cleared, roads are built, and rivers are channeled, resulting in small, isolated patches of residual habitat. A)pollution of air and water B)habitat fragmentation C)hunting and collecting of plants and animals by humans D)removal of predators E)introduction of exotic pests Answer: BTopic: habitat fragmentation Difficulty: moderate 4.Research in the Amazon Basin has identified _ as an important negative consequence of habitat fragmentation. A)drying of vegetation and excessive wind damage near forest edges B)increased mortality of trees near forest edges C)losses of up to 15 tons of tree biomass per hectare near forest edges D)all of the above Answer: DTopic: geographic distributions Difficulty: easy 5.The individuals belonging to a given species are distributed relatively uniformly throughout the geographic range of the species.A)true B) falseAnswer: BTopic: dispersion Difficulty: moderate 6.Some shorebirds, such as terns, nest in large colonies on sandy beaches and sand spits. These birds maintain small territories surrounding their nests. Nests are packed fairly densely on the sand, each nesting pair maintaining a fixed minimum distance between its nest and those belonging to other pairs. What kind of dispersion might you expect in these nests? A)clumped B) evenly spaced C) random Answer: BTopic: dispersion Difficulty: moderate 7.During winter, many resident songbirds of the north temperate zone travel in mixed-species flocks. Flocking may help these birds find food and maintain a more effective watch for predators. Which of the following dispersion patterns characterizes the individuals of these birds? A)clumped B) evenly spaced C) random Answer: ATopic: dispersion Difficulty: moderate 8.Certain salamanders live in the moist microhabitat under fallen logs in the forest. Which of the following dispersion patterns characterizes the individuals of such species within a tract of forest? A)clumped B) evenly spaced C) random Answer: ATopic: dispersion Difficulty: moderate 9.When individuals of a particular species are distributed independently of other individuals of the same species in a uniform habitat, we might expect these individuals to be distributed in which of the following ways? A)clumped B) evenly spaced C) random Answer: CTopic: populations in heterogeneous landscapes Difficulty: moderate 10.Although subpopulations of the Florida snail kite exist in patches of wetland habitat suitable for feeding and breeding, these subpopulations are well integrated into a single large population. Why? A)Upland areas between wetlands also contain suitable habitat. B)Researchers frequently move young birds from one subpopulation to another. C)Adult birds are highly mobile, flying readily from one wetland to another. D)All of the above are correct. Answer: CTopic: populations in heterogeneous landscapes Difficulty: moderate 11.Populations of one of the following species have lost genetic variation because of limited movement of individuals between habitat patches. Which is it? A)the Australian arboreal gecko, Oedura reticulata B)the European starling, Sturnus vulgaris C)the European blue tit, Parus caeruleus D)the chinch bug, Blissus leucopterus Answer: ATopic: populations in heterogeneous landscapes Difficulty: moderate 12.In this chapter, weve seen three models that address the nature of populations in heterogenous or patchy landscapes. One of these is less sophisticated in its attention to details. Which is it? A)metapopulation model B) source-sink model C) landscape model Answer: ATopic: populations in heterogeneous landscapes Difficulty: moderate 13.Which of the following models specifically addresses the situation in which subpopulations in poor-quality habitats are maintained by immigration of individuals from other subpopulations that produce surplus individuals? A)metapopulation model B) source-sink model C) landscape model Answer: BTopic: populations in heterogeneous landscapes Difficulty: moderate 14.Which of the following models specifically addresses the situation in which the quality of one kind of habitat can be altered by conditions in adjacent habitats? A)metapopulation model B) source-sink model C) landscape model Answer: CTopic: populations in heterogeneous landscapes Difficulty: moderate 15.In the metapopulation model, subpopulations occupy patches of suitable habitat. These patches are isolated from one another by intervening areas of unsuitable habitat that are viewed as barriers to the movement of individuals between subpopulations. What term is used to refer to these areas of unsuitable habitat? A)sink populations B) the habitat matrix C) roosting sites D) marginal habitats Answer: BTopic: scale of variation Difficulty: easy 16.In research on the distributions of coral species in Australias Great Barrier Reef, Terry Hughes and colleagues recognized two fundamentally different types of corals: spawners and brooders. Which of these coral types produces larvae that travel greater distances? A)spawners B) brooders Answer: ATopic: scale of variation Difficulty: moderate 17.In research on the distributions of coral species in Australias Great Barrier Reef, Terry Hughes and colleagues recognized four spatial scales at which variation in abundance of adult and larval corals might be found. Of these four scales, which would reflect variability inherent in the sampling methods themselves and the natural heterogeneity of the habitat? A)between sectors (hundreds of kilometers) B)between reefs within sectors (about 10 km) C)between sites within reefs (about 1 km) D)within sites (15 m) Answer: DTopic: scale of variation Difficulty: moderate 18.Although distributions of adult corals of spawner species show no variation at the largest scale (among sectors) in Australias Great Barrier Reef, there is considerable variation among sectors in the settlement of larvae of these species. What important conclusion did Terry Hughes and colleagues derive from this research finding? A)Ecological processes subsequently even out average abundance of adult corals over the entire extent of the Great Barrier Reef. B)Populations of adult spawners will eventually differ greatly among sectors of the Great Barrier Reef. C)Discrepancies between larval and adult distributions revealed flaws in the researchers methodology. D)The researchers had no explanation for the observed results. Answer: ATopic: ideal free distribution Difficulty: easy 19.Under circumstances in which an ideal free distribution develops, habitat patches have two kinds of quality: intrinsic and apparent. Which kind of quality characterizes these patches before individuals have begun exploiting resources? A)intrinsic B) apparent Answer: ATopic: ideal free distribution Difficulty: moderate 20.An ideal free distribution has begun developing in a landscape. As individuals exploit resources in habitat patches, which type of habitat quality determines subsequent choice of habitat patches by other individuals? A)intrinsic B) apparent Answer: BTopic: ideal free distribution Difficulty: moderate 21.As an ideal free distribution develops, what should be true of the various habitat patches within a landscape? A)Apparent habitat quality should decline but remain relatively consistent among patches. B)Apparent habitat quality should increase but remain relatively consistent among patches. C)Apparent habitat quality should decline and vary considerably among patches. D)Apparent habitat quality should increase and vary considerably among patches. Answer: ATopic: ideal free distribution Difficulty: easy 22.An ideal free distribution can develop for individuals of any species, even those incapable of making behavioral decisions about where to live and where not to live.A)true B) falseAnswer: BTopic: ideal free distribution Difficulty: hard 23.During the winter, large flocks of slate-colored juncos visit a well-established bird-feeding station. An experiment is conducted in which two adjacent feeding platforms, each 1 1 m in size, are provided with sunflower seeds. Whenever juncos are present, a metering device dispenses seeds at a low rate of 5 g/hr to one platform and a high rate of 15 g/hr to the other. A flock of 40 juncos arrives and the birds quickly establish an ideal free distribution. How many birds are feeding on the platform supplied at the low rate? A)30 B) 20 C) 10 D) 5 E) 0 Answer: CTopic: population density Difficulty: moderate 24.The sizes of most plant and animal populations are determined by counting all individuals in the populations.A)true B) falseAnswer: BTopic: population density Difficulty: moderate 25.In some cases, it is possible to estimate the size of a population by counting the number of individuals in small plots of known area, then extrapolating these counts to the entire area occupied by the population. This approach can be successful only when: A)used with plants. D)used in terrestrial systems. B)used with animals. E)used with sessile organisms. C)used in aquatic systems. Answer: ETopic: movement of individuals Difficulty: easy 26.A sink subpopulation is supported by _ into the sink by individuals from neighboring subpopulations. A)emigration B) immigration Answer: BTopic: movement of individuals Difficulty: easy 27.Which of the following is essential if we are to determine the extent to which individuals in a particular subpopulation have immigrated from somewhere else? A)a means of distinguishing immigrants from other members of the subpopulation B)a means of estimating numbers of both immigrants and other members of the subpopulation C)both of the above Answer: CTopic: movement of individuals Difficulty: moderate 28.Determination of neighborhood size requires knowledge of the _ and the density of the population. A)average size of individual organisms in the population B)number of individuals of the same species with which an individual mates C)number of individuals of other species with which an individual interacts D)lifetime dispersal area Answer: DTopic: movement of individuals Difficulty: hard 29.The lifetime dispersal area of a particular species of toad is 0.4 km2. The population density of toads of this species is 500/km2. What is the neighborhood size for this species? A)1 km2 D)400 individuals B)0.4 km2 E)200 individuals C)500 individuals Answer: ETopic: movement of individuals Difficulty: moderate 30.The westward spread of the European starling across the United States was remarkably rapid, suggesting that estimates of dispersal distances for many birds may be: A)too high B) too low C) just about right Answer: BUse the following to answer questions 31-35:Last year you hiked the Appalachian Trail. This recreational trail threads together some of the finest natural areas in the eastern United States from Mt. Katahdin in Maine southward to Springer Mountain in Georgia. The 2,147-mile (3,547 km) hike took you 5 months from start (Mt. KatahdinJune 1) to finish (Springer MountainOctober 31). You hiked about 15 miles per day, stopping frequently to make observations of natural history along the way. You were stimulated to ask many questions for which you did not have answers at the time. This year, however, youre taking an introductory ecology course, and youre delighted to find answers to many of your questions. Below are five questions that you raised during your hike. Please put your newly found knowledge to work in answering these questions. Topic: habitat fragmentation Difficulty: moderate 31.The Appalachian Trail traverses large natural areas, such as National Parks, but it also passes through farmland and more than 100 small towns. This diversity afforded you the opportunity to pass from areas of human disturbance into undisturbed areas and vice versa. An avid bird-watcher, you noted that brown-headed cowbirds parasitized nests of songbirds in small woodlots, but that they did not seem to parasitize the nests of songbirds in the centers of larger forested areas. What do ecologists know about this phenomenon? Answer: The brown-headed cowbird prefers open habitats, such as farm fields, and it is most active in these, parasitizing the nests of other songbirds frequently. However, this nest parasite will also venture into the edges of forested areas. Research on Kentucky warblers showed that substantial parasitism by cowbirds occurs within several hundred meters of the forest edge. Cowbirds do not venture deeply into forested areas (much beyond about 1 km), so other birds nesting in the forest interior are not parasitized to any great extent. Your observation of parasitism in small woodlots is consistent with this behavior, because no part of a small patch of forest is very far from an edge. Topic: long-distance dispersal Difficulty: easy 32.During your 5-month hike, you encountered many species of plants and animals that are quite successful in eastern North America but which were not present there at the time of European settlement. You often wondered why such species were previously absent from North America, given their obvious present success in North American habitats. What is the explanation for your observation? Answer: Barriers to long-distance dispersal often limit the geographic ranges of species. Most exotic terrestrial species in North America, and elsewhere, are limited in their dispersal by oceanic barriers. Humans have been the principal dispersal agents for such species. Topic: geographic distributions Difficulty: easy 33.During your 5-month hike, few days passed when you did not encounter a sugar maple. Yet you did not see sugar maples everywhere you went. They were absent from wetlands, for example, and were increasing restricted to higher elevations as you hiked southward. What important general rule regarding distribution of species do your observations illustrate? Answer: Each species has a geographic range, with boundaries determined by limits of tolerable physical conditions. The Appalachian Trail cuts through the heart of sugar maples geographic range in eastern North America. However, within the geographic range of a species, individuals are found only in suitable habitats. Throughout sugar maples range, extremely wet areas and areas with hot summers are unsuitable for growth. Topic: metapopulations Difficulty: moderate 34.As weve already seen, you observed during your hike that sugar maple is increasingly restricted to higher elevations in the south. Like sugar maple, the Fraser fir is restricted to higher elevations in the south, but to an even greater extent, Fraser fir is rarely seen at elevations below 1,500 m (about 5,000 ft). In several places you hiked, Fraser fir has an insular distribution, occurring on several nearby summits, but not in the intervening lower areas. Pollen and, occasionally, seeds move between these montane patches containing Fraser fir. Which popular model views populations as sets of subpopulations isolated from one another by barriers to movement? Is such a model appropriate to Fraser fir? Answer: The metapopulation model describes situations like the one you observed for Fraser fir. The subpopulations of Fraser fir occupy patches of suitable habitat separated by intervening unfavorable areas constituting the habitat matrix. Topic: movement of individuals Difficulty: moderate 35.During your 5 months of observing natural history along the Appalachian Trail, you encountered many animal species that are non-migratory, species that spend their entire lives within a limited geographic area. These animals differed considerably in their dispersal abilities and population densities. You often wondered how many other individuals of the same species these animals typically encounter during their lives. Do you now have some insight into the answer to this question? Please explain. Answer: Yes, studies of many species with varied habits have estimated neighborhood sizes that are surprisingly similar, ranging from about 100 to 10,000 individuals. Topic: population structures Difficulty: easy 36.Because areas of suitable habitat are distributed in a patchy fashion, most populations are broken into smaller _ between which movement of individuals is restricted to some extent. Answer: subpopulations Topic: population structures Difficulty: easy 37.A study of _ would take into account the density and spacing of individuals within suitable habitat as well as the proportions of individuals in different age classes. Answer: population structure Topic: population structures Difficulty: moderate 38.Populations are continuously changing through time because of births, deaths, immigration, and emigration. We refer to this continuous change as _. Answer: dynamic behavior Topic: dispersion Difficulty: easy 39.Heavy-seeded plants typically establish more seedlings near adult plants than far away from adult plants because of the limited dispersal of their seeds. Such species typically exhibit _ dispersion of seedlings. Answer: clumped Topic: population models Difficulty: moderate 40._ populations typically have abundant resources, and individuals in such populations produce more offspring than required to replace themselves. Answer: Source Topic: population density Difficulty: easy 41.The most significant characteristic of a population is its number, which is in turn a function of the _ (individuals/unit area) and the area occupied. Answer: density Topic: population density Difficulty: easy 42.Individuals belonging to a population of a particular animal species are captured, marked with an inconspicuous tag, and released back into the population. Some time later, more individuals are captured from the same population and the numbers of marked and unmarked individuals are determined. This information is then used to estimate the size of the population. The approach described is called the _ method. Answer: mark-recapture Topic: movement of individuals Difficulty: easy 43.Movements of individuals within populations are referred to as: _. Answer: dispersal Topic: movement of individuals Difficulty: easy 44.Movements of individuals between subpopulations are referred to generally as _. Answer: migration Topic: movement of individuals Difficulty: easy 45.The number of all individuals in a population with which one individual could potentially interact defines the _ of a population. Answer: neighborhood size Topic: geographic distributions Difficulty: moderate 46.What does the story of the introduction of European starlings to North America tell us about the limits to geographic distribution? Answer: Starlings were brought to the New World in 1890 and 1891. The release of just 160 birds in New York City was sufficient to establish the species, which in 60 years had expanded to cover an area of 3 million square miles. There are at least two lessons to be learned from this story. First, introductions should be undertaken with great care. Species not present in an area because of geographic barriers may perform extremely well when introduced, sometimes to the detriment of native species. Second, the rapid dispersal of this species across North America suggests that estimates of dispersal distances for other songbirds may be too low. Topic: dispersion and dispersal Difficulty: moderate 47.Compare and contrast the terms dispersion and dispersal. Answer: Both of these terms, in their biological usages, are related to spatial patterns of organisms. Dispersion typically refers to the spatial patterning of individuals belonging to a particular species, which can be described as clumped, evenly spaced, or random. Dispersal refers to movements of individuals within a population. The dispersal of individuals can affect their dispersion. For example, if individuals remain close to the place where they were born, a clumped dispersion may result. More active dispersal away from the natal site may result in evenly spaced or random dispersion patterns. Topic: source-sink model Difficulty: moderate 48.A southern European songbird, the blue tit, breeds in two habitats that differ greatly in quality. In deciduous oak forests, blue tits produce so many young that their populations have the potential of growing at the astronomical rate of 10% annually. In evergreen oak habitats, blue tits perform poorly, with populations showing a potential for a rapid decline of 13% annually. Yet blue tits pe
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