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Chapter 9: Adaptation to Life in Varying EnvironmentsChapter 9: Adaptation to Life in Varying EnvironmentsTopic: adaptation to varying environments Difficulty: easy 1.Giant red velvet mites dig burrows that extend into the sand of the Mojave Desert. During most of the year, they spend time shuttling up and down in these underground burrows. Given that all this shuttling requires expenditure of precious energy (the mites do not feed while they are below ground), why do the mites not remain motionless within their burrows? A)because they must continually track appropriate temperature conditions in the sand B)because they must elude their predators and parasites C)because they must attempt to locate prospective mates D)because they must defend a series of food caches from robbers Answer: ATopic: adaptation to varying environments Difficulty: easy 2.Giant red velvet mites emerge from their burrows in the Mojave Desert on just a few days during each year, always during the cooler months. What factors make these times of emergence favorable? A)tolerable temperatures on the deserts surface B)presence of their prey, desert termites C)both of the above Answer: CTopic: evolution by natural selection Difficulty: moderate 3.The development of resistance to cyanide poisoning in California citrus scale is an excellent example of evolution by natural selection. Which of the following characteristics of this situation were critical to the evolutionary process? A)There was variation in cyanide resistance among individuals. B)There was inheritance of cyanide resistance. C)There were differences in fitness related to variation in cyanide resistance. D)All of the above were critical to the evolutionary process. Answer: DTopic: evolution by natural selection Difficulty: moderate 4.Natural selection is a process that continually pushes all organisms toward a predetermined goal, represented by perfection of all traits.A)true B) falseAnswer: BTopic: evolution by natural selection Difficulty: moderate 5.Which of the following is relevant to the evolutionary process? A)how fast rabbits can run B)whether running speed affects the ability of rabbits to leave successful offspring C)both A and B D)neither A nor B Answer: BTopic: evolution by natural selection Difficulty: moderate 6.The phenotype is to the genotype what a blueprint is to a building.A)true B) falseAnswer: BTopic: evolution by natural selection Difficulty: moderate 7.Blue eye color in humans is caused by an allele that is recessive to the allele causing brown eye color. A blue-eyed human is thus _ for the eye-color gene. A)dominant B) codominant C) homozygous D) heterozygous Answer: CTopic: evolution by natural selection Difficulty: moderate 8.Most harmful alleles are recessive.A)true B) falseAnswer: ATopic: evolution by natural selection Difficulty: easy 9.The capacity of individuals to exhibit plastic responses to the environment may in itself be an evolved trait.A)true B) falseAnswer: ATopic: activity space Difficulty: easy 10.Research on the desert iguana has demonstrated that this animal utilizes only a small portion of the full range of conditions available to it during a day or a year. This limited range of conditions is referred to as the animals _. A)genotype D)personal space B)phenotype E)microhabitat C)activity space Answer: CTopic: activity space Difficulty: easy 11.Research on cactus wrens has shown that these birds exploit various microhabitats within their desert habitat during the course of a summer day. Of the following microhabitats, which would have the highest usage around noon on a midsummer day? A)exposed ground in full sun B)branches of a small shrub in partial shade C)upper branches of a cactus in full sun D)lower branches of a cactus in partial shade E)lower branches of a large shrub in full shade Answer: ETopic: acclimation Difficulty: easy 12.Acclimation is: A)reversible B) irreversible C) sometimes reversible and sometimes irreversible Answer: ATopic: limitations of acclimation Difficulty: hard 13.You have recently produced clones of a particular goldfish genotype. This genotype is found in nature in habitats where the water temperature is typically about 25C. Two of these cloned individuals, A and B, are raised under identical conditions at 25C. Goldfish A is then acclimated to a water temperature of 5C, while goldfish B is left at 25C. Each goldfish is then evaluated for swimming speed at the temperature at which it was acclimated. Which fish swims faster? A)goldfish A B) goldfish B C) Swimming speed is equivalent in both goldfish. Answer: BTopic: developmental responses Difficulty: moderate 14.Forty loblolly pine seedlings of similar genotype are randomly separated into two groups of 20 each. One group is planted under the partial shade of an existing forest canopy, while the other group is planted in full sun. After several years of growth, the saplings are harvested and each is separated into two components: roots and above-ground parts (stems plus leaves). After thorough drying, the two components of each seedling are weighed and a ratio of above-ground to below-ground weight is determined. Means of these ratios are compared for the two groups. Which group of saplings would be expected to have the greater ratio of above-ground to below-ground weight? A)the group grown in partial shade B)the group grown in full sun C)Both groups should have identical ratios. Answer: ATopic: developmental responses Difficulty: moderate 15.As a rule, developmental responses (like the epidermal pigmentation of the African grasshopper, Gastrimargus africanus) are irreversible. However, an individual African grasshopper is capable of changing its color throughout the year. How is this possible? A)Epidermal pigmentation in this species is actually reversible and thus represents an exception to the rule. B)Epidermal pigmentation in this species is irreversible; researchers were confused because the animals pigmentation actually appears different when viewed against different backgrounds. C)Epidermal pigmentation in this species is irreversible, but the animal can change its external coloration by coating itself in mud of various colors. D)Epidermal pigmentation in this species is irreversible, but the pigmentation can be changed at each molt. Answer: DTopic: developmental responses Difficulty: easy 16.Why do individuals of the African grasshopper, Gastrimargus africanus, have pigmentation that matches the background color of their habitat? A)Matching coloration helps them avoid detection by would-be predators. B)Matching coloration minimizes absorption of solar radiation. C)Matching coloration makes them more attractive to potential mates. D)Matching coloration alerts fewer competitors when food is discovered. Answer: ATopic: developmental responses Difficulty: easy 17.Late in the dry season, individuals of the African grasshopper, Gastrimargus africanus, are black. What habitat condition makes this coloration adaptive? A)more intense sunlight B)browning of the vegetation C)blackening of the ground by fires D)reduction of standing water in the habitat Answer: CTopic: migration, storage, and dormancy Difficulty: easy 18.Migration can be a regular event, in response to predictable deterioration of environmental conditions or declining food supply. For some species, migration occurs more sporadically in response to failure or depletion of local food supplies. Which of the following animals has been shown to exhibit the latter type of migratory behavior? A)Arctic terns D)monarch butterflies B)ground squirrels E)migratory locusts C)acorn woodpeckers Answer: ETopic: migration, storage, and dormancy Difficulty: easy 19.Many chaparral shrubs have large, woody root crowns that are fire-resistant. When periodic fires sweep through the chaparral ecosystem, these root crowns enable the shrubs to resprout rapidly. This is an example of which of the following adaptations to the onset of unfavorable conditions? A)migration B) storage C) dormancy D) none of the above Answer: BTopic: migration, storage, and dormancy Difficulty: moderate 20.Fall diapause in Daphnia is under control of day length. When fall temperatures are warm and population densities low, Daphnia undergo diapause under shorter daylengths than they would if densities were higher or temperatures were cooler. Why? A)This altered response extends their active period when conditions are favorable. B)This altered response shortens their active period when conditions are unfavorable. C)This altered response has no plausible explanation. Answer: ATopic: stimuli for change Difficulty: easy 21.Many plant processes (such as flowering) are under photoperiodic control. Within a particular species, all populations are controlled in precisely the same way, responding to a certain number of hours of lengthening or shortening of daylength.A)true B) falseAnswer: BTopic: optimal foraging Difficulty: moderate 22.Alex Kacelnik of Oxford University trained starlings to feed at artificial stations where the birds obtained mealworms dispensed by a mechanical device. Each successive mealworm fed to a given bird during a single visit arrived after a progressively longer interval. Why did Kacelnik design his experiment in this way? A)He wanted to test the patience of his birds. B)He didnt want his birds to depend only on artificial food sources. C)He wanted to expose his birds to some risk of predation. D)He wanted to mimic the timing of natural feeding events. Answer: DTopic: optimal foraging Difficulty: moderate 23.What happened to the amount of food starlings carried in their bills when scientist Alex Kacelnik increased their travel time from nests? A)Starlings increased the amount of food carried. B)Starlings decreased the amount of food carried. C)Starlings did not alter the amount of food carried. Answer: ATopic: optimal foraging Difficulty: moderate 24.Given one food source with higher risk of predation and another with lower risk of predation, we can be confident that foraging animals will always select the food source with the lower risk of predation.A)true B) falseAnswer: BTopic: optimal foraging Difficulty: moderate 25.Each food item encountered by an animal has an intrinsic value, representing a balance of costs and benefits. Which of the following contributes to this value? A)nutrient and energy content B)difficulty in handling (capturing and ingesting) C)danger from toxins D)all of the above Answer: DTopic: optimal foraging Difficulty: easy 26.An animal may require more time to digest a lower-quality food item, thus slowing its overall rate of feeding.A)true B) falseAnswer: ATopic: optimal foraging Difficulty: hard 27.In which of the following habitats might you expect an animal to pass by food items of lower quality and continue searching for items of higher quality? A)a habitat in which the overall density of food items is high B)a habitat in which the overall density of food items is low Answer: ATopic: diet mixing Difficulty: moderate 28.Humans practice diet mixing to ensure complementarity of essential nutrients. One of the best-known pairings of this sort is: A)chicken and pork D)rice and potatoes B)beef and veal E)cabbage and spinach C)rice and beans Answer: CTopic: diet mixing Difficulty: moderate 29.Elizabeth Bernays fed grasshoppers various diets and monitored their growth rates. On which of the following diets did grasshoppers achieve their highest growth rate? A)kale alone C)basil alone B)cotton alone D)a mixture of kale, cotton, and basil Answer: DTopic: diet mixing Difficulty: easy 30.When birds are presented with two foods, one of which is abundant in the background, they are likely to prefer: A)the food that is also abundant in the background. B)the food that contrasts with the background. Answer: BUse the following to answer questions 31-36:The Pacific swingtail is a colonial-nesting seabird found only on an isolated coral atoll (Faraway Island) in the central Pacific Ocean, near the equator. The swingtail feeds exclusively on adults of a large species of flying fish that it scoops from just above the oceans surface in an acrobatic maneuver. The ocean surrounding the atoll is unproductive and essentially devoid of fish. However, a small area of upwelling located 60 km from the atoll provides a continuous and reliable source of flying fish for the swingtail. During the breeding season, the female swingtail incubates her eggs and later cares for her young until they are ready to fend for themselves. The female swingtail is entirely dependent on her mate to bring food to her (and eventually to the young as well) during the period of egg incubation and juvenile care. The males fly to the area of upwelling and return with fish, which they carry in their bills. They share the fish with their mate and offspring before returning to fish again. Topic: optimal foraging Difficulty: easy 31.During the breeding season, the female swingtail and her offspring are tied to their nesting site, whereas the male swingtail forages for food 60 km from the atoll. What kind of foraging situation is this? Answer: central place foraging Topic: optimal foraging Difficulty: moderate 32.Several investigators have studied the economics of foraging by male swingtails during the breeding season. They found that the foraging cost to the swingtail is primarily associated with travel time (and energy expended during travel) to and from the upwelling area. Because of the abundance of their prey, swingtails spend a trivial amount of time and energy in the act of fishing (searching for and capturing prey). Adult male swingtails are swift fliers, cruising at a speed of 60 km/hr when not carrying fish in their bills. After catching one flying fish, their flight speed drops to 30 km/hr. Flight speeds for birds with two and three fish in their bills are further reduced to 15 km/hr and 5 km/hr, respectively. A male swingtail carrying three fish in its bill is incapable of capturing a fourth. How much time does a male swingtail spend in making the trip to the upwelling area and returning with a single fish in its bill? How much time is required for a round trip if two fish are caught? How much time is required if three fish are caught? Answer: The trip to the upwelling area always takes 1 hour (60 km divided by 60 km/hr). A male returning with one fish takes twice as long to cover the 60 km, 2 hours (60 km divided by 30 km/hr). Thus a male making the round trip and returning with one fish completes the trip in 3 hours. By similar calculations, a male returning with two fish takes 5 hours (1 hour out, 4 hours back), and a male returning with three fish takes 13 hours (1 hour out, 12 hours back). Topic: optimal foraging Difficulty: moderate 33.Considering only the efficiency of foraging (hrs/fish), how many fish returned per trip represents the most efficient use of the male swingtails time? Answer: The efficiencies for returning with one, two, and three fish are 3, 2.5, and 4.3 hrs/fish, respectively. Thus males returning with two fish make most efficient use of their time. Topic: optimal foraging Difficulty: moderate 34.Swingtails are averse to flying at night. At the latitude of Faraway Island, day length is about 12 hours. Swingtails will fly from about 2 hours before sunrise to 2 hours after sunset, resulting in a 16-hours window within which they will fly and fish. However, time spent feeding and grooming back at the nest consumes about an hour of the males daylight hours, leaving a 15-hours window for fishing. For male swingtails making fishing trips in which they routinely return with one, two, or three fish, how many fish per day can they deliver to their mate and offspring? How does total catch of fish per day compare with fishing efficiency? Answer: A male routinely returning with a single fish can make at most five trips per day (15 hr/3 hr per trip). Thus the total catch would be five fish. Similarly, a male returning with two fish per trip could make at most three trips per day, for a total catch of six fish. A male routinely returning with three fish could only make a single trip in a day, for a total catch of three fish. Thus the greatest catch per day is also associated with the most efficient fishing behavior (return with two fish per trip). Topic: optimal foraging Difficulty: moderate 35.From an evolutionary perspective, which foraging behavior (return with one, two, or three fish) would you expect to find practiced by male swingtails feeding their mates and young? Why? Answer: From an evolutionary perspective (optimal foraging theory), one would expect an efficient foraging behavior leading to the greatest total catch of fish to be preferred. In the case of the swingtail, males returning with two fish per trip maximize their total daily catch. If fishing behavior is under genetic control, alleles leading to behaviors resulting in the greatest catch of fish would increase in the swingtail population because individuals practicing such behaviors would be capable of raising more successful offspring. Topic: optimal foraging Difficulty: hard 36.Researchers studying the swingtails of Faraway Island discovered that most males routinely return with a single fish from each fishing trip. The researchers were perplexed by this observation, because males returning with a single fish per trip catch slightly fewer fish (five total) in a given day than males returning with two fish per trip (six total). What might explain this observation? Answer: While males returning with two fish per trip are more efficient and catch more fish per day, they are also much slower fliers on their return trips (they fly at half the speed of birds carrying a single fish). Their slower flight speed might make these birds more susceptible to predation. Increased risk of predation could easily offset the slight advantage associated with catching more fish. In other words, the swingtails may be risk-sensitive foragers. Topic: evolution by natural selection Difficulty: easy 37.When genetic factors cause differences in fecundity and survival among individuals, natural selection changes the genetic makeup of a population. This change is referred to as _. Answer: evolution Topic: evolution by natural selection Difficulty: easy 38.The reproductive success of an individual is referred to as that individuals _. Answer: fitness Topic: evolution by natural selection Difficulty: easy 39.Genes often have different forms, called _. Answer: alleles Topic: microhabitats Difficulty: easy 40.Parts of a particular habitat that can be distinguished by their conditions are called _. Answer: microhabitats Topic: acclimation Difficulty: easy 41.Organisms adapted to high temperatures are sometimes referred to as heat-loving. However, ecologists often use the synonym _ to describe this condition. Answer: thermophilic Topic: migration, storage, and dormancy Difficulty: easy 42.Dormancy in insects is referred to as _. Answer: diapause Topic: migration, storage, and dormancy Difficulty: easy 43.Perhaps the most extreme response to an unfavorable change in the environment is to become inactive or _, simply riding out the period of unfavorable conditions. Answer: dormant Topic: optimal foraging Difficulty: easy 44.Ecologists studying foraging behavior in animals determine carefully the time spent capturing and ingesting a prey once it has been located. The combined time spent capturing and ingesting prey is sometimes referred to as _ time. Answer: handling Topic: diet mixing Difficulty: easy 45.Two foods are said to be _ when each contains essential nutrients missing in the other. Answer: complementary Topic: temperature and habitat selection Difficulty: moderate 46.Cactus wrens have an extended breeding period (March through September) in the Sonoran Desert of southern Arizona. The most successful breeders build nests with entrances facing away from the prevailing winds in early spring, but during summer they orient their nests such that the entrances face the prevailing afternoon winds. Why? Answer: The nest microenvironment must remain within the tolerance range of the young wrens at all times. In early spring, when temperatures are cool, young in nests facing away from prevailing winds remain warmer. In summer, when environmental temperatures are high, young in nests with entrances facing the prevailing winds can take better advantage of convective cooling. Topic: acclimation Difficulty: moderate 47.You compare the abilities of two species of shrub in the genus Atriplex to acclimate to a range of temperature conditions. One species, Atriplex maritima, is found in shrublands along the northern California coast, where conditions are continuously cool. The other species, A. interior, is found in the Great Basin Desert to the east of the range of A. maritima. Temperatures in the Great Basin Desert vary seasonally, from very cold in winter to extremely hot in summer. In your experiments, you discover that both species acclimate well to a temperature of 20C, showing equivalent photosynthetic activity. However, when acclimated to a temperature of 45C, A. interior also performs well, whereas A. maritima exhibits reduced photosynthetic capability. Why? Answer: An organisms capacity for acclimation often reflects the range of conditions experienced in its natural environment. A. interior normally experiences a wide range of temperatures, whereas A. maritima is exposed to a narrower range of temperatures, closer to the 20C acclimation temperature in the experiment. Because the ability to acclimate to a wide range of temperatures imposes a cost for the organism, it is not surprising that A. maritima lacks this unnecessary ability. Topic: energy storage Difficulty: moderate 48.Discuss the options available for storage of energy by migratory vs. non-migratory animals. Answer: Both migratory and non-migratory species may store energy as internal fat
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