动词不定式及主动表被动 (My design)

1、动词不定式动词不定式Grammar 动词不定式动词不定式 动词不定式由动词不定式由“to+ +动词原形动词原形”构成，构成，可以在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定可以在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补足语等语、状语、补足语等, ,但但不能作谓语不能作谓语。动词不定式的时态动词不定式的时态.主动式主动式( to do / to be doing /to have done)1. We want to learn English well.2.Robert is said_abroad, but I didnt know what country he studied in. to have st

2、udied B.to studyC. made D. to make当不定式逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的当不定式逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的执行者时动作的执行者时.1. He seems to know this.2. I hope to see you next week.一般式一般式( to do ).不定式的一般式所不定式的一般式所表示的动作（状态）表示的动作（状态）与句子谓语的动作与句子谓语的动作同时（或几乎同时）同时（或几乎同时）发生，或之后发生。发生，或之后发生。进行式进行式( to be doing)1.He pretended to be working when I c

3、ame in.2. He seems to be thinking deeply, without noticing me passing him.表示谓语表示的动作表示谓语表示的动作（情况）发生时，不（情况）发生时，不定式所表示的动作正定式所表示的动作正在进行。在进行。完成式（完成式（to have done)1. I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long.2. You seemed to have read the novel written by Mr. Smith.不定式的动作不定式的动作发生在谓语表发生在谓语表示的动作之前。示的动作之前。

4、动词不定式的语态动词不定式的语态.被动式被动式( to be done / to have been done)1. He didnt like to be laughed at.2. He claimed _in the supermarket when he was doing shopping yesterday. being badly treated B.treating badlyC. to be treated badly D. to have been badly treated.当不定式逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示当不定式逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时（被动关系）的

5、动作的承受者时（被动关系）.系动词系动词be的不定式：的不定式：to be + n./adj.(作宾补和表语时作宾补和表语时to be常可省常可省略略)动词不定式动词不定式To do that sort of thing is foolish.I want to see you this evening.All you have to do is to finish it quickly.We found a house to live in.She came here to study English. I warned the patient not to eat cold water a

6、fter the operation. 主语主语 宾语宾语表语表语 定语定语 状语状语 宾补宾补to前前not是否定是否定， 各种用法区别开。各种用法区别开。作主语作主语To master a foreign language is really important nowadays.To give up smoking is right.1.当今掌握一门外语真的很重要。当今掌握一门外语真的很重要。2. 放弃吸烟是对的。放弃吸烟是对的。it作形式主语不定式后置作形式主语不定式后置作宾语作宾语Fred didnt have any money, so he decided to look for

7、 a job.He promised not to tell anyone about it.1. Fred 没有钱，所以他决定找一份工作。没有钱，所以他决定找一份工作。2. 他答应不告述任何人这事。他答应不告述任何人这事。it 作形式宾语不定式后置作形式宾语不定式后置afford, agree, appear, arrange, ask, attempt, choose, claim, dare, decide, demand, deserve, determine, expect, fail, get, guarantee, hate, help, hope, hurry, intend,

8、 learn, long, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise refuse, seem, tend, threaten, want, wish The following verbs are normally followed by the infinitive. Remember! 作表语作表语To see is to believe.眼见为实。眼见为实。1)表示事先商定、安排或准备要做的事表示事先商定、安排或准备要做的事情。情。如：如： The students are to meet at the school gate tom

9、orrow. 明天学生们将在学明天学生们将在学校大门口集会。校大门口集会。 2）表示可能性，必要、责任、义务、）表示可能性，必要、责任、义务、禁止等。禁止等。如：如： Her necklace was not to (couldnt) be found. 她的项链找不到了她的项链找不到了 be to do的用法的用法金典金典seem + to do/to be done/to have done/to have been done/to be doing/(to be) n./adj.remain + doing/done/to be doneremain sitting/seatedrema

10、in to be solvedremain unsolvedIt remains to be said/seen/ whether作定语作定语Do you have anything to say?1. 你有什么要说的吗你有什么要说的吗?2. Betty是第一个知道这真相的人是第一个知道这真相的人 Betty was the first to know the truth It seems that he has no pen _ . A. to write B. to write with C. writing D. writing with 注意注意如果作定语的不定式是不及物动词，如果作定

11、语的不定式是不及物动词，其后应加上必要的介词其后应加上必要的介词Eg. He is a pleasant person to work with.不定式作定语，往往表示将要发生的不定式作定语，往往表示将要发生的动作。动作。I have a lot of work to do.The meeting to be held tomorrow is very important.注意注意只能用动词不定式做定语的情况只能用动词不定式做定语的情况 当当修饰的名词是修饰的名词是ability ambition attempt chance(机会机会)/opportunity courage desire

12、decision effort failure moment promise right time wish （一些表示企图、努力、愿望、打算、能一些表示企图、努力、愿望、打算、能力等意义的名词）力等意义的名词）Please make an effort to catch the bus. He made a promise to come here on time tomorrow. 当当修饰的名词前有修饰的名词前有the only, the next, the best, the first, the last, 以以及由序数词或形容词最高级修饰的及由序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词常常用不

13、定式作定语。名词常常用不定式作定语。 He was the first one to think of the idea.You are the only person to be late.The manager is the last to come to the meeting. 当当修饰的词为修饰的词为 something, nothing, anything 等不定代词等不定代词时。时。 Do you have anything to say? There is nothing to worry about. 当当定语表示未来的还没定语表示未来的还没做的动作时。做的动作时。 The

14、letter to be written is to my father. The matter to be discussed is important. 不定式与前面所修饰的不定式与前面所修饰的名词之间一般是名词之间一般是动宾动宾关关系、系、主谓主谓关系或关系或同位同位关关系。系。注意注意 : 当当名词与定语间有名词与定语间有动宾动宾关系时。关系时。 I usually have a lot of meetings to attend. She is a nice person to work with.注意主动表被动注意主动表被动 当当名词与定语间有名词与定语间有主谓主谓关系时。关系时。

15、 We must find a person to do the job. We need someone to go and get a doctor. 当当名词与定语有名词与定语有同同位位关系时。关系时。 We got the order to leave the city.作状语作状语He spoke loudly (so as / in order) to be heard.They jumped with joy to hear the news.Im too tired to walk any further tonight.目的状语目的状语.原因状语原因状语.结果状语结果状语目的

16、状语目的状语: 常用的结构常用的结构to do; in order to do, so as to do, etc.I come here to say good-bye to you.结果状语结果状语: 常与常与only , enough , too连用，或连用，或 so/ such as to do（位于句子后半部分位于句子后半部分） 。He studied hard only to fail the exam.He is old enough to go to school.原因状语原因状语: 一般用在句尾一般用在句尾Im glad to see you.She wept to see

17、the sight.作宾补作宾补She asked me to stay there.1. 她叫我呆在这儿。她叫我呆在这儿。2.请允许我介绍请允许我介绍Mr. White给你们。给你们。 Please allow me to introduce Mr. White to you.习惯用法 有很多动词接不定式作有很多动词接不定式作宾补宾补如如: allow, order, force, permit, tell, want, wish, forbid, advise, persuade, warn等。等。 如如: He didnt allow us to smoke in his house.

18、他不允许我们在他的家里吸烟。他不允许我们在他的家里吸烟。 还有一类还有一类典型典型的只能用不定式作宾补的只能用不定式作宾补( (或或主补主补) )的情况：的情况：1). 认为认为think/consider/believe sb./sth. to have done/to be done/(to be) n./adj. sb./sth. be thought/considered/believed to have done/to be done /(to be) n./adj. 2). 据说据说sb./sth. be said to do/to have done/to be done 3)知

19、道知道know sb./sth. to have done/to be n./adj. sb./sth. be known to have done/to be n./adj. 注意注意 :Its said that sb./sth. be said to doIts thought/considered/believed that sb./sth. be thought / considered/believed to dothink/consider/believe sb./sth. to doIts known that be known to do know sb. to do 在该结

20、构中，往往考查在该结构中，往往考查to have done 和和to be n./adj. 巧巧记记 注意注意3) 不带不带to的不定式的不定式作宾补作宾补。使役动词。使役动词make, have, let;感官动词感官动词see, watch, observe, hear, listen to, notice等后面等后面作宾补的不定作宾补的不定式不带式不带to。 如果上述结构变为被动语态如果上述结构变为被动语态, ,不定式就由原来的宾不定式就由原来的宾语补足语变为主语补足语语补足语变为主语补足语, ,此时第此时第2 2类动词类动词( (let, , have无被动语态无被动语态) )后原来不

21、带后原来不带toto的不定式要加的不定式要加to。如如: He was seen to go upstairs. 有人看见他上楼去了。有人看见他上楼去了。Be careful!动词不定式动词不定式主动表被动一、一、不定式作定语不定式作定语，放在被修饰词后面，与前面，放在被修饰词后面，与前面被修饰的名词或代词有动宾关系，又在句子中与被修饰的名词或代词有动宾关系，又在句子中与另一名词或代词有主谓关系，不定式要用主动表另一名词或代词有主谓关系，不定式要用主动表被动含义。被动含义。 I have much work to do. （与（与work有动宾关系，与有动宾关系，与I有主谓关系）有主谓关系）

22、Tom is looking for a room to live in. （与（与room有动宾关系，与有动宾关系，与Tom 有主谓关系）有主谓关系） He has a family to support. （与（与family有动宾关系，与有动宾关系，与he有主谓关系）有主谓关系）1）have（give, show）sth. to do在这种句型中的不定式与前边的名词有动宾关在这种句型中的不定式与前边的名词有动宾关系系, 又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系。又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系。例如例如: I have a lot of things to do this afternoon

23、. to do与与things是动宾关系是动宾关系, 与与I是主谓关系。是主谓关系。 否则否则, 在表示被动意义时在表示被动意义时, 仍需要被动式。试比仍需要被动式。试比较较:Do you have anything to do this afternoon? 今天今天下午你有事要做吗下午你有事要做吗?（to do是由是由you发出的）发出的）I am going to your hometown . Have you anything to be taken to your parents? 你有要带你有要带给你父母的东西吗给你父母的东西吗? （我替你带，不是你带）（我替你带，不是你带）再如

24、再如: Please get me something to read. 请给我弄点读的材料。请给我弄点读的材料。Hell show you the right path to take. 他会给你指出要走的正确的路。他会给你指出要走的正确的路。 2）It（This, That）beaanadj. n. to do在这种句型中在这种句型中, 不定式与前面的名词有动宾关系。不定式与前面的名词有动宾关系。动词不定式可改为动词不定式复合结构。动词不定式可改为动词不定式复合结构。例如例如: This is a difficult question to answer. 这是这是个难答的问题。个难答的问

25、题。question与与to answer为动宾关系。为动宾关系。to answer可改为可改为 for me to answer。再如再如:It is an easy sentence to translate. 这个句子很容这个句子很容易翻译。易翻译。 3）There be n. to do在此句型中在此句型中, 用来修饰主语的不定式用来修饰主语的不定式, 可用主动式可用主动式, 也可用被动式也可用被动式, 只是侧重点不同。只是侧重点不同。用主动式作定语用主动式作定语, 重点在人重点在人, 用被动式作定语用被动式作定语, 重重点在物。点在物。例如例如:没有时间可以耽误。可译成没有时间可以耽

26、误。可译成:There is no time to lose（to be lost）. 用用 to lose可看成可看成for us to lose; 用用to be lost, 谁谁 lose time不明确。不明确。但下述两句用主动不定式与被动不定式意义不但下述两句用主动不定式与被动不定式意义不同同:a. There is nothing to do now. （We have nothing to do now. ）现在没事干。）现在没事干。b. There is nothing to be done. （We can do nothing now. ）现在没办法了。）现在没办法了。a.

27、 There is nothing to see. （nothing worth seeing）没有东西值得看。）没有东西值得看。b. There is nothing to be seen. （nothing there at all）看不见什么东西。）看不见什么东西。二、二、不定式修饰作表语和宾语补足语的形容词时，不定式修饰作表语和宾语补足语的形容词时，结构：结构：主语主语+系动词系动词+形容词形容词 + 不定式不定式； 动词动词+宾宾语语+形容词形容词+不定式不定式。如果形容词是表示。如果形容词是表示难易、利难易、利弊弊等含义，如等含义，如 difficult, easy, comfor

28、table, convenient, hard, cheap, expensive等，不定式用主动表被动。等，不定式用主动表被动。 The question is difficult to answer. The work is easy to do. I found the car comfortable to ride in. That makes poetry difficult to write. 1）n. beadj. to doThe question was very difficult to answer. 这问题这问题很难回答。很难回答。The job is very eas

29、y to do. 这工作很容易做。这工作很容易做。2）n. betooadj. to doThe thing is too small to see. 这东西太小看不见。这东西太小看不见。I was too excited to say a word. 我激动得连一句我激动得连一句话也说不出。话也说不出。2012二次调研二次调研 单选单选30.Several months later, he found Mr. Jackson very difficult _.A. to get along withB. getting along withC to get alongD. to be got

30、ten along withSeveral months later, he found Mr. Jackson very difficult _.A. to get along withB. getting along withC to get alongD.to be gotten along with2011安徽卷安徽卷 单选单选30.Tom asked the candy makers if they could make the chocolate easier _ into small pieces.A. breakB. breakingC. brokenD. to breakTh

31、e job is easy to do.It is easy to do the job.We find the job easy to do.We find it easy to do the job.English is not easy to learn well.He is a difficult person to get along with.findmakethink/believe/consider/feel3）n. be adj. enough to doThe box is light enough to carry. 这盒子轻这盒子轻得可带走。得可带走。The book

32、is cheap enough to buy. 这本书这本书很便宜可以买。很便宜可以买。但下列两句可用不定式的主动式但下列两句可用不定式的主动式, 也可用也可用被动式被动式:This plant is fit to eat to be eaten. 这种这种植物可以食用。植物可以食用。The cake is ready to eat to be eaten. 这这块饼可以吃了。块饼可以吃了。三、某些动词三、某些动词, 如如to let, to blame （责（责备）备）, to seek（寻找）用主动式表被（寻找）用主动式表被动意义。动意义。例如例如:The house is to let.

33、 这房子要出租。这房子要出租。Who is to blame for it? 这得怪谁这得怪谁?The reason is not far to seek. 这理由这理由不难找到。不难找到。 注意注意注意注意 A. 动词不定式的否定式只须在动词不定式的否定式只须在to 前加前加 not.My father decided not to take up the job.The teacher told us not to be late again.否定副词否定副词not, never, seldom, hardly 等要置于等要置于to前前My mother told me never to

34、do it again.注意注意B. 动词不定式之后可加动词不定式之后可加疑问词，疑问词，通常做主语，宾语通常做主语，宾语。Mr.Lin will teach us how to use the computer.Can you tell me where to get the book?注意注意C. 作简短回答或避免不必要的重复时，作简短回答或避免不必要的重复时，动词不定式常常省去动词不定式常常省去to 后面后面的动词，的动词，只只保留保留to 。A:Would you like to come to my party?Mary wanted to use my bike, but I as

35、ked her not to ( use my bike).B: Yes , Id love to ( come to your party).Mary想用我的自行车，但我叫她别用。想用我的自行车，但我叫她别用。注意注意:to have (done)/to be (doing/done)/to be (n./adj.)C. 作简短回答或避免不必要的重复时，作简短回答或避免不必要的重复时，动词不定式常常省去动词不定式常常省去to 后面后面的动词，的动词，只只保留保留to 。A:Would you like to come to my party?Mary wanted to use my bik

36、e, but I asked her not to ( use my bike).B: Yes , Id love to ( come to your party).Mary想用我的自行车，但我叫她别用。想用我的自行车，但我叫她别用。补充补充: 有有do无无to主系表主系表:当主语中有的某种形当主语中有的某种形式，则作表语的不定式可省式，则作表语的不定式可省toexept/but:have nothing to do but dohave no choice but to do1. The light in the office is still on. -Oh, I forgot . A.

37、turning it off B. turn it off C.having turned it off D. to turn it off2. She cant help _the house because shes busy making a cake. A. to clean B. cleaning C. Cleaned D. being c leaned练习练习3. Not everybody has the ability in public. A. of speak B. speaking C. spoken D. to speak4. Mary is always the fi

38、rst student to answer the teachers questions in class. A. rising B. to rise C. rose D. risen5. Mum ,why do you always ask me to eat an egg every day? -_ enough protein and nutrition as you are growing up. A. Get B. Getting C. To get D. To be getting6.Would you be so kind as us out? -With pleasure. A

39、. helping B. in helping C. help D. to help7 The patient was warned _ oily food after the operation. A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating8. We agreed _ here, but so far she hasnt turned out yet. A. having met B. meeting C. to meet D. to have met9. Paul doesnt have to be made _. He

40、always works hard. A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning10. Wet umbrellas are not allowed into this hotel according to the rule.A. to be taken B. to take C. taken D. taking 11. Robert is said _ abroad, but I didnt know what country he studied in. A to have studied B to study C to be studying D to have been studying高考链接高考链接建议：自己找点练习较近的考题建议：自己找点练习较近的考题1. I like getting up very early in summer. The morning air is so good _. (2008(2008全国全国I I卷卷) ) A. to be br