加拿大最早的居民和早期居民及欧洲人的首次邂逅

1、 Millions of years ago, the north and south America had a look like it is now. 南北美洲在数百万年前就具有了现在的模样 Thousands of kilometers of sea separate them from the Eurasian continent. 数千公里的海洋将它们与欧亚大陆分割开来 There is only a shallow sea between Siberia and Alaska 只靠阿拉斯加和西伯利亚之间的小片浅海连接 Bering strait 白令海峡 In the Ice-a

2、ge, because the water is sucked into the large glaciers, sea level falls, the land bridge across the Bering Strait became broad. 冰河时代，由于海水被吸入大型冰川，海平面降低，横跨白令海峡的大陆桥变得广阔 Animals and plants before Ice-age America are similar to that in Eurasian continent. 冰河时代前的美洲拥有与欧亚大陆相似的丰富的动物、植物资源 The earliest human

3、ancestors is from Africa. 人类祖先最早见于非洲 The first modern race appeared in Africa, which later spreaded from Africa to Eurasia and to the northeast corner of Eurasia, the eastern part of Siberia. 第一个现代人种出现于非洲，它从非洲扩展到欧亚大陆，来到大陆的东北角西伯利亚东部 At that time, the climate was cold, the eastern part of Siberia was

4、covered by a giant glacier of more than 3,000 meters. 当时那里气候寒冷，被3000多米厚的巨型冰川覆盖 Across the Bering land bridge , the early human found a ice-free north-south corridor along the Rocky Mountains. 穿过白令大陆桥，早期人类发现一条大致沿着落基山脉，南北走向的没有冰的走廊 They came from Alaska all the way to Mexico and other places. 它们从阿拉斯加南下

5、一直到墨西哥等地 The earliest inhabitants of North America hunt and fish for a living . 北美的最早居民靠狩猎和捕鱼为生。 They prey on camels, mammoths, mastodons, giant sloths, horses, giant beaver. (they have all extincted) 它们捕食骆驼、猛犸象、乳齿象、巨型树懒、马、巨型海狸等（它们都已灭绝） Together with the deer, bears, and beaver, etc., it is enough t

6、o feed a limited population. 加上鹿、熊、海狸等，足以养活有限的人口 Early settlers used stone tools and wood tools 早期居民使用石器和木质工具 This life extended to the geographical discovery era, or when in contact with European explorers in fifteenth Century. 这种生活一直延续到“地理大发现”时代，或15世纪与欧洲探险者接触的时候 The ancient Egypt, ancient Babylon,

7、 ancient India , and China are all ancient civilizations 古埃及，古巴比伦，古印度、中国，都是文明古国. But America is not on the same path. 但是美洲没有走同样的道路 Why?为什么呢？ The first reason is the geographical conditions, there are too many mountains and deserts, transportation is difficult 第一，地理条件不利，多山脉、沙漠，交通困难 The second reason

8、is ,the plants and animals that can be cultivated and domesticated are limited, and the agricultural development is slow. 第二，可种植的植物和可驯养的动物有限，农业发展缓慢 Third, there are no horses and wheels, small boats is impossible to carry out mass transport. 第三，交通上没有马匹和车轮，船只小，不可能进行大规模运输 Dogs and llamas are the only

9、domestic animals, and only the American southern mountain people use llama, canoe is much smaller than Eurasian giant ships. 家畜仅限于狗和美洲驼，而且只有美洲南部山脉的人使用美洲驼，独木舟无法与欧亚大陆的巨型船只相提并论 The earliest inhabitants of North America were the ancient Indians. 北美最早的居民为古印第安人 migration routes迁徙路线 The migration routes of

10、 ancient Indians Native plants of the Eastern Woodlands, such as the Canadian onion, are cultivated and consumed, the sunflower seeds and oil are eaten. 东部林地的本土植物，如加拿大洋葱被种植和食用，向日葵子和油得以食用 Along with the changes of the number of large prey (such as the North American buffalo) ,the number of population

11、 changed radically. 大草原上，随着大型猎物（如北美野牛）数量的变化，草原上的人口数量也大起大落 The fish (salmon) in the northwest coast formed a unique Northwest Coast Culture in British Columbia 西北海岸线，充足的鱼（鲑鱼），使不列颠哥伦比亚沿岸形成独特的西北海岸文化（Northwest Coast Culture） In the Arctic areas, it is cold and semi- desert, there is no agriculture, the

12、Eskimos hunt for a living. 在北极地区寒冷且半沙漠的地区，农业无从谈起，古爱斯基摩人打猎为生。 They came to Greenland from Alaska, and turn south as far as Newfoundland 他们从阿拉斯加来到格陵兰岛，并南下远至纽芬兰 In the ninth and tenth Century, the Norway explorers landed on Iceland firstly, and then to Greenland, forming permanent residence on the two

13、islands, and then explore further. They are called Viking”. 9世纪和10世纪时，挪威探险家先登陆冰岛，再到达格陵兰岛，在两座岛上形成永久居住点,然后向更远的地方探险。他们被称为“维京人”。 The first ever recorded people in Canada is Leif Ericsson .He led a team to the northeast coast of North America,he called it “Vinland” 加拿大有史以来第一位被记录下来的人是雷夫.埃里克森（Leif Ericsson

14、）。他带领一批人来到北美洲东北部沿海，他称之为“温兰德”（Vinland） There is a fierce conflict between them and local people 他们在当地与土著居民有过激烈的冲突 The local people may be Eskimo live in the coast of Newfoundland， hunting whale and seals and other animals for a living. 这些土著居民可能是生活在纽芬兰海岸捕食鲸鱼、海豹等动物的爱斯基摩人 The disaster on the head of the

15、 Americas came from Europe 降临在美洲人头上的灾难来自欧洲 By the end of fifteenth Century, most Europeans were not aware of the existence of the America except a few Norway people who lived in Greenland and Finland. 一直到15世纪末，除了在格陵兰和你芬兰短暂定居的少数挪威维京人，大多数欧洲人并未意识到美洲的存在 In 1492, the expedition team led by Columbus disco

16、vered the remote western land. 1492年，克里斯托弗.哥伦布带领的探险队发现遥远的西部土地 Columbus believed he has found Asia and the way to fertile landf:tail lnd : China and India 哥伦布认为自己发现了亚洲以及通向中国和印度富饶之地的海路通道C.哥伦布在瓜纳阿尼岛登陆(1492年10月12日) He consider people here “Indians- the inhabitants of India. 他认为这里的居民为印第安人，即印度的原始居民 The Na

17、tive Americans were a surprise to the Europeans. 美洲土著对欧洲人来说是惊喜 The Europeans are a marvel of the Native Americans. 欧洲人对美洲土著来说是奇迹 Because they were in the stone age and the Iron Age separately. 因为他们分别处于石器时代和铁器时代 Later, the Italian Amerigo found that the land found by Columbus is a brand new world, ra

18、ther than Asia. 后来，意大利人亚美利哥发现哥伦布发现的土地是一个全新的世界，而不是亚洲 Because this assertion is made by Amerigo, people consider that the world should be renamed America to commemorate him 这是亚美利哥做出的断言，因此人们认为新发现的世界应该改称“亚美利加”，以纪念他Amerigo After that, the exploration target became searching the passage via America to the

19、 Pacific Ocean, and the northwest passage of the Arctic Ocean. 此后的探险目标变成经美洲大陆通往太平洋的通道，以及经北冰洋的西北航道 In exploring new passages, Britain and France are in the front, because they are close to Canada, and the fishermen of the two country Catch cod near Newfoundland very early . 在新通道的探索方面，英法走在了前列，因为它们离加拿大

20、比较近，而且两国的渔民很早就在纽芬兰旁边的大浅滩捕捞鳕鱼。 Following France, the queen of England also sent messenger to search for the Northwest Passage 紧接着法国，英国女王也派人寻找西北航道 The first people to look for the passage in the interior of Canada is Jacques Cartier of France. 第一个在加拿大内陆寻找通道的，是法国的雅克.卡蒂埃 He was ordered by the king of Fr

21、ance to go to the new world to search for gold and a passage to Asia. 他奉法国国王弗朗索瓦一世的命令，去新世界寻找黄金和一条通往亚洲的通道Jacques Cartier After Columbus discovered the new world, Spain and Portugal p:tl made crazy colonial exploitationeksplten in South America 哥伦布发现新大陆后，西班牙和葡萄牙人在南美洲进行的疯狂的殖民掠夺 1521-1544 Spanish carrie

22、d 2900 kilograms of gold and 30700 kilograms of silver away from South America per year 1521-1544年西班牙平均每年从南美洲运回2900公斤黄金，30700公斤白银Inca Empire The great harvest in South America stimulated the French explorers to change their target from searching route to colonial exploitation and looking for the tre

23、asure . 两国在南美洲的巨大收获刺激了法国探险者，他们从寻找商路转向殖民掠夺和寻找金银财宝。 In 1534, Jacques Cartier reached Canada the first time on behalf of the French royal family. 1534年，雅克卡蒂埃代表法国王室第一次到达加拿大 He erected a 30 foot high cross on this land, there are representatives of the French royal family of 3 Lily and the royal coat of

24、arms, Canada was announced the French colony. 他在这块土地上竖起一个30英尺高的十字架，上面有代表法国王室的3支百合花和王室盾形徽章，宣布加拿大为法国的殖民地。 When Jacques cartier sailed to Canada second time, the high mountain in the center of Montreal island was named “Mont Royal”, which became the name of the French settlement here. 雅克卡蒂埃第二次航行加拿大时，把蒙

25、特利尔岛中心的高山命名为Mont Royal,这个名字后来成为这里的法国定居点的名字 During this voyage, he asked the name of the land to which he had arrived, the answer was “KANATA”, which could be the source of the CANADA . 在这次航行中，他问土著人所到之地的名称，得到的答复是KANATA,这可能是CANADA名称的来源 Jacques cartier voyage to Canada the second time with the mission of the king of France -to discovery of island and the state with