FTQ-中英文（课堂PPT）

1、Company ConfidentialFirst Time Quality PPMTIME2First Time QualityTraining ModuleTraining Objectives 培训目标:uTo Understand 理解What First Time Quality Is 什么是一次下线合格率?Why It Is Important 一次下线合格率的重要性Why We Need to Measure It 为什么需要对一次下线合格率进行测量?How to Calculate It 如何计算?What the FTQ Deployment Process is 怎样进行F

2、TQ?What the Basic Quality Tools Are 基本质量工具是什么?How to Apply the Quality Tools 怎样运用基本质量工具?What the Deliverables are that each Plant Will be Responsible for Monitoring and Reporting 每个工厂应该监控和汇报什么?3First Time QualityTraining ModuleuWhat is First Time Quality? 什么是一次下线合格率?First Time Quality is a measure o

3、f the number of pieces rejected in a manufacturing process versus the total number of pieces attempted 一次下线合格率是测量制造过程中不合格品数与总产品数的比值.REJECTS4First Time QualityTraining ModuleuWhy is FTQ important? 一次下线合格率的重要性Because if we dont make good parts the first time, we have to inspect in quality 因为如果我们第一次没有生

4、产出好的产品,我们就必须进行检验.We know inspection is at best 85% effective 我们知道检验最多只有85%的有效性.Therefore, anytime FTQ is greater than 0, we are dependent on inspection to protect the customer 因而,如果任何时候一次下线合格率大于0,我们都需要依赖检验来保护客户.To reduce manufacturing costs 降低制造成本To eliminate waste through the value stream and meet

5、customer requirements (take time) 通过价值流和满足客户要求来消除浪费.5Catch DefectsFilterInspection misses some defects 检验会遗漏一些缺陷检验会遗漏一些缺陷Defects not caught漏网缺陷漏网缺陷Voice of the Customer 客户的声音客户的声音Problem问题问题DDThe Role of InspectionDInspection is like a filter 检验好比一个筛子检验好比一个筛子612Catch & Count defects抓住并计算缺陷抓住并计算缺

6、陷React to ALARM LIMITS超过警戒线的反应超过警戒线的反应Follow Reaction Plan执行反应计划执行反应计划Voice of the Customer客户的声音客户的声音The Role of First Time Quality ProcessReaction PlanZERO Defects Forward7Analyze Data分析数据分析数据Understand Defects and Decide the Order of Priority:理解缺陷并决定优先次序理解缺陷并决定优先次序Assign problems toCross-Functiona

7、l Group:向跨功能小组提出问题向跨功能小组提出问题Select and Plan the Improvement: 1.Right Information 2.Right Cause 3.Right Timing选择并计划改善问题选择并计划改善问题 正确的信息正确的信息 正确的原因正确的原因 正确的时间选择正确的时间选择Fix the Biggest Problems First:首先找到最大的问题所在首先找到最大的问题所在12ABCDProblems1 2 1 2 ResponsibleTeam WorksProblems相关团队负责解决问题相关团队负责解决问题DEFECT1. -2.

8、 -3. -HourGlassThe Role of First Time Quality Process43232211118Inspection ExerciseTHE NECESSITY OF TRAINING FARMHANDS FOR FIRST CLASS FARMS IN THE FATHERLY HANDLING OF FARMLIVESTOCK IS FOREMOST IN THE MINDS OF FARMOWNERS. SINCE THE FOREFATHERS OF THE FARMOWNERS TRAINED THE FARMHANDS FOR THE FIRST-C

9、LASS FARMS IN THE FATHERLY HANDLING OF FARMLIVESTOCK. THE FARMS OWNERS FEEL THEY SHOULDCARRY ON WITH THE FAMILY TRADITION OF TRAININGFARMHANDS OF FIRST-CLASS FARMS IN THE FATHERLY HANDLING OF FARM LIVESTOCK BECAUSE THEY BELIEVE IT IS THE BASIS OF GOODFUNDAMENTAL FARM MANAGEMENT. Count the Number of

10、Fs contained in the paragraph below (60sec)数一下下面总共出现了几个数一下下面总共出现了几个“F”（60秒）秒）9Inspection ExerciseTHE NECESSITY OF TRAINING FARMHANDS FOR FIRST CLASS FARMS IN THE FATHERLY HANDLING OF FARMLIVESTOCK IS FOREMOST IN THE MINDS OF FARMOWNERS. SINCE THE FOREFATHERS OF THE FARMOWNERS TRAINED THE FARMHANDS F

11、OR THE FIRST-CLASS FARMS IN THE FATHERLY HANDLING OF FARMLIVESTOCK. THE FARMS OWNERS FEEL THEY SHOULDCARRY ON WITH THE FAMILY TRADITION OF TRAININGFARMHANDS OF FIRST-CLASS FARMS IN THE FATHERLY HANDLING OF FARM LIVESTOCK BECAUSE THEY BELIEVE IT IS THE BASIS OF GOODFUNDAMENTAL FARM MANAGEMENT. Total

12、of 36 Fs10First Time QualityTraining ModuleuWhy does FTQ need to be measured? 为什么需要测量FTQMain Reasons 主要原因:It is the first signal that a process is out of control 它是过程失控最先发出的信号It allows us to respond to problems internally before they reach our customers 它使我们能够在问题到达客户之前先在内部作出反应.It measures improvemen

13、t from corrective actions implemented 通过执行纠正措施后来衡量问题改善的情况.uIf we dont fix our quality problems internally, we will never be able to fix our external customer issues 如果我们不能在内部找到质量问题,我们就不能确定外部客户的问题.11First Time QualityTraining ModuleuHow is First Time Quality calculated? 如何计算FTQFTQ is reported in part

14、s per million (PPM) defective FTQ反映每一百万个产品中的缺陷产品数.It can be measured at any step in the manufacturing process where parts are rejected 可以在有拒收产生的制造过程的任何一步测量FTQ.It is calculated by counting the number of pieces rejected versus the total number of pieces attempted 通过以不合格品数除以总数来计算.The total number of pi

15、eces attempted includes all good pieces produced plus all pieces rejected 总的产品数包括生产出来的所有合格品数和不合格品数之和.Pieces rejected are all parts scrapped or reworked prior to usage by subsequent processes. The actual calculation looks like this: 不合格品数包括所有报废和经过返工后合格的产品数. 公式:Number of Pcs. Rejected不合格品数Total Number

16、 of Pcs. Attempted总产品数X 1,000,000 = FTQ PPM12First Time QualityTraining ModuleuHow is First Time Quality calculated?如何计算FTQ?An example at the cell level: Cell “A” has six operations A单元有6个操作工序Reject data is collected at operations 3 and 6 在第三和第六工序收集到不合格品数据Cell “A” produced 1040 good pieces during th

17、e first hour of production.第一个小时A单元共生产良品1040件At OP.3, 28 pcs. were rejected. 第三工序发现28件不合格品At OP.6, 16 pcs. were rejected. 第六工序发现16件不合格品What is the FTQ in PPM for Cell A? A单元FTQ的PPM是多少?28 + 16 1040 + 28 + 16 123456X 1,000,000 = 40590 PPM FTQ2816Tally Sheet13First Time QualityTraining ModuleuWhat is t

18、he First Time Quality Improvement Process? 什么是FTQ改善过程?FTQ process defines a common process to be used by all Delphi manufacturing plants to meet the business plan requirements and drive defect-free manufacturing FTQ是Delphi 工厂常用的以达到商业计划要求和无缺陷生产要求的一个方法.The FTQ process defines FTQ定义:Process Steps 流程步骤S

19、takeholders 有关系的人Deployment Chart (functional flow chart) for identifying lead functions 用于识别重要功能的布置图表(功能流程图)Control Plan for Tracking Implementation 控制计划和跟踪执行14IDENTIFY & COUNT DISCREPANT PARTSIMPLEMENT IMPROVEMENT执行改善执行改善EVALUATE评估评估INSTITUTION- ALIZE LESSONS LEARNED系统化经验教训系统化经验教训TOOLS FOR IDE

20、NTIFICATION用于识别的工具用于识别的工具: - PROCESS CONTROL PLAN过程控制计划过程控制计划 - BOUNDARY SAMPLES边界样品边界样品TOOLS FOR COUNTING用于计数的工具用于计数的工具: - PARTS COUNTERS产品计数器产品计数器 - TALLY SHEETS计数表计数表 - SIZED CONTAINERS有尺寸大小的容器有尺寸大小的容器 TOOLS工具工具: - PARETO直方图直方图 - CAUSE & EFFECT (FISHBONE) 原因和结果原因和结果(鱼骨图鱼骨图) - CONCENTRATION DI

21、AGRAM集合表集合表 - FLOW CHART流程图流程图 - HISTOGRAM柱状图柱状图 - SCATTER DIAGRAM散布图散布图 - CHECK SHEET检查表检查表 - 5 WHYS 5个为什么个为什么EXAMPLES例子例子: - CROSS-FUNCTIONAL TEAMS跨功能小组跨功能小组 - CHANGE BOARDS变化看板变化看板 - RPN REDUCTION降低降低RPN - STATISTICAL ENGINEERING PROJECTS统计工程方案统计工程方案 ACTION PLAN行动计划行动计划: - WHAT, WHEN, WHO事件事件,时间时

22、间,人物人物TOOL工具工具: - ACTION PLAN 行动计划行动计划TOOLS工具工具: - PFMEA过程流程图过程流程图 - PROCESS CONTROL PLAN 过程控制计划过程控制计划- LOOK-ACROSS-CHART 浏览表浏览表- 5 WHYS 5个为什么个为什么 SELECT & PLAN IMPROVEMENT 选选择和计划改善择和计划改善NEW LEVEL OF QUALITY? 新的质量水平新的质量水平DEFINE REACTION PLAN & ALARM LIMITS 定义反应计定义反应计划和警戒线划和警戒线RECORDDATA 记录数据

23、记录数据TOOLS工具工具: - CONTROL CHART控制图控制图ANALYZE DATA分析数据分析数据 TOOL工具工具: - RUN CHART 运行图运行图 - GATE CHART 门图门图ALARMEXCEEDED是否超过警戒是否超过警戒? IMPLEMENTALARMREACTIONPLAN 执行报警反应计划执行报警反应计划YESNONOYESIDENTIFY确认确认ANALYZE分析分析PLAN计划计划EVALUATE评估评估IMPLEMENT执行执行FTQ Improvement Process识别和清点有识别和清点有差异的产品差异的产品15FTQ Improvemen

24、t ProcessStakeholder FootprintPlant A Plt B Plt CCELL1234578N6OPERATOR操作人员操作人员OPERATOR操作人员操作人员OPERATOR操作人员操作人员OPERATOR操作人员操作人员OPERATOR操作人员操作人员TEAM LEADER小组领导小组领导CROSS- FUNCTIONAL TEAM跨功能小组跨功能小组MEMBERS成员成员: - TEAM LEADER小组领导小组领导 - OPERATIONS/MANUFACTURING操作操作/制造人员制造人员 - QUALITY ENGINEER质量工程师质量工程师 - P

25、ROCESS ENGINEER 工艺工程师工艺工程师 - INDUSTRIAL ENGINEER工业工程师工业工程师 - MAINTENANCE设备维护设备维护 - PRODUCT ENGINEER产品工程师产品工程师 - SUPPLIER QUALITY供应商品质人员供应商品质人员PRODUCTENGINEERINGMANAGER 产品工程经理产品工程经理QUALITY MANAGER质量经理质量经理MAINTENANCE MANAGER设备维护经理设备维护经理OPERATIONS MANAGER制造经理制造经理PROCESSENGINEERINGMANAGER工艺工程经理工艺工程经理 PL

26、ANT MANAGER工厂经理工厂经理PC&L MANAGER物流经理物流经理CELL工作站工作站16First Time Quality Improvement ProcessDeployment Flow ChartCFT跨功能跨功能小组小组PROCESS过程过程QUALITYENGINEER质量经理质量经理OPERATIONS操作人员操作人员PROCESSENGINEER工艺工程师工艺工程师PRODUCTENGINEER产品工程师产品工程师MAINTENANCE设备维护设备维护INDUSTRIALENGINEER工业工程师工业工程师DEFINE REACTIONPLAN &

27、; ALARM LIMITS定义反应计划和警戒线IDENTIFY & COUNTDISCREPANT PARTS识别和清点异常产品IMPLEMENT ALARMREACTION PLAN执行警戒反应计划(如果超过警戒线)RECORD DATA记录数据ANALYZE DATA分析数据SELECT & PLANIMPROVEMENT选择和计划改善IMPLEMENTIMPROVEMENT执行改善EVALUATE评价INSTITUTIONALIZELESSONS LEARNED系统性经验教训LEAD 负责负责SUPPORT 支持支持17First Time QualityTrainin

28、g ModuleProcess Step 1 第一步uDefine reaction plan and alarm limits 定义反应计划和警戒线 You have to start someplace Alarm limits must be based on current process reject data or available data from Run at Rate, historical data, etc. 警戒线必须基于在当前工艺下生产的不合格品数据, 或源于按节拍生产,历史数据,等. Alarm limits must be statistically calc

29、ulated 警戒线必须进行统计计算. Alarm limits must be communicated to operators so they can react 警戒线必须与操作人员进行交流沟通. If alarm limits are exceeded, there must be a reaction plan to implement 如果超过警戒线,必须有一个可执行的反应计划. The reaction plan must clearly define what actions are to be taken 反应计划必须明确定义所需采取的行动.IDENTIFY & C

30、OUNT DISCREPANT PARTSIMPLEMENT IMPROVEMENTEVALUATEINSTITUTION-ALIZE LESSONS LEARNEDTOOLS FOR IDENTIFICATION: - PROCESS CONTROL PLAN - BOUNDARY SAMPLES TOOLS FOR COUNTING: - PARTS COUNTERS - TALLY SHEETS - SIZED CONTAINERS TOOLS: - PARETO - CAUSE & EFFECT (FISHBONE) - CONCENTRATION DIAGRAM - FLOW

31、 CHART - HISTOGRAM - SCATTER DIAGRAM - CHECK SHEET - 5 WHYSEXAMPLES: - CROSS-FUNCTIONAL TEAM S - CHANGE BOARDS - RPN REDUCTION - STATISTICAL ENGINEERING PROJECTS ACTION PLAN: - WHAT, WHEN, WHOTOOL: - ACTION PLANTOOLS: - PFMEA - PROCESS CONTROL PLAN - LOOK-ACROSS-CHART - 5 WHYS SELECT & PLAN IMPR

32、OVEMENTNEW LEVEL OF QUALITY?DEFINE REACTION PLAN & ALARM LIMITSRECORDDATA TOOLS: - CONTROL CHARTANALYZE DATA TOOL: - RUN CHART - GATE CHARTALARMEXCEEDED? IMPLEMENTALARMREACTIONPLAN YESNONOYESIDENTIFYANALYZEPLANEVALUATEIMPLEMENTDEFINE REACTION PLANS&ALARM LIMITS定义反应计划定义反应计划和警戒线和警戒线 18First Ti

33、me QualityTraining ModuleProcess Step 2 第二步uIdentify and count discrepant parts 识别和计算有差异的产品数Operators must have sufficient tools and skills in order to identify product discrepancies 操作人员必须有足够的途径和技能来确认产品的差异.Tools to enhance the operators ability to identify product discrepancies include 用于加强操作人员确认产品

34、差异的途径有:Boundary Samples 极限样品Illustrations 图表Photographs 照片Gages 量具Tools for counting discrepant parts include 用于清点差异产品的工具有:Parts Counters 产品计数器Tally Sheets 计数表Sized Containers 容量固定的容器IDENTIFY & COUNT DISCREPANT PARTSIMPLEMENT IMPROVEMENTEVALUATEINSTITUTION-ALIZE LESSONS LEARNEDTOOLS FOR IDENTIFI

35、CATION: - PROCESS CONTROL PLAN - BOUNDARY SAMPLES TOOLS FOR COUNTING: - PARTS COUNTERS - TALLY SHEETS - SIZED CONTAINERS TOOLS: - PARETO - CAUSE & EFFECT (FISHBONE) - CONCENTRATION DIAGRAM - FLOW CHART - HISTOGRAM - SCATTER DIAGRAM - CHECK SHEET - 5 WHYSEXAMPLES: - CROSS-FUNCTIONAL TEAM S - CHAN

36、GE BOARDS - RPN REDUCTION - STATISTICAL ENGINEERING PROJECTS ACTION PLAN: - WHAT, WHEN, WHOTOOL: - ACTION PLANTOOLS: - PFMEA - PROCESS CONTROL PLAN - LOOK-ACROSS-CHART - 5 WHYS SELECT & PLAN IMPROVEMENTNEW LEVEL OF QUALITY?DEFINE REACTION PLAN & ALARM LIMITSRECORDDATA TOOLS: - CONTROL CHARTA

37、NALYZE DATA TOOL: - RUN CHART - GATE CHARTALARMEXCEEDED? IMPLEMENTALARMREACTIONPLAN YESNONOYESIDENTIFYANALYZEPLANEVALUATEIMPLEMENTIDENTIFY &COUNTDISCREPANTPARTS识别和清点识别和清点有差异的产品有差异的产品19First Time QualityTraining ModuleProcess Step 3 第三步uImplement Alarm Reaction Planif Limit Exceeded 超过警戒线时反应计划的执行

38、Reaction Plan 反应计划:IDENTIFY & COUNT DISCREPANT PARTSIMPLEMENT IMPROVEMENTEVALUATEINSTITUTION-ALIZE LESSONS LEARNEDTOOLS FOR IDENTIFICATION: - PROCESS CONTROL PLAN - BOUNDARY SAMPLES TOOLS FOR COUNTING: - PARTS COUNTERS - TALLY SHEETS - SIZED CONTAINERS TOOLS: - PARETO - CAUSE & EFFECT (FISHB

39、ONE) - CONCENTRATION DIAGRAM - FLOW CHART - HISTOGRAM - SCATTER DIAGRAM - CHECK SHEET - 5 WHYSEXAMPLES: - CROSS-FUNCTIONAL TEAM S - CHANGE BOARDS - RPN REDUCTION - STATISTICAL ENGINEERING PROJECTS ACTION PLAN: - WHAT, WHEN, WHOTOOL: - ACTION PLANTOOLS: - PFMEA - PROCESS CONTROL PLAN - LOOK-ACROSS-CH

40、ART - 5 WHYS SELECT & PLAN IMPROVEMENTNEW LEVEL OF QUALITY?DEFINE REACTION PLAN & ALARM LIMITSRECORDDATA TOOLS: - CONTROL CHARTANALYZE DATA TOOL: - RUN CHART - GATE CHARTALARMEXCEEDED? IMPLEMENTALARMREACTIONPLAN YESNONOYESIDENTIFYANALYZEPLANEVALUATEIMPLEMENTIMPLEMENTALARMREACTIONPLAN执行警戒反应计划

41、执行警戒反应计划Alarm Limit Exceeded 是否超过警戒线?Contain 遏制Investigate 调查Implement Containment PlanUntil Problem Fixed 执行遏制计划直到找到问题YesContainment Plan遏制计划遏制计划20First Time QualityTraining ModuleProcess Step 4 第四步uRecord Data 记录数据Data must be recorded and plotted over time 必须按时间记录数据:What chart should be used 应使用什

42、么图表?Since the area of opportunity varies from sample to sample, the reject count must be converted into a rate prior to charting 如果单位时间内生产的样品数有很大不同，在制表时，需将拒收数转换为比率.We do this by measuring FTQ in PPM 用PPM计算FTQPPM is a rate PPM是一个比率.IDENTIFY & COUNT DISCREPANT PARTSIMPLEMENT IMPROVEMENTEVALUATEINS

43、TITUTION-ALIZE LESSONS LEARNEDTOOLS FOR IDENTIFICATION: - PROCESS CONTROL PLAN - BOUNDARY SAMPLES TOOLS FOR COUNTING: - PARTS COUNTERS - TALLY SHEETS - SIZED CONTAINERS TOOLS: - PARETO - CAUSE & EFFECT (FISHBONE) - CONCENTRATION DIAGRAM - FLOW CHART - HISTOGRAM - SCATTER DIAGRAM - CHECK SHEET -

44、5 WHYSEXAMPLES: - CROSS-FUNCTIONAL TEAM S - CHANGE BOARDS - RPN REDUCTION - STATISTICAL ENGINEERING PROJECTS ACTION PLAN: - WHAT, WHEN, WHOTOOL: - ACTION PLANTOOLS: - PFMEA - PROCESS CONTROL PLAN - LOOK-ACROSS-CHART - 5 WHYS SELECT & PLAN IMPROVEMENTNEW LEVEL OF QUALITY?DEFINE REACTION PLAN &

45、; ALARM LIMITSRECORDDATA TOOLS: - CONTROL CHARTANALYZE DATA TOOL: - RUN CHART - GATE CHARTALARMEXCEEDED? IMPLEMENTALARMREACTIONPLAN YESNONOYESIDENTIFYANALYZEPLANEVALUATEIMPLEMENTRECORD DATA记录数据记录数据21Hours or Days12345678910111213141516171819202122232425Non-conforming 81091198687111211131817129107859

46、1187Sample Size (Avg)18Defectswing mark21542134221312112111wing / body fold3212512225234512456711223wrong paint dot22151235433681131433paint location342123722224wrong or no clip122111311326121143Total nonconforming:810911986871112111318171291078591187Production181819182018171818191819191817181819182

47、01818201819PPM Defectivenp1+np2+.npkwhere np= number nonconformin, k= subgroupsk=SUM(C3:AA3)/25 UCLnp=0UCLnp= 0LCLnp = 0LCLnp= 00510152025123456789 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25UCL= LCL= Nonconformingavg= NP Charting for FTQSubgroups ( Days)npnp0102030405060708090100Defects ParetoU

48、CL=np + 3*(np(1-np/n)LCL=np - 3*(np(1-np/n)n = avg sample size (18)np = number nonconforming k = subgroups (25)_np = np1+np2+.npk k0246810121416182012345678910 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25UCL=16.1LCL=3.4avg= 9.8Alarm Limit Calculation usingnp Chart22First Time QualityTraining ModuleP

49、rocess Step 5 第五步uAnalyze Data 分析数据分析数据The basic quality tools are 基本质量工具基本质量工具:Flow Charting 流程图Check Sheets 检查表Pareto 柏拉图Cause and Effect 原因和结果Run Chart 运行图表Histogram 柱图Scatter Diagram 散点图Control Chart 控制图IDENTIFY & COUNT DISCREPANT PARTSIMPLEMENT IMPROVEMENTEVALUATEINSTITUTION-ALIZE LESSONS L

50、EARNEDTOOLS FOR IDENTIFICATION: - PROCESS CONTROL PLAN - BOUNDARY SAMPLES TOOLS FOR COUNTING: - PARTS COUNTERS - TALLY SHEETS - SIZED CONTAINERS TOOLS: - PARETO - CAUSE & EFFECT (FISHBONE) - CONCENTRATION DIAGRAM - FLOW CHART - HISTOGRAM - SCATTER DIAGRAM - CHECK SHEET - 5 WHYSEXAMPLES: - CROSS-

51、FUNCTIONAL TEAM S - CHANGE BOARDS - RPN REDUCTION - STATISTICAL ENGINEERING PROJECTS ACTION PLAN: - WHAT, WHEN, WHOTOOL: - ACTION PLANTOOLS: - PFMEA - PROCESS CONTROL PLAN - LOOK-ACROSS-CHART - 5 WHYS SELECT & PLAN IMPROVEMENTNEW LEVEL OF QUALITY?DEFINE REACTION PLAN & ALARM LIMITSRECORDDATA

52、 TOOLS: - CONTROL CHARTANALYZE DATA TOOL: - RUN CHART - GATE CHARTALARMEXCEEDED? IMPLEMENTALARMREACTIONPLAN YESNONOYESIDENTIFYANALYZEPLANEVALUATEIMPLEMENTANALYZEDATA 分析数据分析数据23First Time QualityTraining ModuleProcess Step 5 第五步uAnalyze Data 分析数据分析数据Problem Identification确认问题确认问题Problem Analysis分析问题分

53、析问题Charts can be used for different purposes in various stages of the problem-solving process 在解决问题的各个阶段都可使用图表用于不同的目的。The tools included in the intersecting portion of this diagram can be used in both the problem identification and problem analysis phase of problem solving 交叉部分的工具可同时用于确认问题和分析问题. Flo

54、wchart ChecksheetBrainstorming Nominal Group Technique Pareto ChartCause & EffectRun ChartStratification Histogram Scatter Diagram Control Chart Process CapabilityForce Field AnalysisIDENTIFY & COUNT DISCREPANT PARTSIMPLEMENT IMPROVEMENTEVALUATEINSTITUTION-ALIZE LESSONS LEARNEDTOOLS FOR IDEN

55、TIFICATION: - PROCESS CONTROL PLAN - BOUNDARY SAMPLES TOOLS FOR COUNTING: - PARTS COUNTERS - TALLY SHEETS - SIZED CONTAINERS TOOLS: - PARETO - CAUSE & EFFECT (FISHBONE) - CONCENTRATION DIAGRAM - FLOW CHART - HISTOGRAM - SCATTER DIAGRAM - CHECK SHEET - 5 WHYSEXAMPLES: - CROSS-FUNCTIONAL TEAM S -

56、CHANGE BOARDS - RPN REDUCTION - STATISTICAL ENGINEERING PROJECTS ACTION PLAN: - WHAT, WHEN, WHOTOOL: - ACTION PLANTOOLS: - PFMEA - PROCESS CONTROL PLAN - LOOK-ACROSS-CHART - 5 WHYS SELECT & PLAN IMPROVEMENTNEW LEVEL OF QUALITY?DEFINE REACTION PLAN & ALARM LIMITSRECORDDATA TOOLS: - CONTROL CH

57、ARTANALYZE DATA TOOL: - RUN CHART - GATE CHARTALARMEXCEEDED? IMPLEMENTALARMREACTIONPLAN YESNONOYESIDENTIFYANALYZEPLANEVALUATEIMPLEMENTANALYZEDATA分析数据分析数据24A histogram is a specialized type of bar chart. Individual data points are grouped together in classes, so that you can get an idea of how freque

58、ntly data in each class occur in the data set. High bars indicate more points in a class, and low bars indicate fewer pointsFTQ Tools- 柱状图25Pareto charts are used to display the Pareto principle in action, arranging data so that the few vital factors that are causing most of the problems reveal them

59、selves. Concentrating improvement efforts on these few will have a greater impact and be more cost-effective than undirected efforts.FTQ Tools-柏拉图26Scatter Plots (also called scatter diagrams) are used to investigate the possible relationship between two variables that both relate to the same event.

60、 A straight line of best fit (using the least squares method) is often included.FTQ Tools-散布图27The point of making control charts is to look at variation, seeking special causes and tracking common causes. FTQ Tools-控制图28Flowcharts are maps or graphical representations of a process. They are particularly useful for displaying how a process currently functions or could ideally function. Flowcharts can help you see whether the steps of