专业英语学习的技巧（Word）

1、“医学影像诊断学”专业英语学习技巧（1）      词根、前后缀和常见疾病病名篇                   泰山医学院放射学院 影像诊断学教研室  卢 川为了配合学生们学习“医学影像诊断学”专业英语，本人根据自己的教学经验，总结出如下技巧，供同学们参考。 医学影像诊断学专业英语学习中的技巧包括：l   

2、60;   熟记常用的词根、前后缀和病名l       熟记常用的高频词和句型l       熟记全文阅读中的关键词l       结合专业知识进行阅读和猜测 本文针对这几个方面提供了如下相关内容，供同学们参考。   常用的词根、前后缀和常见疾病病名  Why Do We Study Medical Terminology?The num

3、ber of Medical words are enormous. How many medical words are there in a medium-sized medical dictionary? The answer is around 100,000, which is only a conservative estimate.  Moreover, like the jargon（ 行话）in all forward-moving 1 / 25fields, the number is expanding so constantly and quickly tha

4、t it defies 藐视any memorization!Most medical terms are based on Greek and Latinwords, which are consistent 一致的 and uniform 统一的  throughout manydifferent areas. These Greek and Latin parts of words are called the root, prefix, suffix, combing vowels and combining forms.The root, prefix, suffix ca

5、n aid in learning and remembering medical terms and even help in making informed guesses as to the meaning of unfamiliar words.Furthermore, their numbers are limited, about 400 to 500 or so (the most active ones), but the combinations derived from them are enormous. From what has been discussed abov

6、e, we may reasonably reach the conclusion that to learn the root, prefix, suffix   is much more efficient and meaningful than to try to memorize every medical term.                 adeno-腺    

7、60; angio- 血管      arterio动脉      arthro-关节      atrio-心房;       bi-双,生，生命      blastoma胚细胞瘤      carcino癌      card-, c

8、ardio-,心,贲门      centesis-穿刺术      cephal-, cephalo-头      cervico-颈      chondr-;chondrio-软骨；      chromato-; chrom-; chromo-色      colon-结肠 

9、60;    cranio-颅      cyano-青紫，绀      cysto-囊肿，膀胱 ；      cyto-细胞      dendron-树突      derma皮，皮肤      diplo-双,两    &#

10、160; dys 不良，困难，障碍      enteric-肠      exo-外      fibro纤维      ganglio-神经节      glio：胶质；      glyco- gluco- 糖，甜      gon精液，种子，

11、膝；      graphy-书写，记录，摄影      hemi-半;      hemo-,haemo- 血      hepato-肝      histo组织      hydro水      hyper高，多，超；  &

12、#160;   hystero-子宫,癔病      iatro-医师,医学      idio-自发，特异；      infra在下；      inter-间;      intra-内，在内；      latero-侧，旁    

13、   leio-平滑      lingo-舌      lysis；lyso-溶解       -megaly大；       meningo脑膜，脊膜；      meno-月经      meta变，转    &#

14、160; meta间位,偏位,变,转,后,旁,次      mito-线      mono单，一      morpho形态，形      muco黏液      multi多      myelo-, myel-，髓，脊髓      myo-肌&

15、#160;     necro坏死，尸体      nephro-肾      neuro/neur-神经      oligo少；      osteo骨；      -plasty 成形术      pneumo-气，气体，呼吸  &#

16、160;   poly多      pseudo-假      pulmo -肺      pyelo肾盂      pykno-致密      pyloro-幽门;      rectal-直肠的      renal 

17、;  肾的      retro-后，向后，在后      salpingo-管,咽鼓管,输卵管      sarco-肉，肌      scope，镜      semi半      sphero-球      sterno-胸骨

18、0;     sub-下，在下，次，亚      supra-:上      supratentorial 幕上的      thoraco-胸      thrombo-血栓      -tomy,切开术      toxico- 毒  

19、    trans-经，越，横过，      tri 三      uni-一，单；      urino-, uro-,  ur-,urono-尿      varico- 静脉曲张      vaso- 血管      veno  静脉 

20、;     ventriculo （脑，心）室      vertebro-    椎骨，脊柱      adenoma          腺瘤      adenomyosis子宫内膜异位症      adnexitis 子宫附件炎

21、60;     air bronchogram    支气管气像      aortic   regurgitation 主动脉关闭不全      aortic stenosis 主动脉狭窄      arteriovenous malformation 动静脉畸形        arth

22、ropathy     关节病      astrocytoma    胞瘤星形细胞瘤      atelectasis     肺不张      atrial septal defect房间隔缺损      arteriovenous fistulae , AVF  

23、 动静脉瘘      bronchial foreign body支气管异物      bronchiectasis  支气管扩张      bronchiolitis   细支气管炎      cerebral Infarction  脑梗死      chondroma   

24、    软骨瘤      colonoscopy  结肠镜检查术      congestive heart failure 充血性心力衰竭      consolidation          肺实变      coronary heart disease 

25、;  冠状动脉性心脏病      craniopharyngioma  颅咽管瘤      DWI                 扩散成像      emphysema        &#

26、160; 肺气肿      ependymoma   室管膜瘤.      epidural haematoma    硬脑膜外血肿      filling defect        充盈缺损      four chamber subcostal view 剑突下四腔心&#

27、160;     gastric ulcer     胃溃疡      giant cell tumor of bone  骨巨细胞瘤      glioblastoma   恶性胶质瘤      glioma       胶质瘤    &

28、#160; hepatic cavernous haemangioma  肝海绵状血管瘤      hepatocellular carcinoma  肝细胞肝癌      hepatomegaly    肝肿大      inferior vena cava 下腔静脉      infertility    

29、;       不孕症,      intraluminal  crater 腔内龛影      mediastinal thyroid mass  胸内甲状腺      MIP: Maximum Intensity Projection 最大密度投影      MPR: Multiple Plannar Recons

30、truction 多平面重组      musculoskeletal  骨肌的      nephrohydrosis   肾积水      nephrolithiasis   肾石病      niche            龛影&#

31、160;     Oligodendroglioma 少突胶质胞瘤      osteiod osteoma骨样骨瘤      osteochondroma 骨软骨瘤      osteomalacia    骨软化症      osteoma       &

32、#160;  骨  瘤      osteoporosis    骨质疏松症      osteosarcoma    骨肉瘤      osteosclerosis    骨硬化      patent ductus arteriosus   动脉导管未闭 

33、     pericarditis          心包炎      pleural effusion      胸腔积液      pleural thickening    胸膜肥厚      pneumothorax &#

34、160;        气胸      prostatic adenocarcinoma  前列腺癌      prostitis       前列腺炎      prostomegaly   前列腺肥大      pulmonary ar

35、terial hypertension  肺动脉高压      pulmonary artery stenosis   肺动脉狭窄      pulmonary embolism   肺动脉栓塞      pulmonary oligaemia      肺少血      pulmonary val

36、ve stenosis 肺动脉瓣狭窄      pyloritis      幽门炎      pylorostenosis, 幽门狭窄      pylorus      幽门      renal cell carcinoma 肾细胞癌     

37、 rheumatic heart disease 风湿性心脏病      sequestrum   死骨片      splenomegaly   脾肿大      SSD:Shaded  Surface Display 表面遮盖显示      subarachnoid haemorrhage  蛛网膜下腔出血  &#

38、160;   subdural haematoma 硬脑膜下血肿      superior vena cava   上腔静脉.      Tetralogy of Fallot   法洛氏四联症      the lesser curvature 胃小弯       thromboembolism  

39、60;  血栓栓塞      thrombolysis        血栓溶解      thrombophlebitis    血栓性静脉炎      thymoma            胸腺瘤  

40、0;   ulcerating carcinoma  溃疡性癌      uterine leiomyoma    子宫肌瘤      VE: Virtural Endoscopy 仿真内窥镜      ventricular septal defect   室间隔缺损      VR: Volume-Renderin

41、g Technique 容积再现            “医学影像诊断学”专业英语学习技巧（2）高频词、短语和常用句型篇 对病变描述常用的高频词和短语 l      形态：    round， oval ,  ovoid,  tubular , lobulated , spherical shape     

42、 圆形，    卵圆形，     管状的，分叶的,       球形         irregular configuration            形态不规则      bulging   &

43、#160;                         凸出的                  l      性质：cyst

44、ic, solid , complex        囊性，实性，混合性l      质地：homogeneous/ heterogeneous/                inhomogeneous          

45、60;   均匀  ，不均匀l     边界：   界限清楚 well-defined /well circumscribed(限制) / sharply delineated borders/ sharply        marginated       具有明显边缘的    界限不清楚     

46、0;     ill-defined/ poor-defined /                                  unsharp borders/     边

47、界不规则           irregular border         轮廓清晰              smooth contour     有囊包着的       &

48、#160;    encapsulated       扫描的方位：axial / coronal/ sagittal  横、矢、冠状位   与X线有关的常用高频词和短语       fluoroscopy                 

49、     X线透视检查      plain radiograph               平片      chest film               

50、0;        胸片      PA chest radiograph        后前位胸片      lateral chest radiograph   侧位胸片              

51、;            the lateral film                  侧位片                   &

52、#160;                                            increased pulmonary vascular marking

53、s   肺纹理增多      reduction of lung markings       肺纹理减少      paucity of vascular markings    ( 肺)纹理减少      on barium studies of the gastrointestinal system   胃肠钡餐

54、透视      on barium esophagogram.       食道钡餐透视     The most frequent feature of the plain radiograph is dilatation of the ascending aorta  与CT线有关的常用高频词和短语     密度的描述：      i

55、soattenuating / isodense 等密度       hyperattenuating/ hyperdense / high attenuation    高密度                            hyp

56、oattenuating/ low attenuation / hypodense/   低密度                            mixed densities          

57、0;           混合密度       attenuation close to that of water      近似水的密度      CT 平扫 on precontrast CT/ unenhanced CT : C T扫描序列      The most w

58、idely used protocol实验设计， 序列for bronchiectasis consists of 1 - 1.5 mm collimation scans every 10 mm from the lung apex to the diaphragm.                与MR有关的常用高频词和短语    信号的描述：l      高/低

59、/等/混合/不均匀信号： hyperintense /hypointense/isointense/iso-hyperintens/ mixed density /mixed signal of hyperintensity /heterogeneously mass  on T1WI/ T2WI ;l      信号流空  signal voidl      On MR the cyst is typically low signal on T1WI and high on

60、 T2WI.  囊肿的磁共振典型表现是T1WI低信号 、高信号T2WI 与MR检查技术的评价有关的常用句型       The tumor is hypointense on T1WI and inhomogeneously hyperintense on T2 WI   肿瘤在T1WI 为低信号，在T2WI 为不均匀的高信号      Magnetic resonance imaging is the optimal 理想的techn

61、ique for detecting abnormalities of the aortic sinuses, annulus瓣环, and ascending aorta associated with aortic regurgitationl     MR angiography is now used for identifying coronary artery anomalies and determining coronary bypass graft 旁路移植术，搭桥术patency开放.l    

62、 A tumor capsule may be visible in isoattenuating lesions    与强化有关的高频词、常用短语和句型 l     轻度/中度/明显/均匀/不均匀/斑片状/边缘-强化  mild /moderate/marked/ inhomogeneous /homogeneous enhancement. /patchy / rim enhancement l      轻到中度强化 

63、    Enhancement is mild to moderate ; l     注入对比剂后无强化    the absence of enhancement after intravenous injection of gadoliniuml     静脉注入对比剂后:    following intravenous contrast medium administration./ Following c

64、ontrast enhancement/ following contrast injection/ intravenous contrast / following gadolinium injection.l     选择性碘离子对比剂注射后      after selective injection of  iodinated  contrast media        They may enhance h

65、omogeneously     它们均匀强化                                    Enhancement is mild to moderate and inhomogeneous.&

66、#160;       轻到中度强化      The patchy enhancement may persist 持续 for several minutes.    斑片状强化可持续几分钟      A homogeneous marked enhancement is observed following contrast injection    

67、                                              明显均匀强化    

68、;与超声有关的常用高频词和短语  US:   回声的描述l     echogenic/ hyperechioc /echo-rich  强回声l     echopenic /hypoechioc/ echo-poor  低回声l     anechoic              &#

69、160;          无回声l     isoechoic                        等回声l     mixed pattern of echogenicity&

70、#160;        混合回声l     dorsal acoustic shadowing             后方声影 There is markedly hyperechoic lesion without dorsal acoustic shadowing（声影）.  超声检查方法评价有关句型  

71、60;     Echocardiography, two-dimensional and Doppler, are the most frequently employed modality for最常用的 the diagnosis and assessment of severity of aortic stenosis.      It is also the preferred method for首选的 monitoring the dimension of the sinus and asc

72、ending aorta in patients with aortoannular ectasia扩张 as the cause of aortic regurgitation. 与介入有关的常用高频词、短语和句型        DSA( Digital Subtraction Angiography) 数字减影        Seldinger technique      

73、0;  Seldinger 技术       to be inserted percutaneously     经皮穿刺      Selective coronary arteriography is performed （行）using specially shaped catheters.      The most frequently used catheters are t

74、he Judkins catheters for the right and left coronary arteries.      These catheters are inserted percutaneously into the femoral artery employing the Seldinger technique.      Balloon dilatation of the valve is now the preferred procedure  

75、    A multihole catheter is introduced into the femoral vein and passed through the right heart using fluoroscopic guidance      Contrast media is injected into the main pulmonary artery for the diagnosis of congenital heart disease    

76、0; Pulmonary angiography has long been recommended as the procedure of choice in the patient with a suspected diagnosis of PE          描述CT/ MR/US“（ 可/不很好/清楚的）显示”这类影像学表现的常用动词和句型  有主动语态、被动语态和形容词三种形式       主动语态译法：“ CT/MR/U

77、S  可很好的显示.;”例句：        Cine MR image in axial plane during systole depicts（显示） a signal void  emanating 发出 from the mitral valve. The signal void represents mitral regurgitation       被动语态译法：“(影像学的表现)在CT上显示为” 例句：The HCC is depicte

78、d（显示） as a hyperattenuating, unsharply limited, multifocal lesion · 形容词形式句型译法 例句：However, it may be nondepictable （不显示）on chest radiography and only demonstrated on CT scans.如下是更多的常用于表示“显示”的动词和主动、被动语态、形容词形式的例句      PA chest radiograph shows（显示） overinflation of the

79、 left hemithorax（半侧胸廓）      CT scan clearly shows（显示） the hyperdensity of the subarachnoid spaces      Plain film radiographs can reveal （显示）widening of the internal auditory canal;      Ultrasound examination of the liver de

80、monstrates （显示）a slightly hypoechoic lesion with sharply delineated borders, oval shape and no dorsal acoustic enhancement.      But in more central areas of the liver is not demonstrated （显示）well on CT      Tricuspid regurgitation can be demonstrate

81、d（显示） by colour flow mapping or Doppler echocardiography.      A substantial number, however, of cavernous haemangioma display （显示）a more "atypical" contrast enhancement pattern      Cirrhosis is well displayed on CT    

82、  A homogeneous marked enhancement is observed（显示） following contrast injection      Following contrast enhancement an inhomogeneous degree of enhancement of the liver parenchyma is observed（显示） in the cirrhotic liver.      On barium studies of

83、the gastrointestinal system displacement of the stomach, duodenum and colon secondary to the changes in liver volume and morphology will be noted（显示）      Colour Doppler sonography visualizes routinely the high vascularization（血管化） of HCC      The en

84、hancing walls of the thrombosed veins can be visualized （可被显示为）      A tumor capsule may be visible in isoattenuating lesions      The intraventricular haemorrhage on the left side is well appreciated as（可被显示） hyperintense.    

85、60; Contour deformity(畸形) may be detectable（显示） in lesions      An extracranial subgaleal（帽状腱膜下的)haematoma on the left side is also present. （显示/有）      Intrahepatic biliary duct dilatation can also be seen on precontrast CT .    

86、  Inhomogeneous enhancement （不均匀强化）of the solid components of the tumor is seen. （可被显示/可见）      The HCC is depicted（可被显示） as a hyperattenuating, unsharply limited, multifocal lesion      Cine MR image in axial plane during systole depicts（显示） a

87、signal void  emanating 发出 from the mitral valve. The signal void represents mitral regurgitation      However, it may be nondepictable （不显示）on chest radiography and only demonstrated on CT scans.      Calcification is readily容易的 identified on fl

88、uoroscopy but only dense calcification is recognized（显示） on plain radiography.      Grade II PVH is indicated by（显示） Kerley B lines and other signs of thickened interlobular septa      It also discloses （显示） a malalignment 排列错乱的type of ventricular se

89、ptal defect.   医学影像诊断学专业英语学习技巧（3） “首先找出每段落的关键词”篇  全文阅读技巧：      在全文阅读中首先找到每段中的关键词，就知道该段落重要讲述的内容是啥。然后结合专业知识进行阅读和猜测。      全文阅读中一般是按照如下顺序进行写作和排列的。        Definition （Introduction of a disease）：定义

90、0;   例句： Subarachnoid haemorrhage is an acute extravasation溢出 of blood into the subarachnoid space       Incidence:  prevalence    发生率 ，发病率,患病率 例句： The incidence of oligodendrogliomas is 57% of all primary intracranial tumors , . 

91、Cavernous haemangioma (CH) is more frequently seen    in females than in malesPrimary PAH肺动脉高压 occurs most frequently in young women       Aetiology./Causes/ As for aetiology,:    病因学    例句：The main causes of infarction are a

92、therosclerotic occlusion of large vessels,  .     The main aetiological factors of HCC are cirrhosis, hepatitis B and C infection and carcinogens（致癌物质）                     There ar

93、e many causes and conditions associated with bronchiectasis        Pathology/Pathologically/ Histologically: 病理学/组织学    例句：    Pathologically oligodendrogliomas少突神经胶质细胞瘤 are solid, infiltrative lesions with poorly defined borders. 

94、;      Pathogenesis:      发病机制  l        Classification/ The classic histological classification includes/To be classified as/ To be divided into/ :分型和分类例句：· Intracranial haematomas can be classified

95、according to location, age and aetiology. ·  Astrocytomas are divided into diffuse (or infiltrative) and localized (or noninfiltrative). ·  Each category comprises a group of tumors. · A more recent classification by the World Health Organization (WHO) divides meningiomas in

96、to: typical “benign”, atypical and anaplastic间变的，退行发育的.   Clinical presentations / Clinical features/ Clinical manifestations include:/ Clinical presentation is characterized by/ classical features 临床表现、特点例句：      The common clinical presentation is usually seizures and

97、 headache:,      Clinical presentation is characterized by vomiting:      Gliomas clinically manifest either with focal neurological deficits or seizures,      The classical features of patients are rarely observed  

98、;    Clinically patients are often completely asymptomatic       Physical Examination (Physical findings)物理检查:           physical signs     体征       

99、Radiological appearance/ Radiological findings/ Radiologically / cardinal 主要的 sign/ Radiographic features include /CT/ MR appearance / On CT/ On MR/:  X线/ CT/ MR表现/征象/特点/是/包括：例句：      Radiographic features include changes in the diaphragm      T

100、he CT appearance is characterized by the hyperdensity of the coarse calcifications      The CT appearance of a microadenoma is that of an iso- or slightly hypodense nodule of few mm in diameter within the pituitary gland      The cardinal 主要的 sign of bronchiectasis is dilatation of the bronchi with or without bronchial wall thickening.