翻译汉译英之谓语的选择

1、谓语的选择小组成员：黎璇汤秀雯郑晓妮一、汉英主谓结构的差别l汉语的分析型汉语的分析型(analytic)语言语言VS.英语的综合型英语的综合型(synthetic)语言语言 l汉语的复杂谓语成分汉语的复杂谓语成分VS.英语的单一谓语成分英语的单一谓语成分l汉语谓语的多主动式汉语谓语的多主动式VS.英语谓语的多被动式英语谓语的多被动式1. 分析型语言VS综合型语言l汉语分析型语言汉语分析型语言l无无词尾屈折变化词尾屈折变化 (inflection)l词词没有没有阳性和阴性的变化，阳性和阴性的变化，没有没有表阳性和阴性的词缀表阳性和阴性的词缀l英语综合型语言有丰富的屈折变化形式：英语综合型语言有丰

2、富的屈折变化形式：l英语谓语形态稳定，受英语谓语形态稳定，受语法语法规范约束，需与规范约束，需与主语主语保持一保持一致关系致关系 ltabletableslrunranrun lShe sings beautifully.l汉语语法呈隐含性汉语语法呈隐含性(covertness)，英语语法呈外显性，英语语法呈外显性(overtness)2. 谓语成分的复杂性VS单一性l英语谓语比较英语谓语比较单一单一，只能由动词或动词短语充，只能由动词或动词短语充当，当，系系动词可看成一种特殊为谓语。动词可看成一种特殊为谓语。 l英语同一主语下的并列谓语一般不超过三个，英语同一主语下的并列谓语一般不超过三个，

3、多数句子只有多数句子只有一个一个谓语动词，其他动作概念以谓语动词，其他动作概念以非谓语动词、介词短语、名词短语或从句的形非谓语动词、介词短语、名词短语或从句的形式出现。式出现。 l原文若是形容词、名词、数量词或介词短语作原文若是形容词、名词、数量词或介词短语作谓语，译文中常常采用谓语，译文中常常采用系表系表结构。结构。l她的未婚夫都她的未婚夫都6060了了。l三星的手机三星的手机外观很漂亮外观很漂亮。lHer fianc Her fianc isis already 60 years old. already 60 years old.lSamsung Brand cell phonesSam

4、sung Brand cell phones looklook beautiful. beautiful.l我想我想吃麦当劳吃麦当劳。l历史历史是人民创造的是人民创造的。l他就会他就会持枪劫车、杀人越货持枪劫车、杀人越货。lHe He wantswants to eat at the Macdonalds. to eat at the Macdonalds.lHistory History isis mademade by the people. by the people.lHe He isis good for nothing but hijacking good for nothing

5、but hijacking vehicles and looting the goods by killing vehicles and looting the goods by killing the drivers with his gun.the drivers with his gun.3.谓语多主动式VS.谓语多被动式l无形式标志的被动句，形式主动，意义被动无形式标志的被动句，形式主动，意义被动l原文若为有原文若为有/ /无形式标志的被动式，译文宜用无形式标志的被动式，译文宜用被动式被动式作作谓语；谓语；l若不知原文谓语动作的发出者是谁，或者原文的主语若不知原文谓语动作的发出者是谁，

6、或者原文的主语为为 “ “人们人们”、“大家大家”等，或者句中含有等，或者句中含有 “ “据传据传”、“据悉据悉”等字眼，译文的谓语常用以等字眼，译文的谓语常用以 “ “itit” ” 为形式为形式主语的被动句式；主语的被动句式；l问题解决了。问题解决了。lThe problem The problem has been solvedhas been solved. . l大家都觉得这样做不妥。大家都觉得这样做不妥。lIt It isis generally generally consideredconsidered not advisable to not advisable to act

7、 that way. act that way. l必须采取措施来控制水污染。必须采取措施来控制水污染。lMeasures have to be taken to control the water pollutionl众所周知，中国人在四千年前就发明了指南针。众所周知，中国人在四千年前就发明了指南针。lIt is well known that the compass was invented in China four thousand years ago. l书到后应立即付款。书到后应立即付款。lYou are supposed to pay right after the books

8、are deliveredl请您为大家表演一个节目。请您为大家表演一个节目。lYou are requested to give us a performance.确定谓语的原则l1. 主谓一致+时态+语气l2. 谓语必须与主语在逻辑上搭配得当l3. 谓语必须与宾语在逻辑上搭配得当l4. 根据谓语和状语搭配确定谓语l5. 根据英语表达习惯l6. 谓语的确定应该基于表意的需要 l7. 谓语的确定应该基于构句（语法）的需要1. 主谓一致+时态+语气谓语应该在人称、数、时态、语态上与主语一致谓语应该在人称、数、时态、语态上与主语一致l在西方，吃饭用的是刀和叉 。 lIn the west, fork

9、 and knife is used for having dinner.l（三中全会的政策）谁想变也变不了。lNo one could change this even if he wanted to. l她的独生子让车给轧了。lHer only son was run over by a car.2. 谓语必须与主语在逻辑上搭配得当如果原文的主谓语不符合英语主谓搭配逻辑，则需如果原文的主谓语不符合英语主谓搭配逻辑，则需要改变主语或谓语。要改变主语或谓语。l农村改革中的好多东西，都是基层创造出来的。lMany of the good ideas in rural reform came fr

10、om people at the grassroots. lMany of good ideas in rural reform are created by people at the grassroots.l世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。lChinas diplomacy is most active at the turn of the century. lThe turn of the century finds China most active on the diplomatic arena.l分析：前种译法不符合英文主谓搭配。后种译法以“时间”为主语，以“find”为谓语，是比较典

11、型的 “无灵主语句”。l你的教学科研取得了长足的进步，但不应因此而自满。lYou have made great progress in teaching and research but you should guard against complacency 3. 谓语必须与宾语在逻辑上搭配得当 动宾搭配是一种常见的搭配形式，汉译英时，如果原文的动宾搭配是一种常见的搭配形式，汉译英时，如果原文的 动宾搭配不符合英语逻辑，而原文的宾语又不宜变动，我动宾搭配不符合英语逻辑，而原文的宾语又不宜变动，我们就需要重新选择谓语。们就需要重新选择谓语。l秦朝第一位皇帝秦始皇于公元前221年统一六国lun

12、ify the other six states？lQin Shihuang, the first Emperor of the Qin Dynasty, conquered the other six states in 221 BC.l热腾腾的晚餐已摆好在桌上。lHot meals were served on the dinner table.l如译成： hot meals were put on the dinner table 就显得过于呆板。而serve和meals联用最符合英语的动宾搭配习惯。l（日本派大批的留学生到中国来学习中国文化。）自然，他们也学会了中国的饮茶。lAccor

13、dingly, they became accustomed to the Chinese tea-drinking. l到麦当劳去吃什么? 有人总结说：吃时髦，吃清洁，吃快捷，吃氛围，吃气派，吃档次，吃高雅。闹了半天，还没有涉及“吃饱肚子”。lFor what do we go to the McDonalds? Summarized are the following answers: for its popularity, for its remarkable cleanness, for its instant services, for its exotic atmosphere,

14、for showing off, for its super quality, for its elegant consumption. With so many “fors”, yet we have not come to “for our stomach”. (曾利沙译)4. 根据谓语和状语搭配确定谓语有时英汉谓状搭配习惯的不同，也可能影响谓语的选择l我们要在几个五年计划的时间内认真取得处理这个问题的经验。lwe shall seriously gain experience in？lWe shall make serious efforts to gain experience in

15、handling this problem within the space of several five-year plans.5. 根据英语表达习惯l灵活翻译谓语灵活翻译谓语l冬天你如果怕冷的话，可以到昆明。lfear, be afraid of？lIf you dislike the cold in winter, you can visit Kunming in south China.l花坛北面有有一株腊梅花，南端是是一丛南天竹。lA winter plum stood on the northern end of the terrace, and a nandina erecte

16、d on the southern end. l译文运用“化静为动”的手法。6. 谓语的确定应该基于表意的需要l1) 中央政府不干预香港特别行政区的事务。a. The Central Government has refrained from intervening in the affairs of the HKSAR.b. The Central Government has never intervened in the affairs of the HKSAR.l2) 这事到了现在，还是时时记起。a. Even now, this remains fresh in my memory.

17、b. Even now, I still often think about it.l3) 她们逐渐地镇定下来，有了自信。a.They gradually calmed down, restored self-confidence.b. Gradually, they calmed down and regained self-confidence.lRestore: to repair a building, work of art, piece of furniture, 修复（建筑，艺术品等）Regain :to get back sth you no longer have, espe

18、cially an ability or a quality重新获得 7. 谓语的确定应该基于构句（语法）的需要l1关于如何改进市民的居住条件问题市政府给予了充分重视。a. Full attention has been paid by the municipal government to the improvement of the housing conditions of the urban inhabitants.b. The municipal government has paid full attention to the housing conditions of the u

19、rban inhabitants.l英雄造时势，时势造英雄。Heroes create the times, the times produce their heroes.三、连动式谓语的翻译l汉语连动式谓语就是两个或两个以上谓语动词共用一个主汉语连动式谓语就是两个或两个以上谓语动词共用一个主语的结构，其特点是许多动词连用，组成几个句段或小句。语的结构，其特点是许多动词连用，组成几个句段或小句。l 连动式谓语是一种复杂谓语，它的复杂性体现在这些动连动式谓语是一种复杂谓语，它的复杂性体现在这些动词的关系之中，既有并列关系，也有隐含的其他关系（包词的关系之中，既有并列关系，也有隐含的其他关系（包括

20、条件、方式、承接、因果、假设、目的等）。括条件、方式、承接、因果、假设、目的等）。例： 我悄悄地我悄悄地披披上了大衫，上了大衫，带带上门上门出去出去了。了。 分析：三个并列谓语，也是时间先后关系。在翻译时可将“出去”作为主要动词，其他两个动词可处理成分词短语。lShrugging on an overcoat, I made my way out, closing the door behind me.l另外，汉语连动谓语通常按动作发生的先后顺序排列，但另外，汉语连动谓语通常按动作发生的先后顺序排列，但译成英语时，则可依照英语习惯进行调整译成英语时，则可依照英语习惯进行调整。 l翻译时，要分析

21、几个连动谓语之间的关系，分清主次翻译时，要分析几个连动谓语之间的关系，分清主次关系和并列关系，将主要动词译成谓语，次要动词视关系和并列关系，将主要动词译成谓语，次要动词视不同情况，译成各种从属结构。不同情况，译成各种从属结构。 1. 他他咳着咳着从祖父的房间里慢慢从祖父的房间里慢慢走出来走出来。（家） Coughing, he strolled out of the room of Grandpa. 2. 妻在屋里妻在屋里拍着闰儿拍着闰儿，迷迷糊糊，迷迷糊糊哼着眠歌哼着眠歌。（荷塘月色）l伴随状态的分词短语。 In the room, my wife was patting the son, Run-er, sleepily humming a cradle song. l汉英翻译中，选择谓语要考虑汉英翻译中，选择谓语要考虑搭配搭配、习惯表达习惯表达方式方式、逻辑语法关系逻辑语