《学术论文写作》课件 English Academic Writing 7

1、Chapter 7Taking notes without plagiarizing第十三条 对学位申请人员、指导教师及其他有关人员做出处理决定前，应当告知并听取当事人的陈述和申辩。当事人对处理决定不服的，可以依法提出申诉、申请行政复议或者提起行政诉讼。第十四条 社会中介组织、互联网站和个人，组织或者参与学位论文买卖、代写的，由有关主管机关依法查处。学位论文作假行为违反有关法律法规规定的，依照有关法律法规的规定追究法律责任。第十五条 学位授予单位应当依据本办法，制定、完善本单位的相关管理规定。第十六条 本办法自2013年1月1日起施行。II. Types of PlagiarismType I

2、: Copy & PasteType II: Word SwitchType III: StyleType IV: MetaphorType V: IdeaType I:Copy & PastePlagiarismDescription: Any time you lift a sentence or significant phrase intact from a source, you must use quotations marks and reference the source.Source Article:Especially since the launch of HST an

3、d the unprecedented clarity of the images satellites have given us, youve all seen on the news or in books, beautiful color pictures of various sights in the cosmos.But is this the way you would see these objects if you went there? Well, to tackle that question, first we have to consider the nature

4、of light and color. Light is made of waves of electromagnetic radiation. We perceive different wavelengths of visible light as different colors.Copy & PastePLAGIARISM Everyone is interested in astronomical images, especially since the launch of HST and the unprecedented clarity of the images satelli

5、tes have given us. But is this the way you would see these objects if you went there? How to use the info without plagiarizingWe are all thrilled by the beauty of pictures of the universe taken with space telescopes and other satellites. The pictures display spectacular color and detail, but, as pos

6、ed in Source Article by So-n-so, is this the way you would see these objects if you went there?Type II:Word SwitchPlagiarismDescription: If you take a sentence from a source and change around a few words, it is still plagiarism. If you want to quote a sentence, then you need to put it in quotation m

7、arks and cite the author and article. But quoting Source articles should only be done if what the quote says is particularly useful in the pointyouare trying to make in whatyouare writing. In the case below, a quotation would not be useful. The person who plagiarized in this example has just been to

8、o lazy to synthesize the ideas expressed in the Source article.Source Article:All solid bodies emit light: stars, rocks and people included. The temperature of the star, rock or person determines which wavelength of light will be most strongly radiated. In the constellation Orion, the upper left sta

9、r is Betelgeuse (Armpit of the giant), 520 l-y distant. Betelgeuseis a supergiant star, 14,000 times brighter than our sun,and so big, if you were to put Betelgeuse in place of our sun, its surface would reach all the way out to Jupiter. Betelgeuses color is bright red.Word SwitchPLAGIARISMStars, ro

10、cks and people all emit light, and which wavelength of light will be most strongly radiated depends on the temperature of the star, rock or person. For example, the star Betelgeuse in the constellation Orion, Armpit of the Giant, is a supergiant star, 14,000 times brighter than our own sun. How to u

11、se the info without plagiarizing:Everything has a temperature, and everything radiates light, and the two are not unconnected. In fact, the hotter a body is, the more blue light it radiates and the colder, the redder the emission. So what is the difference between red and blue light? It is the wavel

12、ength. An interesting example is given in The Source Article by So-n-so, where the author points out that the star Betelgeuse in the constellation Orion is very red because its temperature is so cool, and Rigel, another star in Orion, is blue because it is so hot.Type III:StylePlagiarism*THIS IS TRA

13、P THAT MOST STUDENTS FALL INTO!* Description: When you follow a Source Article sentence-by-sentence or paragraph-by-paragraph (as is done in the example below), it is plagiarism, even though none of your sentences is exactly like those in the Source Article or even in the same order. What you are co

14、pying in this case, is theauthors reasoningstyle. If you were to make a basic outline of the Source Article below and then outline the Style-plagiarized example on the right, you would see that the outlines are the same! Contrast this with the non-plagiarized example, where the information in the So

15、urce Article is used only to enhance the point thestudentis trying to make. Source Article:Especially since the launch of HST and the unprecedented clarity of the images satellites have given us, Youve all seen on the news or in books, beautiful color pictures of various sights in the cosmos. But is

16、 this the way you would see these objects if you went there? Well, to tackle that question, first we have to talk about the nature of light and color.Light is made of waves of electromagnetic radiation. We perceive different wavelengths as different colors.StylePLAGIARISMThe beautiful pictures that

17、the space telescope has given us show spectacular color. But is the color real? First, we have to consider what light and color are. Different wavelengths of light correspond to different colors, and light is called electromagnetic radiation. The temperature of an object determines the color of ligh

18、t emitted, and all things, including people, emit light. In the constellation Orion, the star Betelgeuse is a huge, giant star, as big as the orbit of Jupiter. Betelgeuse is red. Another star in Orion, Rigel, is blue. The reason that they are different colors is that they each have a different surfa

19、ce temperature. How to use the info without plagiarizingIs there anything we can know about stars by just looking at them without binoculars or a telescope, or are they just really mysterious objects that will always keep their secrets? With only our naked eyes we can see that stars have different c

20、olors, from white to blue to yellowish and red; and color does indeed tell us something important about stars. Color tells us a stars temperature. Everything has a temperature, and everything radiates light, and temperature and light are intimately connected. In fact, the hotter a body is, the more

21、blue light it radiates and the colder, the redder the emission.Type IV:MetaphorPlagiarism Description: Metaphors are used either to make an idea clearer or give the reader an analogy that touches the senses or emotions better than a plain description of the object or process. Metaphors, then, are an

22、 important part of an authors creative style. If you cannot come up with your own metaphor to illustrate an important idea, then use the metaphor in the Source Article, but give the author credit for it. Source Article: This picture of the constellation Cygnus, sins 天鹅座the Swan, in visible light loo

23、ks rather dull. Yet at an infrared wavelength of 60mthe region looks very different. In infrared红外线的 light we can see a glittering jewel-boxof new born starspeeking outof the dust clouds that lie between us and the center of our Galaxy. MetaphorPLAGIARISM Although dusty clouds block our vision of st

24、ellar nurseries, infrared light reveals them. These newbornsglitter like a jewel boxand seem to bepeeking at usfrom behind the dust obscuring them. How to use the info without plagiarizingAlthough dusty clouds block our vision of stellar星 nurseries, infrared light reveals them. In Source Article, So

25、-n-so describes these newborns as glittery jewel boxes peeking out at us from deep inside the dust clouds where they still remain.Type V:IdeaPlagiarism Description: If the author of the source article expresses a creative idea or suggests a solution to a problem, the idea or solution must be clearly

26、 attributed to the author. Many students have difficulty distinguishing an authors ideas and/or solutions frompublic domain information. Public domain information is any idea or solution about which people in the field accept as general knowledge. Source articleHot stars at 30,000 degrees emit a lot

27、 more blue light than red light, and so hot stars look blue or bluish-white. Cool stars at 3,000 degrees give off more red light than blue, and so these stars look red. How to use the info without plagiarizing Stars considered to be hot are 30,000 degrees, whereas stars as cool as 3,000 degrees are

28、considered to be cold. III. To be documented or not?P.55IV MLAIn-text citationWorks cited pageThe latter is our typeIV. Taking-notes without plagiarizingWhat does it mean to plagiarize?What does it mean to paraphrase?How do you paraphrase something without plagiarizing?There are three effective ways

29、:1. SummarizingWhen you are writing a research paper, a term paper or reviewing for an exam, you may be asked to summarize the main ideas in a text criticize the approach taken by the author discuss the theme, etc. Your audience will make a great difference in the way you approach a text and summari

30、ze it. The notes you make for your own use will differ from the notes you make to discuss the matter with a friend, or from the summary you write for your professor. How much they know about the subject, how much detail you are going to include will all depend on the task and your target audience.Ho

31、w to make a summaryA good strategy in summarizing a text you have read is:Read the text several times but do not make any notes. During your first reading you may take extensive notes, but later you may find out that you do not need them. Therefore, read without making notes but interacting with the

32、 author.That is, familiarize yourself with the text, the author, the main ideas and arguments, etc.List the key ideas and supporting argumentsRank them in order of importanceEvaluate themSummarize the textAcknowledge the source in the summary text and also list in the reference sectionYour own versi

33、on of important information and ideas expressed by someone else, presented in a new form.One correct way (when accompanied by accurate documentation) to borrow from a source.A more detailed restatement than a summary, which focuses concisely on a single main idea.2. paraphrasingIt is better than quo

34、ting information from a passage.It helps you control the temptation to quote too much.The mental process required for successful paraphrasing helps you to grasp the full meaning of the original.Paraphrasing is a valuable skill becauseReread the original passage until you understand its full meaningS

35、et the original aside, and write your paraphrase on a note cardJot down a few words below your paraphrase to remind you later how to envision using this material. At the top of the note card, write a key word or phrase to indicate the subject of your paraphrase.Steps to Effective ParaphrasingCheck y

36、our version with the original to make sure that your version accurately expresses all the essential information in a new form.Use quotation marks to identify any unique term or phraseology you have borrowed exactly from the source.Record the source (including the page) on your note card so that you

37、can credit it easily if you decide to incorporate the material into your paper.Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final paper. Probably only about 10% of your final paper should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you

38、 should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes. Lester, James D. Original PassageIn research papers students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates during note taking, i

39、t is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim (Lester 46-47) A legitimate paraphrase:Students should take just a few notes in direct quotation from sources to help minimize the amount of quoted material in a research paper (Lester 46-47).3. QuotingWhen should you quote? If the original w

40、ording of the source is very well-known and widely-recognized, or when the original phrasing is distinctly put together and paraphrasing would alter the meaning or weaken the effect, then you should use direct quotation from the source.e.g. Bashevich Singer said, I dont believe in miracles in writin

41、g.e.g. All our science, measured against reality, is primitive and childlike - and yet it is the most precious thing we have. Albert Einstein (1879-1955)How to quote?Never quote extensively, that is, do not quote more than one or two paragraphs. Your paper should not consist of a collection of quotes from the same source or from different sources. Such a paper lacks coherence in style or meaning. Clippings from various writers, all written in different styles cannot make up a consistent and coherent whole.