国际贸易考试要点

国际贸易学院：国际经济贸易学院专业：国际经济与贸易（双语）班级：1306班

国际贸易知识点一、名词英汉互译。可在目录前的术语表中按首字母找。1’*10=10’二、名词解释。根据词旨在书上找吧。3’*5=15’三、简答题10’*5=50’（范畴见下）四、论述题25’*1=25’（范畴见下）注意：如下资料中涉及中英文，考试时只写英文即可。带*号题目需从书上找。Chapter1TheInternationalBusinessImperative（国际业务的必要性）P2*1、ADefinitionofInternationalBusiness（国际商务定义）Internationalbusinessconsistsoftransactionsthataredevisedandcarriedoutacrossnationalborderstosatisfytheobjectiveofindividuals,companies,andorganizations.Thesetransactionstakeonvariousforms,whichareofteninterrelated.EX-IMFDIChapter5TheTheoryofTradeandInvestment（国际贸易和投资理论）P1161、ThecontentsofMercantilism（重商主义的内容）InthecenturiesleadinguptotheIndustrialRevolution,internationalcommercewaslargelyconductedundertheauthorityofgovernments.Thegoalsoftradewere,therefore,thegoalsofgovernments.2、ThetheoryofAbsoluteAdvantage（绝对成本学说）（1）、简介（抄不抄考试时看题目定）：TheoryfirstintroducedbyAdamSmith-1776Absoluteadvantage-produceaproductusingthefewestlaborhours.Divisionoflabor-specializationintheproductionprocessdividingtheprocessintodistinctstagesperformedbyexclusivelybyoneindividualAppliedtocountriesbasedontheirproductspecializationandabilitytoproducemoreforless.（2）、AbsoluteAdvantagemaincontents（绝对成本的重要内容）：（考试写英文就行）AdamSmitharguedthatacountryhasanabsoluteadvantageintheproductionofaproductwhenitismoreefficientthananyothercountryinproducingit亚当斯密觉得，一种国家在一种产品的生产具有绝对优势时，它比任何其她国家的产品生产效率AccordingtoSmith,countriesshouldspecializeintheproductionofgoodsforwhichtheyhaveanabsoluteadvantageandthentradethesegoodsforthegoodsproducedbyothercountries据史密斯，国家应专门从事商品生产的是她们拥有的绝对优势，然后贸易其她国家生产的商品。3、ThetheoryofComparativeAdvantage（比较成本学说）（1）、简介：Comparativeadvantage-DavidRicardo(1819)Acomparativeadvantagemeansthatnomatterhowgood(orbad)youareatproducingsomething,there'salwayssomethingthatyou'rebest(orleastworst)atdoing.Countriesshouldfocusonproducingwhattheyarebestatandtradefortheotherproducts.（2）、ComparativeAdvantagemaincontents（比较成本的重要内容）DavidRicardoaskedwhatmighthappenwhenonecountryhasanabsoluteadvantageintheproductionofallgoods大卫李嘉图问会有什么状况发生如果一种国家在所有产品的生产方面都具有绝对优势。Ricardo’stheoryofcomparativeadvantagesuggeststhatcountriesshouldspecializeintheproductionofthosegoodstheyproducemostefficientlyandbuygoodsthattheyproducelessefficientlyfromothercountries,evenifthismeansbuyinggoodsfromothercountriesthattheycouldproducemoreefficientlyathome李嘉图的比较优势理论觉得，国家应专门从事她们所生产的商品的生产效率最高的产业并购买本国生产效率低的产品,虽然这意味着从其他国家购买的商品，它们也可更有效。*4、FactorProportionsTradeTheory（要素比例说）见书P123*5、TheLeontiefParadox（里昂惕夫之谜）见书P125*6、产业内贸易学说产生的重要因素见书P132*7、TheCompetitiveAdvantageofNations（国家竞争优势论）P134MichaelPorter提出,觉得决定一国的竞争优势有四个基本因素和两个附加因素。四个基本因素涉及：生产因素、需求状况、有关与辅助行业、公司的方略、构造与竞争。两个附加因素是机遇和政府。见书P135Chapter3TradeandInvestmentPolicies（贸易和投资政策）P54*1、也许出英汉互译或名词解释：InternationalTradeOrganization(ITO)国际贸易组织GeneralAgreementontariffsandTrade(GATT)关税与贸易总协定WorldTradeOrganization(WTO)世界贸易组织2、CHANGEINTHEGLOBALPOLICYENVIRONMENT（全球政策环境的变化）Threemajorchangeshaveoccurred:Areductionofdomesticpolicyinfluence;Aweakeningoftraditionalinternationalinstitutions;Asharpeningoftheconflictbetweenindustrializedanddevelopingnations.3、RESTRCTIONSOFIMPORTThereareliterallyhundredsofwaystobuildabarrier.Thefollowinglistprovidesjustafewofthetradebarriersthatexportersface.Restrictivelicensing限制性许可证贸易Specialimportauthorization特别进口核准制Globalquotas全球配额Temporaryprohibitions临时限制Advanceimportdeposits进口押金制Taxesonforeignexchangedeals外汇交易税Preferentiallicensingapplications优惠许可证贸易申请Exciseduties(国内)货品税Licensingfees许可证贸易税Statisticaltaxes记录税Salestaxes销售税Consumptiontaxes消费税Servicechanges服务费Taxesontransport运送费Value——addedtaxes增值税Turnovertaxes营业税Internaltaxes国内税4、TheeffectsofImportRestrictions（对进口经济限制的效应）P68(1)Hugepricefromdomesticconsumers.(2)Downstreamchangeinthecompositionofimports(3)Efficiency(4)Corporateresponsetoimportrestrictions*5、TheHost-CountryPerspective（以东道国视角的观点）P71PositiveImpact积极的影响：（英文见书72页表3.3）运用外资，引进技术和管理技能，地区和部门发展，增强内部竞争和公司实力，有助于国际收支平衡，增长就业。NegativeImpact悲观的影响：（同上）控制产业.技术依赖.扰乱经济筹划.变化文化.受投资国政府干预。Chapter8EconomicIntegration（经济一体化）P1961、LevelsofEconomicIntegration（经济一体化水平）TheFreeTradeArea自由贸易区：Thefreetradeareaistheleastrestrictiveandloosestformofeconomicintegrationamongcountries.Inafreetradearea,allbarrierstotradeamongmembersareremoved.Themostnotablefeatureofafreetradeareaisthatcountrycontinuestosetitsownpoliciesinrelationtononmembers.TheCustomsUnion关税同盟：Likemembersofafreetradearea，membersofacustomsuniondismantlebarrierstotradeingoodsandservicesamongthemselves.Inaddition，however，thecustomsunionestablishesacommontradepolicywithrespecttononmembers.ThesouthernAfricanCustomsUnionistheoldestandmostsuccessfulexampleofeconomicintegrationinAfrica.TheCommonMarket共同市场：Likethecustomsunion，acommonmarkethasnobarrierstotrademembersandhasacommonexternaltradepolicy.Inaddition，however，factorsofproductionarealsomobileamongmembers.Factorsofproductionincludelabor,capital,andtechnology.TheobjectiveoftheSingleEuropeanActwastohaveafullcommonmarketineffectwithintheEUattheendof1992.TheEconomicUnion经济同盟：Thecreationofatrueeconomicunionrequiresintegrationofeconomicpoliciesinadditiontothefreemovementofgoods，services，andfactorofproductionacrossborders.Underaneconomicunion,memberswouldharmonizemonetarypolicies,taxation,andgovernmentspending.Inaddition,acommoncurrencywouldbeusedbyallmembers.Tosomeextend,EUisatthelevelofEconomicUnion,itismovingtowardsPoliticalUnionwithcommonforeignandsecuritypolicy,aswellasjudicialcooperation.*2、理解：欧洲一体化的机构（203页）；北美自由贸易区（210页）；东南亚国家联盟（216页）；APEC（216页末段）;卡特尔国际商品协定（见书199页及往后找吧）3、ArgumentsSurroundingEconomicIntegration环绕经济一体化的争论Tradecreationanddiversion.Effectsofintegrationonimportprices,competition,economiesofscale,andfactorproductivity.Benefitsofregionalismversusnationalism.4、EuropeanIntegration欧洲一体化的机构（见书203页）IntegrationOrganizationsofEuropeIntegrationOrganizationsoftheEUMembershipoftheEUTreatiesoftheEUTheProcessoftheEUIntegrationOrganizationsoftheEUImplicationsoftheIntegratedMarket5、IntegrationOrganizationsofEuropeTheEuropeanUnion——EUIntegrationOrganizationsoftheEU：OEEC欧洲经合组织(1948)FURATOM欧洲原子能联营(1958)ECSC欧洲煤钢联营(1952)EC欧洲共同体(1967)EEC欧洲经济共同体(1958)EU欧洲联盟(1993)EuropeanFreeTradeAssociation——EFTAEuropeanEconomicArea——EEA6、CARTELSANDCOMMODITYPRICEAGREEMENTS卡特尔国际商品协定（见书221页）Animportantfeaturethatdistinguishesdevelopingcountriesfromindustrializedcountriesisthenatureoftheirexportearnings.Aseconddistinguishingfactoristhatsupplyvariabilitywillbegreaterinthemarketfortheprimarygoodsbecauseproductionoftendependsonuncontrollablefactorssuchasweather.Inordertoresponsethisproblem,cartelsandcommoditypriceagreementsemerged.Chapter9EmergingMarkets（新兴市场）P2241、THEREALITIESOFECONOMICCHANGE经济变化的现实P227Manytransitioneconomiesfacemajorinfrastructureshortages;Capitalshortagesarealsoamajorconstraint;Firmsdoingbusinesswithtransitioneconomiesoftenencounterinterestingdemandconditions,namelybuyers’preferencesarefrequentlyvagueandundefinedandavailablemarketinformationisinaccurate.SubstantialknowledgeresourcestoofferLackofmanagementskillsLackofcommitmentbymanagersandemployeestotheirworkThenewenvironmentcomplicatesmanagerialdecisionmaking2、INTERNATIONALBUSINESSCHALLENGESANDOPPORTUNITIES（国际商务面临的机遇和挑战）P229CHALLENGES:(1)Theunavailabilityofconvertiblecurrency;(2)Thelackofprotectionsomeofthecountriesaffordtointellectualpropertyrights,(3)Sellingisnotpartoftheeconomicculture,(4)Thequalityoftheproductsobtainedcanbeamajorproblem.OPPORTUNITIES:(1)Sometransitioneconomieshaveproductsthatareuniqueinperformance;(2)MostsourcingopportunitiesfromEasternEuropeandtheCommonwealthofIndependentStatesareforindustrialproducts,whichreflectsthepastorientationofresearchanddevelopmentexpenditures.*3、REASONSFORSTATE-OWNEDENTERPRISES国有公司存在的因素P231书上有三点(1)Twoprimaryonesarenationalsecurityandeconomicsecurity;(2)Otherreasonsalsocontributedtothedevelopmentofstate-ownedenterprises.Chapter11InternationalBusinessEntry国际准入及扩张P2841、MotivatorsforInternationalBusinessP288PROACTIVE(want)REACTIVE(need)ProfitadvantageCompetitivepressuresUniqueproductsOverproductionTechnologicaladvantageDecliningdomesticsalesExclusiveinformationExcesscapacityTaxbenefitSaturateddomesticmarketsEconomiesofscaleProximitytocustomersandports2、ALTERNATIVEENTRYSTRATEGIES见书P293ExportingandImportingLicensingfranchisingLocalpresence*3、Tradingcompanies商社P297商社的功能及商社成功的4个因素（见书297页）4、INTERNATIONALFACILITATORSP298facilitatorsareentitiesoutsidethefirmthatassistintheprocessofgoinginternationalbysupplyingknowledgeandinformationbutnotparticipatinginthetransaction.Therearetwokindsofinternationalfacilitators:PrivateSectorFacilitatorsPrivateSectorFacilitatorsincluding:1.otherfirmsinthesameindustry;2.distributors;3.banksandotherservicefirms;4.chambersofcommerceandotherbusinessassociations.PublicSectorFacilitatorsPublicSectorFacilitatorsincluding:1.governments;商务部贸促会2.educationalinstitutions;5、Licensing专有权利P301Advantages(长处)：Requiringneithercapitalinvestmentnordetailedforeigncustomersinvolvement.Reducingtheriskofexpropriation.Avoidinghost-countryregulationsapplicabletoequityventures.Relievingtheoriginatingcompanyfromhavingtocomeupwithculturallyresponsivechangesineverymarket.Disadvantages（缺陷）：1）Donotguaranteeabasisforfutureexpansion.2）Maycreativeafuturecompetitor.3）AspecialformofLicensingistrademarklicensing6、Localpresence本地经营P3021）Strategicalliance(战略联盟)refertoaninformalorformalarrangementbetweentwoormorecompanieswithacommonbusinessobjective.2）Reasonsforinterfirmcooperation公司间合伙的因素Marketdevelopment.Defendinghomemarkets.Sharingofriskorresource.Blockingcompetitors.3）TypesofinterfirmcooperationInformalcooperation非正式合伙Contractualagreements契约合同Equityparticipation股权参与Chapter15InternationalServicesP4241、Stand-AloneServices（具体见书428页，较具体）Thecharac