考研考博-英语-常州纺织服装职业技术学院考试押题卷含答案详解2

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-常州纺织服装职业技术学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.问答题

Manygovernmentsaregrowingincreasinglydeterminedtostampoutthathasbeenreferred

A

B

C

toasthe“corruptioneruption”.

D

【答案】试题答案：C;what

【解析】考查关系代词。that不能充当宾语从句中的主语，分析句子可知从句中缺少主语，因此将that改为what。

2.不定项选择题

Sometimearound621BC,alegislatornamedDracoappearedontheAtheniansceneandmadethelawsthatsubstitutedpublicjusticeforpersonalrevenge.Hislawsweresoseverethatthelegislatorhasbeenimmortalizedbytheword“draconian”.TheselawsheldforonlyaquarterofacenturyuntilSolon,whocametobecalledthefounderofAtheniandemocracy,abolishedthedeathpenaltyforeverythingbutmurder.Solonalsocarriedoutconstitutionalreformsthatsetupfreeelectionandbroughtallclasses,exceptslaves,intotheprocessofgovernment.Andsodemocracybegan.

AhundredyearslaterdemocracyandeverythingelseGreecehadbuiltupwerethreatenedbyPersia.ThefirstofPersia’sexpeditionstookplacein490BCwhenitsarmyarrivedatMarathon,nearAthens.ThiswastheeventwhereaGreeksoldierranthe27milesbacktoAthens,managedtocryout,“Wehavewon”,thencollapsedanddied.

IntheirsecondexpeditionthePersianswerematchedbythegeniusofThemistocles,anAthenianleaderwhomadehispeoplenervousbygoingoutandbuildingahugefleetratherthananarmy.However,heturnedouttoberight.ThePersianswereblastedofftheseaatthebattleofSalamis,offthecoastnearAthens.

Athens,nowanavalpower,washeadedforitsgoldenage.Itsruleratthistime,aroundthemiddleofthefifthcenturyBC,wasPericles,themostdazzlingspeaker.Hepracticeddemocracyathome.Oneofhisnot-so-smartdecisionswastorestrictAtheniancitizenshiptopeoplewhosemotherandfatherwerebothAthenians.

ItwasPericleswhobuilttheParthenon.ThiswasquiteatimeforAthens.WhilePericleswasbuildinghisParthenon,Aeschylus,SophoclesandEuripideswerewritingtheirplaysandSocratesandPlatowereteaching.

AthenswastheninvolvedinthePeloponnesianWarwithSpartaand27yearsoffightingledtoAthens’defeatin404BC.ButvictoriousSparta’sinfluencelastedonly30yearsafter,itwasthenruledbyMacedonia,akingdominthenorthofGreece.

PhilipofMacedon’sambitionwastounifyallofGreece,restoreGreekculturetoMacedon,andeliminatePersiaasalingeringthreat.Nextinlineinthethronewashisfirstwife’sson,AlexandertheGreats,whohadstudiedunderAristotle.Alexander’sdeathmarkedtheendofthegreatclassicalperiodofGreece,inliterature,philosophyandart.

1.Whichofthefollowingbestdefinestheword“draconian”(L.3,Para.1)?

2.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtothetext?

3.Fromthelasttwoparagraphs,weleanthat（）

4.SolonandPericlesshareonesimilarity,whichisthattheyboth（）

5.Thebesttitleforthistextmaybe（）

问题1选项

A.Democratic.

B.Revenge.

C.Harsh.

D.Dramatic.

问题2选项

A.UnlikeDraco,Solonfirstestablisheddeathpenaltyforthecrimeofmurder.

B.AthensmarchedtoitsgoldenageafterPersia’sfirstexpedition.

C.Periclesisfamousforhisabilityofwritingplaysandteaching.

D.PeoplemisunderstoodThemistocleswhenhebuiltnavy.

问题3选项

A.MacedoniaisthenameofamanwhocontrolledAthensafterwar.

B.PeloponnesianWaristhetransitionalpointforAthensfromprosperitytodecline.

C.GreecewassplitundertheruleofMacedonia.

D.AlexandergaveAristotleAthenscitizenshipbecauseAristotlewashisteacher.

问题4选项

A.carriedoutconstitutionalreforms.

B.excelledatgivingspeech.

C.implementedstrictlaws.

D.valueddemocracy.

问题5选项

A.TheHistoryofAthens.

B.TheWarthatSplitsAthens.

C.TheunificationofGreek.

D.Alexander,theGreatRulerofAthens.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:C

第4题:D

第5题:A

【解析】第1题:词义推断题。draconian的原意是“严酷”，而题干前的“Hislawsweresoseverethat”提示了我们答案，文章说他的法律太过于严厉以至于……，因此答案为C项harsh“严酷的，严厉的”。

第2题:文章大意题。我们需要根据每一个选项定位到相应的部分。A项在第一段有提示，“abolishedthedeathpenaltyforeverythingbutmurder”，可以得出Solon并不是首创，而是沿用了之前的Draco的这一法例；B项错误，是第二次，不是第一次；C项也错误，Preicles是一个演讲家，以演说出名；D项正确，“whomadehispeoplenervousbygoingoutandbuildingahugefleetratherthananarmy”以及“However,heturnedouttoberight.”这两句可以看出一开始民众确实是误解他的。

第3题:段落细节题。定位到最后两段，A项不对，Macedonia是一个希腊北部的国家，并不是人；B项并没有提及，错误；C项正确，正因为是在马其顿的统治下分裂，因此菲利普的心愿就是统一希腊；D项错误，并未提及。

第4题:细节推断题。解题关键在第一段“Solon,whocametobecalledthefounderofAtheniandemocracy”以及“Pericles,themostdazzlingspeaker.Hepracticeddemocracyathome.”可以看出他们两位都对民主很重视，答案选D。

第5题:文章标题题。从全文多处我们可以看到，文章讲述的主要就是雅典的历史，法律也好，战争也好，都是围绕雅典在叙述，因此A正确。

3.单选题

（

）,allofthesoldierslaiddownonthegroundimmediatelyandcouldnotmovetheirbodies,（

）verytired.

问题1选项

A.Thetaskhavingbeenfinished;felt

B.Thetaskhavingbeenfinished;feeling

C.Finishedthetask;felt

D.Thetaskhavingbeenfinished;havingfelt

【答案】A

【解析】非谓语动词的用法。句意：任务一完成，所有的士兵都立即躺在地上并且无法移动分毫，他们都感到很累。分析句子结构可知，第一个空作伴随状语，且主句的主语与从句的主语thetask不一致，所以排除C选项；第二个空谓语动词与laid以及couldnotmove一致，A选项正确。

4.单选题

Johnoftensitsinasmallbar,drinkingandsmokingconsiderablymore（）.

问题1选项

A.thanthatheishealthy

B.thangoodforhishealth

C.thanhishealthcould

D.thanisgoodforhishealth

【答案】D

【解析】句意：他坐在一个小酒吧里喝酒吸烟,在思考着什么是对他的健康更有好处的。这里实际上在than的后面省略了关系代词what。

5.单选题

Theelectronicallydevelopedcountriesare______nothinglessthantheabandonmentofreadingandwritingofwrittenlanguageitself,andinitsplace,therecreationoforalculture.

问题1选项

A.accessing

B.evolving

C.witnessing

D.misleading

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。A项access“接近，使用，访问”，B项evolve“发展，进化，使逐步形成”，C项witness“目击，见证，为……作证”，D项mislead“误导，带错”。根据空格后的宾语nothinglessthantheabandonmentofreadingandwritingofwrittenlanguageitself“对书面语言本身的阅读和书写的完全抛弃”可知，“目睹、见证”符合语境。句意：在电子发达的国家，人们目睹了对书面语言本身的阅读和书写的抛弃，取而代之的是口头文化的再造。因此，该题选择C项正确。

6.单选题

Operationwhichleftpatients___andinneedoflongperiodofrecoverytimenowleavethemfeelingrelaxedandcomfortable.

问题1选项

A.exhausted

B.abandoned

C.injured

D.deserted

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项exhausted“筋疲力尽的；疲惫不堪的；耗尽的；枯竭的”；B选项abandoned“被抛弃的；（房屋，车辆）被废弃的；无约束的；恣意放荡的”；C选项injured“受伤的；受损害的”；D选项deserted“荒芜的；被遗弃的；无人居住的”。句意：手术使病人___，需要很长的时间恢复，现在却使他们感到轻松舒适。本句表达“手术让病人精疲力竭”，因此A选项正确。

7.单选题

Almostasa（）totherevivalofGreekknowledgeandvaluescametherevivalofinterestinmathematics.

问题1选项

A.corollary

B.outcome

C.consequence

D.results

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项corollary“推论，必然的结果”；B选项outcome“结局，成果”；C选项consequence“重要性，推论”；D选项results“后果”。句意：希腊知识和价值观的复兴几乎是必然的结果，人们对数学的兴趣也随之复苏。选项A更符合语境。

8.单选题

Thereceptionwasattendedby（）membersofthelocalcommunity.

问题1选项

A.noticeable

B.prominent

C.conspicuous

D.excellent

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项noticeable表示“显而易见的，显著的”；B选项prominent表示“突出的，显著的，杰出的”；C选项conspicuous表示“显著的，显而易见的”；D选项excellent表示“卓越的，杰出的”。根据句意“来参加这场邀请会的都是当地的杰出人物”，可排除A、C选项，prominent是指名誉和地位很突出，相比excellent语义更重，故本题正确答案为B选项。

9.单选题

Alwayssincethecreationofcelluloid,plasticshavebeenfoundtohaveamultitudeofindustrialandcommercialuses.

问题1选项

A.Always

B.plastics

C.tohave

D.amultitudeof

【答案】A

【解析】根据题意，A选项句首应该为eversince“自从”，句意：自从发明了电影胶片，人们发现塑料有很多商业和工业的用途。选项A符合题意。

10.单选题

Onhiswanderingshe's（）Spanish,Italian,FrenchandasmatteringofRussian.

问题1选项

A.wokenup

B.takento

C.pickedup

D.cometo

【答案】C

【解析】wokenup醒来，开始警觉；takento开始从事，喜欢；pickedup学会，获得，捡起；cometo回到现实。句意：他在旅途中学会了西班牙语、意大利语、法语和一点俄语。选项C符合句意。

11.单选题

Althoughhewasknowntobeextremelyreservedinhispublicbehavior,scholarshavediscoveredthathisdiarieswerewrittenwithuncommonfrankness.

问题1选项

A.aloof

B.tender

C.lucid

D.reticent

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词辨析。句意：虽然大家都知道他在公开场合极其保守，但学者们发现他的日记写得非常坦率。A选项aloof“冷淡的，远离的，冷漠的”；B选项tender“温柔的”；C选项lucid“易懂的”；D选项reticent“沉默的，谨慎的，有保留的”。reserved意为“保守的，保留的”，选项D与之意思最为接近，代入符合语境。

12.单选题

Ifyoudivide7by3,youhave1（

）

问题1选项

A.leftover

B.leftout

C.leftoff

D.leftabout

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词词组辨析。leftover“剩下，遗留”；leftout“被遗忘，忽略”；leftoff“停止，中断”；leftabout“乱丢，乱放”。句意：七除以三还余一。选项A符合句意。

13.翻译题

Itisalmostacommonplacethatsuccessfulforeignpolicymustgrowoutofdomesticpoliticalconsensus.CertainlythisistrueintheUnitedStateswithrespecttoenvironmentalissues,wherevirtuallyeverysuccessfulinternationalregimehashaditsrootsinU.S.domesticlaw.ThemostspectacularsuccesstheMontrealozoneagreementgrewoutoftheU.S.regulationofchlorofluorocarbons,thechiefculpritinthedestructionoftheozonelayer,beginningwithabanonaerosolspraycansinthelate1970s.Otherrelativelysuccessfulinternationalregimesforexampletolimitoilpollutionfromtankers,toregulatetradeinendangeredspecies,andtocontroldangerouspesticidesandchemicalsalsobuiltonU.S.efforts,ratherthanattemptingtoforcetheUnitedStatestochangeitswaysthroughthepressureofaninternationalregime.

Fromthebeginning,however,U.S.climatechangepolicyfollowedadifferentpath,focusingoninternationalratherthandomesticmeasures.

Tosomedegree,thisreflectedtheunderstandablereluctanceofmanygovernmentstotakedomesticactionwithoutanassurancethatotherswouldfollowsuit.Giventheglobalcausesofclimatechange,ifacountryactsalone,itsimplydrivesupitsowncostswithoutmakingameaningfuldentinsolvingtheproblem.Internationalactionisnecessarytomakedomesticclimatepolicieseffective.Toagreaterdegree,however,theinternationalfocusofU.S.climatepolicyreflectedalackofdomesticpoliticalwill.AlthoughpollsconsistentlyindicatethatAmericansareconcernedaboutclimatechange,climatechangehasuntilnowneveremergedasamajorpoliticalissueintheUnitedStates.Comeelectiontime,education,socialsecurityandtaxeshavetakeprecedenceinvoters’minds.Indeed,climatechangeusuallydoesnotevencrackthetopthreeenvironmentalconcernscleanwater,cleanairandurbansprawl.Asaresult,climateactivistshavetendedtoviewtheinternationalarenaasapotentiallymorefavorableforum.TheonlyrealattempttoenactbindingdomesticmeasuresrelatedtoclimatechangeoccurredearlyintheClintonAdministration,whenClintonproposedabroad-basedenergytaxaspartofhisfirsteconomicplan.

AlthoughClintonbilledthetaxprimarilyasarevenueratherthanaclimatechangemeasureandmadeitapplicabletoallenergysources,notjustthosethatproducegreenhousegases,thetaxwouldhavediscouragedgreenhouseemissionsbyraisingenergypricesandsomeclimatechangeactivistssawitinthatlight.Inpart,thefocusontheinternationalnegotiationswasdrivenbytheinexorablemomentumoftheinternationalclimateagendaitself,withmajormeetingspracticallyeveryyear,whichkeptclimatechangeonthefrontburner.Ironically,theseregularmeetingswhichareusuallyseenasameansofkeepingpressureonstatestoacthelpedgiveClintonacomparativelyeasywayoutpolitically.AstherepresentativeoftheUnitedStatesininternationalaffairs,theadministrationcouldtemporarilysatisfyitsenvironmentalconstituencybyacceptingstrongnationalpolicies,withouthavingtoundertaketheextremelydifficultpoliticalworkofconvincingaconservativeCongresstoenactdomesticlegislationtoreduceemissions.

Ofcourse,thisapproachcouldnotworkindefinitely,sinceinternationalpoliciestocombatglobalwarmingeventuallyrequiredomesticimplementation.Butgiventhecomplexityandseeminglynever-endingcharacterofthenegotiations,theinternationalapproachwasabletobuyconsiderabletimeforanadministrationreluctanttoexpendsignificantpoliticalcapitalathometocombatclimatechange.

Indoingso,administrationofficialscouldcomfortthemselveswiththeargumentthattheyweremakingprogressintheonlywaypossible,byputtinginplaceaninternationalsystemthatwouldbereadytousewhenAmericabecameseriousaboutclimatechange.

【答案】当然，美国在环境问题上也是如此，几乎每一个成功的国际制度都植根于美国的国内法。

在某种程度上，这反映出许多国家政府在不确定其他国家是否会效仿的情况下，不愿意采取国内行动，这是可以理解的。考虑到全球气候变化的原因，如果一个国家单独行动，只会导致成本增加，而不会取得实质性的进展。

在选举期间，选民会优先考虑到教育、社会保障和税收。

尽管克林顿将该税主要宣传为一项税收，而不是一项气候变化措施，并使其适用于所有能源，而不仅仅对于温室气体，但是本可以通过提高能源价格使税收抑制温室气体排放，而一些气候变化积极参与者正是从这个角度看问题的。

在某种程度上，对国际谈判的关注是由国际气候日常工作本身不可阻挡的势头所趋使的，几乎每年都会召开大型会议，这使气候变化问题处于首要地位。

当然，这种方法不可能无限地发挥作用，因为对抗全球变暖的国际政策最终需要国内采取一些措施。

这样一来，政策实施人员就可以安慰自己，说道他们正在以唯一可能的方式-建立一个国际体系的方法取得进展。一旦美国开始严肃对待气候变化问题时，就可以随时使用这个体系。

14.单选题

Theybelievedthatthiswasnotthe（）oftheircampaignforequalitybutmerelythebeginning.

问题1选项

A.climax

B.pitch

C.summit

D.maximum

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项climax“高潮，顶点，层进法，极点”，多指戏剧等的高潮，也指事物发展中的极点，多含其后由盛而衰的意味；B选项pitch“运动场地，程度，音高，沥青，投球”；C选项summit“顶点，最高级会议，最高阶层”，书面用词，指山的最顶部分，也指通过努力可以达到的最高水平，还指最重要的、国家间的首脑最高级会谈；D选项maximum“极大，最大限度，最大量”。句意：他们认为这并不是他们争取平等运动的顶峰，而仅仅是一个开始。因此C选项正确。

15.单选题

Theresearchshowedthatthefrequencyofamother’sabsencereflecteda（）deficiencyofthechild'slevelinmathandreading.

问题1选项

A.corresponding

B.relating

C.correlating

D.responding

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项corresponding“相当的；一致的；对应的；通信的”；B选项relating是relate的现在分词形式，表示“涉及，关联”；C选项correlating是correlate的现在分词；D选项responding“响应的”。本句说明母亲的缺席频率与孩子数学和阅读方面缺陷的对应性，因此A选项符合句意。句意：研究表明，母亲缺席的频率反映了孩子在数学和阅读方面相应的缺陷。

16.单选题

Dr.ElizabethHurdondistinguishedherselfasasurgeonatatimeinwhichmedicalprofessionwas（）male.

问题1选项

A.only

B.occasionally

C.predominantly

D.regrettably

【答案】C

【解析】句意：在医学界以男性为主导的时代,ElizabethHurdon博士作为一名外科医生而闻名。predominantly主要地,占主导地位地,选项C符合句意。

17.单选题

Agreatamountofworkhasgoneinto（）theCathedraltoitsprevioussplendor.

问题1选项

A.refreshing

B.restoring

C.renovating

D.renewing

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项refresh“振作，恢复活力”；B选项restore“恢复，修复”，强调恢复原貌；C选项renovate“更新，修复”，强调整修一新；D选项renew“使更新，使修复”。句意：为了使大教堂恢复昔日的辉煌，进行了大量的工作。由选项意思和句意可知，B选项符合句意。

18.翻译题

FollowingtheexplosionofcreativityinFlorenceduringthe14thcenturyknownastheRenaissance,themodernworldsawadeparturefromwhatithadonceknown.ItturnedfromGodandtheauthorityoftheRomanCatholicChurchandinsteadfavouredamorehumanisticapproachtobeing.RenaissanceideashadspreadthroughoutEuropewellintothe17thcentury,withtheartsandsciencesflourishingextraordinarilyamongthosewithamorelogicaldisposition.1.With（thegapbetween）thechurch'steachingsandwaysofthinkingbeingeclipsedbytheRenaissance,thegapbetweenthemedievalandmodernperiodshadbeenbridged,leadingtonewandunexploredintellectualterritories.

DuringtheRenaissance,thegreatmindsofNicolausCopernicus,JohannesKeplerandGalileoGalileidemonstratedthepowerofscientificstudyanddiscovery.2.Beforeeachoftheirrevelations,manythinkersatthetimehadsustainedmoreancientwaysofthinking,includingthegeocentricviewthattheEarthwasatthecentreofouruniverse.Copernicustheorizedin1543thatinactualfact,alloftheplanetsthatweknewofrevolvednotaroundtheEarth,buttheSun,asystemthatwaslaterupheldbyGalileoathisownexpense.Offeringupsuchatheoryduringatimeofhightensionbetweenscientificandreligiousmindswasbrandedasheresy,andanysuchhereticsthatcontinuedtospreadtheseliesweretobepunishedbyimprisonmentorevendeath.GalileowasexcommunicatedbytheChurchandimprisonedforlifeforhisastronomicalobservationsandhissupportoftheheliocentricprinciple.

3.DespiteattemptsbytheChurchtostrong-armthisnewgenerationoflogiciansandrationalists,moreexplanationsforhowtheuniversefunctionedwerebeingmade,andataratethatthepeople-includingtheChurch-couldnolongerignore.Itwaswiththesegreatrevelationsthatanewkindofphilosophyfoundedinreasonwasborn.

TheChurch'slong-standingdogmawaslosingthegreatbattlefortruthtorationalistsandscientists.ThisveryfactembodiedthenewwaysofthinkingthatsweptthroughEuropeduringmostofthe17thcentury.4.Asmanytookonthedutyoftryingtointegratereasoningandscientificphilosophiesintotheworld.TheRenaissancewasoveranditwastimeforanewera-theAgeofReason.

The17thand18thcenturiesweretimesofradicalchangeandcuriosity.Scientificmethod,reductionismandthequestioningofChurchidealswastobeencouraged,aswereideasofliberty,toleranceandprogress.5.SuchactionstoseekknowledgeandtounderstandwhatinformationwealreadyknewwerecapturedbytheLatinphrase'sapereaude'or'daretoknow',afterImmanuelKantuseditinhisessayAnAnswertotheQuestion:WhatisEnlightenment?Itwasthepurposeandresponsibilityofgreatmindstogoforthandseekoutthetruth,whichtheybelievedtobefoundedinknowledge.

【答案】1.【参考译文】由于文艺复兴时期教会的教义和思维方式之间的差距被消除，中世纪和现代时期之间的差距得以弥合，导致了新的和未开发的知识领域。

2.【参考译文】每个启示出现之前，当时的许多思想家都采用更为古老的思维方式，包括地心说的观点，该观点认为地球是我们宇宙的中心。

3.【参考译文】尽管教堂做出许多尝试去压制新一代的逻辑学家和理性主义者，但是更多对于宇宙是如何运作的探索正在以人们难以忽视的速度进行着。

4.【参考译文】正当很多人致力于尝试把推理和科学哲理融入到世界时，文艺复兴结束了，而此时一个新的时代到来了。

5.【参考译文】这些探索知识并且理解已知信息的行为可以用拉丁文“sapereaude”或英文“daretoknow”描述。

19.问答题

Thepatientneededaspinaltap,andaseniorattendingphysicianaskedamedicalresidentwhetherapreparatorybloodtesthadbeenchecked.Themedicalstudentwasstunnedtohearhimanswerintheaffirmative,becauseshewasquitecertainithadnotbeenchecked.

(1)Well,almostcertain.

Doctorsintrainingsometimesconfrontsituationsinwhichtheyworrythattheirsupervisingphysiciansaremakingmistakesorbendingthetruth.(2)Yeteventhoughsuchactscanjeopardizepatients,theinclinationandabilityofyoungdoctorstospeakupishamperedbythehierarchiesinteachinghospitals.

Onthetopweretheseniorphysicianswhomaderoundsonthewardsonceortwicedaily.Nextweretheoverworkedresidents,whoessentiallylivedinthehospitalwhiletraining.(3)Lastwerethemedicalstudentswhoweremostassuredlyatthebottomoftheheap.

Thestudentwhoseresidentseeminglyliedtotheattendingphysicianaboutthebloodtestdidnotspeakup.Theresidentwasagooddoctor,shesaid,andsoshehadgivenhimthebenefitofthedoubt.And,sheadded,boththeresidentandtheattendingphysicianwouldbegradingher.

Whatshouldamedicalstudentdoinsuchasituation?Onepossibilityistotakethematterupwithamoreseniordoctor.Orthestudentmightgodirectlytothepatientorfamily,tellingthemthatthephysicianshaveagenuinedisagreementandthattheydeservetoknowaboutit.

Theseoptionsseemlogicalonpaper.AstheethicistJamesDwyerhaswritteninTheHastingsCenterReport,“Thepracticeofalwayskeepingquietisafailureofcaring.”(4)Butintherealworld,itmaybeextremelydifficulttogoupthechainofcommand.

Fortunately,medicaleducatorsareincreasinglyrecognizingthedilemmasthatdoctorsintrainingconfrontwhentheywitnessbehaviorthatmakesthemuncomfortable.(5)Studentsandresidentsarenowexpectedtoprovideroutinefeedback—positiveandnegative—abouttheirsupervisingphysiciansatthecloseoftheirrotation.

Ofcourse,physiciansandstudentsneedtobeeducatedabouthowtogivefeedbackinprofessionalandnon-confrontationalways.Medicaleducatorsareonlynowbeginningtoteachthisskill.Still,itwillbehardtochangetheunfortunateperceptionthatconstructivefeedback,evenforapatient’sbenefit,iswhistle-blowing.

【答案】答：

1.Almostcertainly,themedicalstudentwasstunnedtohearsuchananswerfromhissupervisor.

2.Theinclinationandabilityofyoungdoctorstospeakupisstoppedbythehospitalhierarchies,despiteappearanceofmistakesbysupervisingphysicians.

3.Atthebottomofhierarchywerethosemedicalstudentsassuredly.

4.Butinrealhospitalenvironment,itisratherdifficultformedicalstudentstogiveacommand.

5.Medicalstudentsandresidentsshouldmakeregularfeedbackabouttheirsupervisingphysicians,positivelyandnegativelyattheendoftheirrotation.

【解析】1.原文句意是：嗯，几乎可以肯定。原文这一句是对上文的肯定，上文提到Themedicalstudentwasstunnedtohearhimanswerintheaffirmative,becauseshewasquitecertainithadnotbeenchecked.（学医的学生听到他的回答很吃惊，因为她很肯定没有经过检查），所以改写的时候需要结合上文的内容来进行扩充，故改写为Almostcertainly,themedicalstudentwasstunnedtohearsuchananswerfromhissupervisor（几乎可以肯定的是，医学院的学生听到他的导师这样的回答感到很震惊）。

2.原文句意是：然而，即使这样的行为可能危及病人，但教学医院的等级制度阻碍了年轻医生发言的倾向和能力。前半句是让步状语从句，并且actscanjeopardizepatients指的是作为指导医生，他们的错误行为危害到病人的健康，所以可以改写为despiteappearanceofmistakesbysupervisingphysicians（尽管指导医生出现了一些错误）；后半句中的hamper可以用stop来替代，所以句子改写为Theinclinationandabilityofyoungdoctorstospeakupisstoppedbythehospitalhierarchies,despiteappearanceofmistakesbysupervisingphysicians（医院的等级制度阻止了年轻医生说话的倾向和能力，尽管指导医生出现了一些错误）。

3.原文句意是：最后，处于等级最下层的肯定是这些医学生。atthebottomoftheheap（在底层）指的是等级制度的底层，所以可以改写为atthebottomofhierarchy；另外who引导的定语从句是修饰强调的，所以句式可以精简，故这个句子可改写为Atthebottomofhierarchywerethosemedicalstudentsassuredly（在等级制度的最底层肯定是那些医科学生）。

4.原文句意是：但在现实世界中，要爬上指挥链可能极其困难。根据文章语境，inrealworld（在现实世界中）指的就是在医院环境中，而thechainofcommand（指挥链）的对象指的则是位于底层的医学生；故该句子可以改写为Butinrealhospitalenvironment,itisratherdifficultformedicalstudentstogiveacommand（但在现实的医院环境中，医学生想要得到指挥权是相当困难的）。

5.原文句意是：学生和住院医师现在被要求在轮班结束时对他们的指导医生提供常规的正面和负面反馈。routine（常规的）可以改为regular（定期的，普通的）；positiveandnegative在原文中是作为插入语使用，所以可以改为positivelyandnegatively；故该句可改写为Medicalstudentsandresidentsshouldmakeregularfeedbackabouttheirsupervisingphysicians,positivelyandnegativelyattheendoftheirrotation（医学生和住院医师应该在轮岗结束时，定期对他们的指导医生做出正面和负面反馈）。

20.翻译题

在西方，启蒙思想的支撑源于人们对于客观规律的认知，如哥白尼的“日心说”、牛顿的“万有引力”、伽利略的“宇宙论”等，认为整个宇宙中的一切物体都遵守同一定律，进而冲破千年的宗教束缚，将这一一理性思考引入了人类社会，从而开创了一个不断进取的新时代。在中国，几千年的封建农业社会，使得科技落后、法治传统缺乏，只是受到近代西方启蒙思想(包括马克思主义)的影响，才引入了科学、民主、法治的概念，开始与世界文明接轨。

【答案】Inthewest,theenlightenmentofthesupportfromthepeoplefortheobjectivelawsofcognition,suchasCopernicus’heliocentrictheory,“gravity”ofNewton,Galileo’s“cosmology”etc,thinkthateverythingintheuniversearesubjecttothesamelaw,toshakeofftheyokeofthereligioninonethousandwillbetheonetothinkrationallytheintroductionofhumansociety,whichopenedaneweraofcontinuousimprovement.InChina,thethousandsofyearsoffeudalagriculturalsocietymadescienceandtechnologybackwardandthetraditionofruleoflawlacking.Itwasonlyundertheinfluenceofmodernwesternenlightenmentthoughts(includingMarxism)thattheconceptsofscience,democracyandruleoflawwereintroducedandbegantoconnectwiththeworldcivilization.

21.单选题

Manyyearshad______beforetheyreturnedtotheiroriginalurbanareas.

问题1选项

A.floated

B.elapsed

C.skipped

D.proceeded

【答案】B

【解析】【选项释义】

A.floated浮动，漂流B.elapsed（时间）消逝，流逝

C.skipped蹦蹦跳跳地走D.proceeded继续做（或从事、进行）

【考查点】动词辨析。

【解题思路】根据manyyears（许多年）可知，此处表示“时间的消逝”，所以该题选择B项正确。

【干扰项排除】A、C、D项不符合句意。

【句意】许多年过去了，他们才回到原来的城市地区。

22.单选题

Herexcellentperformance______theaudience’swarmacclamations.

问题1选项

A.resultedfrom

B.burstinto

C.evoked

D.prosecuted

【答案】C

【解析】考查词组辨析。A项resultfrom“由……造成，起因于”，B项burstinto“突然闯进来”，C项evoke“引起，唤起，博得”，D项prosecute“检举，贯彻”。根据句子意思“她的精彩表演……观众的热烈喝彩”可推断，空格处应该表示“赢得，博得”，所以只有C项符合。句意：她出色的表演引起了观众的热烈喝彩。因此，该题选择C项正确。

23.单选题

Hewould,wheninoffice,（）thatallsecretdatabemadepublic.

问题1选项

A.secure

B.ensure

C.assure

D.certify

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。secure“保护;弄到”；ensure“确保;保证”；assure“使（某人）确信（某事）；使信服，使相信”；certify“证明”。只有B项符合题意。句意：当他执政时，他会确保所有机密数据都要公布于众。

24.单选题

TheUnitedNationsPopulationFundhaspickedOctober31asthedaytheworldwillbehometo7

billionpeople.

Forbetterandworse,it’samilestone.

Andtherewillbemoremilestonesahead.Fourteenyearsfromnow,thereareexpectedtobe8

billionpeopleontheplanet.Mostofthegrowthwilloccurintheworld’spoorercountries.

Proportionally,Europe’spopulationwilldecline,whileAfrica’swillincrease.Ataroundthesametime,

IndiawillovertakeChinaasthemostpopulousnationonEarth.

Thegrowingglobalpopulationisjustonesideofthecoin.ArecentreportfromtheWorldHealth

Organizationsignaledtheseriousnessofthehumanpopulationexplosion:morethan3billionpeople—

abouthalftheworld’spopulation—aremalnourished.Neverbeforehavesomany,orsuchalarge

proportion,oftheworld’speoplebeenmalnourished.

Andinagrowingnumberofcountriesthereisaseeminglyunstoppablemarchtowardsub-

replacementfertility,wherebyeachnewgenerationislesspopulousthanthepreviousone,and

populationaging.

Asaresultofdecliningfertilityandincreasinglongevity,thepopulationsofmoreandmore

countriesareagingrapidly.Between2005and2050,ariseinthepopulationaged60yearsoroverwill

bevisible,whereasthenumberofchildren(personsunderage15)willdeclineslightly.

Populationagingrepresents,inonesense,asuccessstoryformankind,butitalsoposesprofoundchallengestopublicinstitutionsthatmustadapttoachangingagestructure.

ThelatestnationalcensusinChinashowsthenumberofelderlypeopleinthecountryhasjumpedto

morethan13.3percentofthepopulation,anincreaseofnearly3percentagepointsonthepercentage

fromthepreviouscensusin2000.Aquarterofthecountry’spopulationwillbeover65by2050,

accordingtotheNationalPopulationandFamilyPlanningCommission.

Thegrowingnumberofelderlyisachallengethatthegovernmentneedstotackle；wecan’trelyon

theever-increasingpopulationtosupportthemormaintainthenation’seconomicgrowth.Better

solutionsareneeded,suchasraisingretirementagestoreflectthegreaterlongevityandworking

capabilityoftoday’solderadultsandmakingadjustmentssopensionprogramsaremoreaccessible.

ItwashearteningtoheartheMinistryofHumanResourcesandSocialSecurityspokesperson

announcedinBeijingonTuesdaythatthegovernmentwilltakeretirementpolicyseriouslyand

proactively.

ShanghaibegantestingaflexibleretirementsystemlastOctober.Eligibleemployeesintheprivate

sectorareallowedtopostponeretirementuntiltheageof65formenand60forwomen.Public

servants,however,willcontinuetoretireunderthepresentsystemage60formenand55forwomen.

1.Accordingtothepassage,Indiawill_____in14years.

2.Whatproblemwillresultfromtheglobalpopulationexplosion?

3.PopulationonagingrepresentsthefollowingEXCEPT（）.

4.Today’solderadultsenjoy（）.

5.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardthespokesperson’sannouncement?

问题1选项

A.beapoorercountry

B.bethemostpopulouscountry

C.declineinpopulation

D.in