英语语音学和音位学课件

语音学＆音位学主讲：卢生语音学＆音位学主讲：卢生1PHONETICSWhatisthePhonetics?

Phoneticsstudiesspeechsounds,includingtheproductionofspeech,thatishowspeechsoundsareactuallymade,transmittedandreceived,thediscriptionandclassificationofspeechsounds,wordsandconnectedspeech,etc.PHONETICSWhatisthePhonetics2ThreemainareasARTICULATORYPHONETICS(发音语言学)isstudyoftheproductionofspeechsounds.ACOUSTICPHONETICS(声学语言学)isthephysicalpropertiesofthespeechsounds.PERCEPTUALorAUDITORYPHONETICS(感知，听觉语言学)isconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds.ThreemainareasARTICULATORYP3TheorgansofspeechNasalcavity------鼻腔Mouthcavity------口腔Tongue------舌Lips------唇Teeth------齿Theteethridge-------齿龈Thehardpalate------硬腭Thesoftpalate------软腭

uvula------小舌Pharynx------咽头Larynx------喉头Thevocalcords------声带Windpipe------气管TheorgansofspeechNasalcavi4咽口鼻构成(pharynx,mouth,nose)声道中的三大声腔(vocaltract)。发音以气流（airstream）作为能量来源。器官的顶端是喉，喉部有声带（vocalband）咽口鼻构成(pharynx,mouth,nose)声道5声带的三种状态分离：声带分离，气流通过，清音或不带声音（voiceless）即辅音【pst】贴近：声带贴近，气流振动，带声音(voiced)，浊音[bzd]即为带声辅音。紧闭：声带紧闭，气流无法通过，即为声门塞音声带的三种状态分离：声带分离，气流通过，清音或不带声音（vo6TheclassificationofSpeechsoundsTheorgansofspeecharecapableofmakingmanydifferentkindsofspeechsounds.Fromthepracticalstandpoint,speechsoundsaregenerallydividedinto

VowelsandConsonants.TheclassificationofSpeechs7元音和辅音Vowelsaresoundsproducedwithoutobstructionoftheairstreaminthemouth.Inproducingthemthereisvibrationofthevocalcords,soallvowelsarevoiced.InEnglishtherearetwentyvowelsinall.Consonantsaresoundsproducedbysomeformofobstructionoftheairpassageandbeeithervoicedorvoiceless.Therearetwenty-eightconsonantsinEnglish.元音和辅音Vowelsaresoundsprod8辅音发音方式，指完成发音过程的方法.塞音（或爆破音）STOPorPLOSIVE【pbtdkg】鼻音（NASAL）【mn】擦音（FRICATIVE）【fvzʃh】近音（APPROXIMANT）【wj】边音（LATERAL）【l】辅音发音方式，指完成发音过程的方法.9颤音（TRILL）【r】触音（TAP）【tdn】city塞擦音（AFFRICATE）【tsdztrdr】church【tʃ】颤音（TRILL）【r】10发音部位指辅音的发音位置，辅音可以产生于唇与声带间的任何部位。在国际音标中区分了11个发音部位。①双唇音（BILABIAL）【pbm】pet，bet②唇齿音（LABIODENTAL）如fire中【f】③齿音（DENTAL）【θð】④齿龈音（ALVEOLAR）【tdnsrl】⑤齿龈后音（POSTALVEOLAR）【ʃʒ】发音部位指辅音的发音位置，辅音可以产生于唇与声带间的任何部位11⑥卷舌音（RETROFLEX）⑦硬腭音（PALATAL）yesyet中的【j】⑧软腭音（VELAR）catget中的【kg】⑨小舌音（UVULAR）法语中的【r】⑩咽音（PHARYNGEAL）⑾声门音（GLOTTAL）⑥卷舌音（RETROFLEX）12元音Englishvowelsaredividedintotwolargegroups:Monophthongs(purevowels)（单元音）Diphthongs（双元音）元音Englishvowelsaredivided13MonophthongsThereare12monophthongs.classifiedaccordingtothefollowingprinciples:1)Theheightoftheraisedpartofthetongue:wedistinguishopenvowels,half-openvowels,half-closevowelsandclosevowels.2)Thepartofthetongueraised:wedistinguishfront,backandcentralvowels.3)Thelengthofthevowel:wedistinguishlongvowelsandshortones.4)Theposition(orshape)ofthelips:wedistinguishroundedvowels（圆唇元音）andunroundedones.5)Thedegreeoftenseness:wedistinguishtense（紧张）vowelsandlaxvowels（宽松）.MonophthongsThereare12monoph14TheFrontVowelsThereare4frontvowelsinEnglish:/i:/,/i/,/e/,/æ/./i:/isalong,closefrontvowel.Itisunroundedandtense.【sealeave】/i/isashort,half-closefrontvowel.Itisunroundedandlax.【shiphappy】/e/isashort,half-open,unroundedfrontvowel.Itisalax.【heavyany】/æ/isashort,open,unroundedfrontvowel.Itisalax.【landfamily】TheFrontVowelsThereare4fr15TheBackVowelsTherearefivebackvowelsinEnglish:/a:/,/ɔ:/,/ɔ/,/u:/,/u/./a:/isalong,open,unroundedbackvowel.【classglass】/ɔ:/isalong,half-open,roundedbackvowel.Itisslightlytense.【doorfloor】/ɔ/isashort,open,rounded,laxbackvowel.【washwhat】/u:/isalong,close,rounded,tensebackvowel.【blueruler】/u/isashort,half-close,rounded,laxbackvowel【footgood】TheBackVowels16ThecentralVowelsTherethreecentralvowelsinEnglish:/ʌ/,/ə:/,/ə/./ʌ/isashort,half-open,unroundedcentralvowel.Itisalaxone.【coupledouble】/ə:/isalong,half-closeandhalf-open,unrounded,tensecentralvowel.【learnearly】/ə/isashort,half-open,unrounded,laxcentralvowel.Itonlyoccursinunstressedsyllables.【awayover】ThecentralVowelsTherethree17Diphthongs（双元音）Therearethreecentringdiphthongs:/iə/,/ɛə/,/uə//iə/glidesfrom/i/to/ə/.Thelipsarespreadthroughout.【ideahere】/ɛə/glidesfromapointbetween/e/and/æ/.Thelipsarespread.【pearwear】/uə/【sure】Diphthongs（双元音）Therearethree18TheclosingDiphthongs合口双元音TherearefiveclosingdiphthongsinEnglish./ei/,/ai/,/ɔi/,/əu/,/au//ei/beginswith/e/andglidessmoothlyto/i/【staysay】/ai/glidesfrom/a/to/i/.Itissmoothandloudnessbecomeslessasitprogresses.【byshy】/ɔi/glidesfromapositionbetween/ɔ/and/ɔ:/to/i/.【boytoy】/əu/startswith/ə:/andthenglidesawayto/u/withthelipsgettingslightlyrounded.【boatcoat】/au/startswith/a/andthenglidesawayto/u/withthelipsgettingslightlyrounded.【housemouse】TheclosingDiphthongs合口双元音Th19音位学（PHONOLOGY）音位学主要研究一个语言中的音位归纳问题及其组合方式和变化。定义：音位是一个语音系统中能够区别意义的最小语音单位。功能：区分词义方法：最小对比对测试标志符号：//音位学（PHONOLOGY）音位学主要研究一个语言中的音20音位变体（ALLOPHONES）定义：一个音位中包含的几个音素，叫这个音位的“音位变体”，同一个音位的不同变异形式是其在特定语音环境中具体体现.分类：①条件变体.指需要一定的语言条件才会出现的音位变体.②自由变体.指没有环境限制，可以自由替换而不影响意义的音位变体.音位变体（ALLOPHONES）定义：一个音位中包含的几个音21终于讲完了！Thanks><终于讲完了！22语音学＆音位学主讲：卢生语音学＆音位学主讲：卢生23PHONETICSWhatisthePhonetics?

Phoneticsstudiesspeechsounds,includingtheproductionofspeech,thatishowspeechsoundsareactuallymade,transmittedandreceived,thediscriptionandclassificationofspeechsounds,wordsandconnectedspeech,etc.PHONETICSWhatisthePhonetics24ThreemainareasARTICULATORYPHONETICS(发音语言学)isstudyoftheproductionofspeechsounds.ACOUSTICPHONETICS(声学语言学)isthephysicalpropertiesofthespeechsounds.PERCEPTUALorAUDITORYPHONETICS(感知，听觉语言学)isconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds.ThreemainareasARTICULATORYP25TheorgansofspeechNasalcavity------鼻腔Mouthcavity------口腔Tongue------舌Lips------唇Teeth------齿Theteethridge-------齿龈Thehardpalate------硬腭Thesoftpalate------软腭

uvula------小舌Pharynx------咽头Larynx------喉头Thevocalcords------声带Windpipe------气管TheorgansofspeechNasalcavi26咽口鼻构成(pharynx,mouth,nose)声道中的三大声腔(vocaltract)。发音以气流（airstream）作为能量来源。器官的顶端是喉，喉部有声带（vocalband）咽口鼻构成(pharynx,mouth,nose)声道27声带的三种状态分离：声带分离，气流通过，清音或不带声音（voiceless）即辅音【pst】贴近：声带贴近，气流振动，带声音(voiced)，浊音[bzd]即为带声辅音。紧闭：声带紧闭，气流无法通过，即为声门塞音声带的三种状态分离：声带分离，气流通过，清音或不带声音（vo28TheclassificationofSpeechsoundsTheorgansofspeecharecapableofmakingmanydifferentkindsofspeechsounds.Fromthepracticalstandpoint,speechsoundsaregenerallydividedinto

VowelsandConsonants.TheclassificationofSpeechs29元音和辅音Vowelsaresoundsproducedwithoutobstructionoftheairstreaminthemouth.Inproducingthemthereisvibrationofthevocalcords,soallvowelsarevoiced.InEnglishtherearetwentyvowelsinall.Consonantsaresoundsproducedbysomeformofobstructionoftheairpassageandbeeithervoicedorvoiceless.Therearetwenty-eightconsonantsinEnglish.元音和辅音Vowelsaresoundsprod30辅音发音方式，指完成发音过程的方法.塞音（或爆破音）STOPorPLOSIVE【pbtdkg】鼻音（NASAL）【mn】擦音（FRICATIVE）【fvzʃh】近音（APPROXIMANT）【wj】边音（LATERAL）【l】辅音发音方式，指完成发音过程的方法.31颤音（TRILL）【r】触音（TAP）【tdn】city塞擦音（AFFRICATE）【tsdztrdr】church【tʃ】颤音（TRILL）【r】32发音部位指辅音的发音位置，辅音可以产生于唇与声带间的任何部位。在国际音标中区分了11个发音部位。①双唇音（BILABIAL）【pbm】pet，bet②唇齿音（LABIODENTAL）如fire中【f】③齿音（DENTAL）【θð】④齿龈音（ALVEOLAR）【tdnsrl】⑤齿龈后音（POSTALVEOLAR）【ʃʒ】发音部位指辅音的发音位置，辅音可以产生于唇与声带间的任何部位33⑥卷舌音（RETROFLEX）⑦硬腭音（PALATAL）yesyet中的【j】⑧软腭音（VELAR）catget中的【kg】⑨小舌音（UVULAR）法语中的【r】⑩咽音（PHARYNGEAL）⑾声门音（GLOTTAL）⑥卷舌音（RETROFLEX）34元音Englishvowelsaredividedintotwolargegroups:Monophthongs(purevowels)（单元音）Diphthongs（双元音）元音Englishvowelsaredivided35MonophthongsThereare12monophthongs.classifiedaccordingtothefollowingprinciples:1)Theheightoftheraisedpartofthetongue:wedistinguishopenvowels,half-openvowels,half-closevowelsandclosevowels.2)Thepartofthetongueraised:wedistinguishfront,backandcentralvowels.3)Thelengthofthevowel:wedistinguishlongvowelsandshortones.4)Theposition(orshape)ofthelips:wedistinguishroundedvowels（圆唇元音）andunroundedones.5)Thedegreeoftenseness:wedistinguishtense（紧张）vowelsandlaxvowels（宽松）.MonophthongsThereare12monoph36TheFrontVowelsThereare4frontvowelsinEnglish:/i:/,/i/,/e/,/æ/./i:/isalong,closefrontvowel.Itisunroundedandtense.【sealeave】/i/isashort,half-closefrontvowel.Itisunroundedandlax.【shiphappy】/e/isashort,half-open,unroundedfrontvowel.Itisalax.【heavyany】/æ/isashort,open,unroundedfrontvowel.Itisalax.【landfamily】TheFrontVowelsThereare4fr37TheBackVowelsTherearefivebackvowelsinEnglish:/a:/,/ɔ:/,/ɔ/,/u:/,/u/./a:/isalong,open,unroundedbackvowel.【classglass】/ɔ:/isalong,half-open,roundedbackvowel.Itisslightlytense.【doorfloor】/ɔ/isashort,open,rounded,laxbackvowel.【washwhat】/u:/isalong,close,rounded,tensebackvowel.【blueruler】/u/isashort,half-close,rounded,laxbackvowel【footgood】TheBackVowels38ThecentralVowelsTherethreecentralvowelsinEnglish:/ʌ/,/ə:/,/ə/./ʌ/isashort,half-open,unroundedcentralvowel.Itisalaxone.【coupledouble】/ə:/isalong,half-closeandhalf-open,unrounded,tensecentralvowel.【learnearly】/ə/isashort,half-open,unrounded,laxcentralvowel.Itonlyoccursinunstressedsyllables.【awayover】ThecentralVowelsTherethree39Diphthongs（双元音）Therearethreecentringdiphthongs:/iə/,/ɛ