道路建筑材料 I 英文课件

1ChapteroneBuildingstoneandAggregates《Roadengineeringmaterials》1Chapterone《Roadengineering2MaintopicsBuildingstone1.1Aggregates1.2Aggregatesmixtureanddesign1.32MaintopicsBuildingstone1.1A3Buildingstone1.13Buildingstone1.14BriefIntroductionStoneisoneoftheoldestbuildingmaterialswithalonghistoryassameasdevelopingofhumanbeing，andisaprimaryrawmaterialtobuiltroadandbridgeinancienttime.Buildingstone1.14BriefIntroductionBuildings5BriefIntroductionNowadays,stonealsoisaoneofthebuildingmaterialsusedinsomespecialplace.Buildingstone1.15BriefIntroductionBuildingst6造岩矿物岩石分类典型岩石物理性质力学性质耐久性化学性质featuresofpetrologymaincontenttechnicalcharacteristicsBuildingstone1.16造岩典物力耐化featuresofpetrology7

——Featuresofpetrology

造岩矿物：是具有一定化学成分和结构特性的天然化合物或单质，简称矿物。主要造岩矿物：石英、长石、云母、角闪石、方解石、白云石、石膏、黄铁矿等。由一种或两种以上的矿物组了成各类不同的岩石。典型造岩矿物形成的岩石：——单一矿物（方解石）形成的石灰石、大理石；——多种矿物（长石、石英等）组合形成的花岗岩。WhiteMarble

granite

Buildingstone1.17

——Featuresofp8——FeaturesofpetrologyBuildingstone1.1Rockclassification岩浆岩MagmaticRocks花岗岩MetamorphicRocks变质岩沉积岩

sedimentaryRocks

沉积岩8——FeaturesofpetrologyBuildi9

形成：由火山喷发出的岩浆冷凝而形成岩石。由于喷发后冷却过程的不同，岩浆岩又可分成深成岩(plutonicrock)、喷出岩(extrusiverock)和火山岩(volcanic

rock)三种。岩性特点：

——由于深成岩位于岩浆底部，冷却缓慢，形成的结构致密，具有密度大、力学性能好的特点；

——位于地表的喷出岩由于冷却速度较快，形成非结晶状态的玻璃质结构；

——喷向高空而急剧冷却形成的火山岩具有多孔的玻璃体构造，表现出密度小、质轻的特点。典型的岩浆岩代表：花岗岩、玄武岩、凝灰岩等。——MagmaticRocks（岩浆岩）Buildingstone1.1910Granite花岗岩Basalt玄武岩Tuff凝灰岩Buildingstone1.1——MagmaticRocks（岩浆岩）10GraniteBasaltTuffBuildingst11花岗岩（Granite）是一种岩浆在地表以下凝固冷却形成的火成岩，主要成岩矿物是长石和石英。因为花岗岩是深成岩，常能形成发育良好、肉眼可辨的矿物颗粒。花岗岩力学性能是所有岩石中最高的。

Buildingstone1.1Granite花岗岩——Typicalofmagmaticrocks：granite11花岗岩（Granite）是一种岩浆在地表以下凝固冷却形成12Buildingstone1.1

玄武岩(basalt)是一种基性喷出岩，SiO2含量变化于45%～52%之间，主要成岩矿物是长石、辉石及橄榄石等。玄武岩的颜色常见多为黑色、黑褐或暗绿色。因其质地致密，它的比重比一般花岗岩、石灰岩、沙岩、页岩都重。玄武岩体积密度为2.8～3.3g/cm3，致密、抗压强度很高，可达300MPa，有时更高，存在气孔时则强度有所降低。

玄武岩

basalt——Typicalofmagmaticrocks：basalt12Buildingstone1.1玄武岩(bas13Buildingstone1.1

凝灰岩（tuff）：是一种火山碎屑岩聚集而成，成岩矿物主要是石英和黏土。其组成的火山碎屑物质50%以上的颗粒直径小于2毫米，成分主要是火山灰，外貌疏松多孔，粗糙且有层理，颜色多样。用途之一作为生产水泥的原料。——Typicalofmagmaticrocks：basalt凝灰岩tuff13Buildingstone1.1凝灰岩（tuf14

形成：由母岩（主要是岩浆岩、变质岩等）在地表风化剥蚀后产生的物质，经地质搬运、沉积和硬结成岩作用后而形成的岩石。

沉积岩特点：各向异性、一些具有层理结构，其密度较小、力学性能相对于深成岩较差。典型沉积岩代表：石灰岩、页岩、砂岩等。Buildingstone1.1——sedimentaryrocks(沉积岩)14沉积岩特点：各向异15石灰岩Limestone

砂岩页岩Buildingstone1.1——sedimentaryrocks(沉积岩)15石灰岩砂岩页岩Buildingstone116

石灰岩（Limestone）：是以方解石矿物为主要成分的碳酸盐岩。有时含有白云石、粘土矿物和碎屑矿物。石灰岩结构有散粒、多孔和致密等类型。硬度一般，与稀盐酸反应剧烈。松散状的石灰岩主要用于石灰或水泥的生产，而致密型硅质石灰岩由于有一定的硬度和强度，可用于结构体。石灰岩Limestone

Buildingstone1.1——Typicalof

sedimentaryrocks

：limestone16石灰岩（Limestone）：是以方解石矿物为主要17

砂岩（sandstone）：由石英颗粒和黏土（沙粒含量超过50%）组成，结构稳定，通常呈淡褐色或红色，主要含硅、钙、黏土和氧化铁。砂岩的性能很大程度上取决于胶结物种类，硅质砂岩致密、坚硬耐久，耐酸，性能接近于花岗岩；钙质砂岩质地较软，易于加工；而粘土类砂岩性能较差，易风化。砂岩sandstone

Buildingstone1.1——Typicalof

sedimentaryrocks

：sandstone17砂岩（sandstone）：砂岩Building18

页岩（Shale）：是一种典型的沉积岩，成分复杂，但都具有薄页状或薄片层状节理，主要是由黏土沉积经压力和温度形成的岩石，其中混杂有石英、长石的碎屑以及其他化学物质。由于易形成层间解离，硬度低，抗风化能力弱，一般不用于承重结构，而作为生产陶粒的原料。页岩shale

Buildingstone1.1——Typicalof

sedimentaryrocks

：shale18页岩（Shale）：是一种典型的沉积岩，成分复杂，19

形成：变质岩是岩浆岩和沉积岩经过地质上的变质作用（地壳内部高温、高压、炽热气体渗入等）而形成的岩石。变质岩特点：不仅受原生岩石的影响，更与变质条件和变质程度有关。如石灰岩受到高压和重结晶作用而形成大理岩、由砂岩变质形成的石英岩等，都较原有岩石更加坚固耐久；而由花岗岩变质形成的片麻岩因形成片状层理结构而性能变差。典型沉积岩代表：石英岩、片麻岩、大理岩等。Buildingstone1.1——MetamorphicRocks(变质岩)19Build20石英岩quartzite

大理岩marble

片麻岩gneiss

Buildingstone1.1——MetamorphicRocks(变质岩)20石英岩大理岩片麻岩Buildingstone1.1—21石英岩quartzite

石英岩(quartzite):

主要矿物为石英，可含有云母类矿物及赤铁矿、针铁矿等。石英岩是一种主要由石英组成的变质岩（石英含量大于85％），是石英砂岩及硅质岩经变质作用形成。石英岩结构均匀致密，强度较高，十分耐久，但因硬度大，加工困难。Buildingstone1.1——Typicalof

MetamorphicRocks

：quartzite21石英岩石英岩(quartzite):主要矿物为石英，可22

片麻岩（gneiss）:是一种程度深变质岩，具有片麻状构造或条带状构造，有鳞片粒状变晶，主要由长石、石英、云母等组成，其中长石和石英含量大于50%，长石多于石英（如果石英多于长石，就叫做“片岩”而不再是片麻岩）。其结构致密坚固，是良好的建筑石材。

片麻岩gneiss

Buildingstone1.1——Typicalof

MetamorphicRocks

：gneiss22片麻岩（gneiss）:是一种程度深变质岩，具有片23

大理岩（marble）:又称大理石，因在中国云南省大理县盛产这种岩石而得名。由碳酸盐岩经区域变质作用或接触变质作用形成。主要由方解石和白云石组成，此外含有硅灰石、滑石、透闪石、透辉石、斜长石、石英、方镁石等。具粒状变晶结构，块状（有时为条带状）构造。颜色丰富，白色（汉白玉）和灰色大理岩居多，是良好的建筑装饰材料。大理岩marble

Buildingstone1.1——Typicalof

MetamorphicRocks

：marble23大理岩（marble）:又称大理石，因在中国云南24Buildingstone1.1——Technicalfeatures

：physicalpropertyPhysicalpropertyMoisturecontentPhysicalconstantDensityPorosityWaterabsorptionSaturatedwaterabsorptionAbsorption24Buildingstone1.1——Technical25ConceptofdensityDensityandrelativedensity：

——densityistheratioofmassovervolumeofthematerial；

——relativedensityisdefinedastheratioofthemassofaunitvolumeofamaterialataspecifictemperaturetothemassofthesamevolumeofgas-freedistilledwateratthattemperature.

Relativedensityalsoconsiderasspecificgravityinforeigncountry.Mainlybasedondifferentvolume,therearesomedifferentkindsofdensityUnitofdensity：

gramspermilligram

(g/cm3)gramspermilliliter(g/ml)kilogramsperliter(kg/L)kilogramspercubicmeter(kg/m3).

Buildingstone1.1(×103)25ConceptofdensityDensityan26Truedensity：massofstoneperunitvolume(exclusiveanyporevolume)ofstone.Bulkdensity：theratioofthemassinairofaunitvolumeofastonematerial(includingbothpermeableandimpermeablepores

).Ratioofpores：theratiooftotalpores(includingbothpermeableandimpermeablepores

)overtotalvolumesofstone.Buildingstone1.1——physicalproperty:densityandporosity水中称重方法李氏比重瓶26Truedensity：massofstoneBu27

Buildingstone1.1——mechanicalproperty：compressivestrength

Mechanicalpropertyofstonecanbeexpressedbycompressedstrengthundersaturatedcondition.InfluencingFactor：

structureofrockspecimensizeabsorptionexperimentalcondition

27Buildingstone1.1——mechanic28Durabilityindicatestheweatheringresistanceofstoneexpressedbyfreezingresistance,whichmeansstonematerialshaveundergoneseveralfreeze-thawcyclewithoutdamage.Therearetwowaystoexpressthepropertyoffreezingresistance：antifreezingtestandsoundnesstest.Thesetwotestresultsalsocanbeexpressedbylossofmassaftercorrespondingexperiment.Buildingstone1.1——Technicalfeatures

：durability

28Durabilityindicatesthewea29Inhighwayengineering,wheredoyoufindthatstonecanbeusedasroadmaterialnowadays?Therearetwokindsofstone,theirsometestresultsareshownfollowingtable.Canyouguesswhatkindofstonehasbetterperformance?Buildingstone1.1——QuestionsafterclassstoneABTruedensity(cm3)2.82.5Bulkdensity(cm3)2.62.5Coefficientofsaturated(%)0.750.6529Inhighwayengineering,wher30Aggregates1.230Aggregates1.231Aggregates1.2——Introduction

Aggregates（集料）aregranular（颗粒状的）particlesusedeitherincombinationwithvarioustypesofcementingmaterial（胶结材料）toformconcretes（混凝土）,oraloneasroadbases（道路路基）,backfill（回填）etc.Sometypicalusesofaggregatesareportlandcementconcreteandasphaltconcrete,asphaltsurfaces,roadbaseandsubbase（底基层）,etc.Aggregatesplayaveryimportantroleinthedesignandconstructionofhighwayandairportpavements.Theyarealsoimportantasaningredientinrigid(concrete)andflexible(asphalt)pavementsorstructures.Aggregatesarethemostimportantinthecostofpavementconstruction,accountingformorethan30percentofthetotalcost.Aggregatesmakeupapproximately65to85percentofaconcretestructureandmorethan95percentofanasphaltstructure.31Aggregates1.2——Introduction32Aggregates1.2——ClassificationclassificationMaterialsources

gravel

Crushedagg.

grainsize

fineagg.

coarseagg.

SizelimitsForcementconcrete＞4.75mmForasphaltmixture＞2.36mmcomposition

alkaliagg.acidagg.SiO2content＞65%SiO2content＜52%细集料(fineagg.)

碱性集料(alkaliagg.)

集料类型砾石(gravel)

酸性集料

(acidagg.)

碎石(crushedagg.)

粗集料(coarseagg.)

32Aggregates1.2——Classificatio33Crashedgravel（破碎砾石）—pitgravel(orgravelandsand）thathasbeenputthroughacrushereithertobreakmanyoftheroundedgravelparticlestoasmallersizeortoproduceroughsurfaces.crushedsand

（机制砂）StoneChip

（石屑）——byproductofproductionforcrushedrock.Filler（填料/矿粉）

—aggregateparticlesmainlysmallerthan0.075mm.stonechips——OthertypesfillercrushedsandAggregates1.233Crashedgravel（破碎砾石）—pitgra34Aggregates1.2——Propertiesofaggregatesphysicalpropertiespropertiesofagg.

mechanicalproperties

级配表面特征含泥量密度

空隙率

压碎值

磨耗率

磨光值

磨耗值34Aggregates1.2——Propertiesof35

——Physicalproperty:densityAllkindsofdensityrelatedtoaggregateinclude:

apparentdensity表观密度 bulkvolumedensity毛体积密度Surfacedrydensity表干密度Stackingdensity堆积密度 Andpercentageofvoids空隙率 Aggregates1.235——Physicalproperty:dens36——Density

Apparentdensity(表观密度):drymassperunitvolumeofapparentincludingthevolumeofmaterialandthevolumeofclosepores.Bulkdensity(毛体积密度):drymassperunitvolumeofbulkincludingthevolumeofcloseporesandopenporesaswellasthevolumeofmaterial.Surfacedrydensity

(表干密度):surfacedrymass(watersaturatedmass)perunitbulkvolume.Stackingdensity(堆积密度):drymassperunitvolumeofaggregateundersomestackingmethods,whichincludesloosedensity,tampingdensityandcompactiondensity.

Aggregates1.236——DensityApparentdensity(表37——TruedensityThismethodscanbeusedtofindoutthetruedensityofpowdermaterial,suchasmineralfiller

orcementpowder.Aggregates1.237——TruedensityThismethodsc38——ApparentdensityandBulkdensityAggregates1.2Electronicplatformscale38——ApparentdensityandBulk39——StackingDensityAggregates1.2Stackingdensityincludes:loosedensity,tampingdensityvibratingdensity39——StackingDensityAggregates40——PorosityandpercentageofvoidPorosityofstoneAggregates1.2PercentofvoidofaggregatePercentofvoidforcoarseaggregateskeletonAngularityoffineaggregate40——Porosityandpercentageof41——crushingvalue(压碎值)Crushingvalue：itisthecompressiveloadthataggregateparticlescancarrybeforebreaking.Thelowerofthevalue,thebettercompressivestrength

ofcoarseaggregateis.Aggregates1.241——crushingvalue(压碎值)Crushi42——（LosAngeles）abrasivenessAbrasiveness:thisisthepropertythatpresentstheabilityofanticrushingandabrasiveforaggregates,whichcanbemeasuredbytheLosAngelesabrasiontest.

Aggregates1.242——（LosAngeles）abrasivenessA43Aggregates1.2——shapeandsurfacetextureofaggregatesordinaryparticlesAngular,nearlyequidimensional(notelongatedorflat)particlesroughintextureareextremelypreferredforhighwaypavementmaterials.Theangularitycontributestoaggregateinterlocking,andaroughsurfacetexturepreventsmovementofoneparticleuponanother.Roundedparticlestendtorolloveroneanotherastheydonotinterlockwithoneanother.Smooth-texturedaggregateparticlesallowslippagewhentheyareincontactwitheachother.Thus,roundedaggregatewithasmoothsurfacetextureorwithelongatedandflatshapeistheleastpreferredforhighwaypavementusage.Smoothtextureparticleselongatedparticlesflatparticles43Aggregates1.2——shapeandsur44GradationGradationmeanstheregulardistributionofaggregateparticlesfromcoarsetofine.Gradationisthemostimportantpropertiesforaggregates.Goodgradationcanmakesureperformancetomeettherequirements.Mostspecificationsforhighwaybases,concreteandasphaltmixturerequireagrainsizedistributionthatwillprovideadense,strongmixture.Aggregates1.244GradationGradationmeansthe45GradationStrength,orresistanceofshearfailure,inroadbasesandotheraggregatesthatcarryloadsisincreasedgreatlyifthemixtureisdensegraded.Thatisthelargerparticlesareincontactwitheachother,developingfrictionalresistancetoshearingfailure,andtightlyboundtogetherduetotheinterlockingeffectofthesmallerparticles.Ashearfailureresultswhensomeparticlesslideoverothersasinthedevelopmentofrutsinaroadway.Aggregates1.245GradationStrength,orresist46Thisgradationrequirementisaccomplishedbyensuringthattheshapeofthegrainsizedistributioncurveissimilartocurvesshowninfollowingfig.GradationAggregates1.246Thisgradationrequireme47Thisshapeassuresmaximumdensityandstrength.Thevoidsbetweenthelargerparticlesarefilledwithmediumparticles.Theremainingvoidsarefilledwithstillsmallerparticles,untilthesmallestvoidsarefilledwithasmallamountoffines.AboveFigureshowsthetheoreticalmaximumdensitycurvesforaggregates,whichcanbeexpressedbytheFullermaximumdensityequation.GradationAggregates1.247Thisshapeassuresmaximumd48Sieveanalysis

Sievesizesincludecommonly:31.5mm,26.5mm,19mm,16mm,13.2mm,9.5,mm,4.75mm,2.36mm,1.18mm,0.6mm,0.3mm,0.15mm,0.075mm.Aggregates1.2

SievesinstrumentStandardSieves48SieveanalysisSievesizes49SieveanalysisNowwechooseafineaggregate（sand）asasampletoexplainhowtotestgradationofaggregates.Assume:

thetotalmassofsand:M（g）

retainedmassineachsieveaftersieving:m（g）

Aggregates1.249SieveanalysisNowwechoose50SieveanalysisPercentageretained（）:Cumulativepercentageretained（）Percentagepassing（）Aggregates1.250SieveanalysisPercentageret51SieveanalysisForexample:hereistheresultofsievinganalysisforafineaggregate.Sievesizes(mm)Retainedmass(g)Percentageretained(%)Cumulativepercentageretained(%)Percentagepassing(%)9.50001004.751533972.366312.615.684.41.189919.835.464.60.61052156.443.60.31152379.420.60.15751594.45.60.075224.498.81.2Pan61.21000Total500100——Aggregates1.251SieveanalysisForexample:h52SieveanalysisAccordingtotheresult,thefinenessmodulusoffineaggregatecanbecalculatedbasedonthefollowingformula:Thatis:Aggregates1.252SieveanalysisAccordingtot53SieveanalysisWhere:—finenessmodulusoffineaggregate.When=3.7~3.1,thesizeofsandiscoarse;=3.0~2.3,thesizeofsandismedium;=2.2~1.6,thesizeofsandisfine.Therefore:theaboveexampleismediumsizesand.Aggregates1.253SieveanalysisWhere:Aggregat54

Thelawofbuoyancy物体在水中受到浮力作用，浮力的大小取决于物体排开水的体积，而该体积恰恰就是物体自身体积，其在数值上等于物体分别在空气中的称重和水中称重的差值。Anyobjectinwaterisalwaysreceivesthebuoyancyinfluence.Thesizeofthebuoyancydependsonthevolumeofwaterpushedasidebytheobject.Andthisvolumeisjustsameasthevolumeofobject.Thevolumevaluenumerically

isequaltothedifferencebetweenthemassweighedinairandinwater.54

Thelawofbuoyancy物体在水中受到浮55DoesSame

finenessmodulushassamegradation?Dosesamegradationhassamefinenessmodulus?Buildingstone1.1——Questionsafterclass55DoesSamefinenessmodulush56Aggregatemixturecomposition

anddesign1.356Aggregatemixturecompositio57StandardsievesDifferentsizeofaggregatescanbeseparatedbystandardsievesanalysis,sothesizeofsieveisthesizeofaggregate.Differentcountryhasdifferentrequirementsforsievesize.Chinesesievestandards(mm)75635337.531.526.5191613.2U.S.sievestandards3in.21/2in.2.12in11/2in.11/4in1.06in3/4in.5/8in0.53inChinesesievestandards(mm)9.54.752.361.180.60.30.150.075—U.S.sievestandards3/8in.No.4No.8No.16No.30No.50No.100No.200—Aggregates1.257StandardsievesDifferentsiz58Aggregatesmixtureanddesign1.3——Gradationrepresentation

Basedontheresultofsievinganalysis,gradationofanyaggregatecanbeexpressedasagradingcurveintherectangularcoordinate,whichtheverticalcoordinatesispassingpercentwhileabscissaisthesizeofthestandardmeshes.58Aggregatesmixtureanddesig59Continuousgradation（连续级配）：粗细颗粒比例合适，粒径连续有序，绘出的级配曲线平顺光滑；Gapgradation（间断级配）：在粗细颗粒分布中间，缺失一个或连续数个粒径的级配，绘出的级配曲线中间出现一个平台；Opengradation（开级配）：集料颗粒集中于偏粗粒径部分，级配曲线偏陡。Aggregatesmixtureanddesign1.3——TypesofGradation

59Continuousgradation（连续级配）：粗60Aggregatesmixtureanddesign1.3——gradationenvelopeIntheactualapplicationprocess,gradationenvelopeareofferedbytechnicalspecificationstoprovidetheengineeringrequirements.60Aggregatesmixtureanddesig61Whenallparticlesofaggregatecombinetogetherindensecondition,theaggregatemixtureshowsbetterperformance,suchashighdensity,lowvoid.Thisconditioncanbeexpressedwiththeoryofmaximumdensitycurve.Theoryofmaximumdensitycurve:ifgradingcurveofaggregateislikeaparabola(抛物线)，themixtureofaggregatebecomesindensecondition.So:Aggregatesmixtureanddesign1.3——theoryofgradation:theoryofmaximumdensitycurveWhere:p—passing(%)di—sizeofanyparticle(mm)k—constant61Whenallparticlesofaggreg62Whendisthemaximumsize,ofcoursethepis100(%),soAggregatesmixtureanddesign1.3——theoryofgradation:theoryofmaximumdensitycurveCombineabovetwoformulas:Thatis:here:n—0.3~0.762Whendisthemaximumsize,63Anyofthequarrystonepitcannotproducetheaggregatestomeetthespecificationrequirementsinitially,becauseofsegregationduringthetransport.Satisfiedgradationshouldbedesignedinlabbeforeapplication.Gradingdesignprocessneedstwoconditions:(1)objectivegradingenvelope;(2)sievingresultsforeachkindoftheaggregate.Aggregatesmixtureanddesign1.3——Themethodofgradingdesign:trialanderrormethod63Anyofthequarrystonepit64Therearethreetypesaggregates:coarse,mediumandfine,eachofthemisA,B,Crespectively.Supposethepercentageretainedofeachtypeonthesizeis,respectively.Supposeagain,theratioforthethreetypesofaggregatetothemixture(M)isX,Y,Z,respectively.So:Aggregatesmixtureanddesign1.3——Themethodofgradingdesign:trialanderrormethod64Therearethreetypesaggreg656.04~8

13.210.80.0755.08~16—11.60.157.012~22—12.40.380518~30—16.00.612.024~41—22.51.1813.536~53—24.02.62.3618.570~88——41.79.52.5

95~100——5.213.20100———16mid-valueofEnvelopeinC.R.（%）gradingEnvelopeinP.（%）Fine(C)retainedinC.R.(%)Medium(B)retainedinC.R.(%)Coarse(A)retainedinC.R.(%)Meshsize（mm）21.048~68—1.650.54.75Aggregatesmixtureanddesign1.3——themethodofgradingdesign:trialanderrormethod—1.2pan86.86.0656.04~8755.0866

Onsizeof4.75mm,almostamountrequiredbyspecification(21.0%)comesfromcoarsetypeagg.,theamountcomesfromothertwotypes(mediumandfine)agg.canbeneglected,Whichmeansiszero,respectively.soAggregatesmixtureanddesign1.3——themethodofgradingdesign:trialanderrormethod

Assamereason,onthepancanbeconsideraszero,so

Accordingtox+y+z=100,hereY=100-X-Z.66Onsizeof4.75mm,almost67Makingarectangulardiagram,thenadiagonallineformthebottomleftcornertotoprightcornerisdrawed.Aggregatesmixtureanddesign1.3——themethodofgradingdesign:graphicalmethod67Makingarectangulardiagra68

Longitudinalispassingpercent,whilehorizontalissizeofthemeshfromlefttorightaccordingtotherequirementofthegradationenvelope.Aggregatesmixtureanddesign1.3——themethodofgradingdesign:graphicalmethod68

Longitudinalispassingper69DrawingEachsievingcurveofdifferentkindsagg.ontheabovegraphicintheformofbrokenline.Aggregatesmixtureanddesign1.3——themethodofgradingdesign:graphicalmethod69DrawingEachsievingcurveo70Basedontherelationshipbetweentwoadjacentcurves,quantityofeverykindagg.canbedetermined.Thentheratio(%)isfound.Aggregatesmixtureanddesign1.3——themethodofgradingdesign:graphicalmethod70Basedontherelationshipbe71Finally,checktheresultratioiftomeettherequirementsbythespecificationornot.Ifthesynthesisgradationdosenotsatisfiedtherequirement,theratioshouldbeadjusteduntilthegradationmeettherequirement.Afterseveraladjustmentthesynthesisgradationstillisnotgood,originalkindsagg.shouldbechanged.Aggregatesmixtureanddesign1.3——themethodofgradingdesign:graphicalmethod71Finally,checktheresultra72Dosemixturemadebygapgradationhasmorevoidscomparedwithcontinuousgradationmixture?Aggregatesmixtureanddesign1.3——Questionsafterclass72Dosemixturemadebygapgra73《RoadEngineeringMaterials》Chapter2Asphaltmaterials73《RoadEngineeringMaterials74Aggregatesmixtureanddesign1.3——themethodofgradingdesign:trialanderrormethod6.04~8

13.210.80.0755.08~16—11.60.157.012~22—12.40.380518~30—16.00.612.024~41—22.51.1813.536~53—24.02.62.3618.570~88——41.79.52.5

95~100——5.213.20100———16mid-valueofEnvelopeinC.R.（%）gradingEnvelopeinP.（%）Fine(C)retainedinC.R.(%)Medium(B)retainedinC.R.(%)Coarse(A)retainedinC.R.(%)Meshsize（mm）21.048~68—1.650.54.75—1.2pan86.86.074Aggregatesmixtureanddesig757162~8010010034.513.264~870.5——0.0751510~209411.0—0.31615~279723.0—0.62720~3410036.0—1.183728~4610058.7—2.364838~5810077.94.64.756252~7210093.819.89.582.575~9010010061.51697.595~1001001009719.10010010010010026.5midenvlopeenvelopefillerchipCrushedagg.Objectiveenvelope（%）Passingforeachkindaggregate(%）Sievesize（mm）106~1492——0.15ExampleofAggregateMixtureDesign(65.5)(29)757162~8010010034.513.264~870.76Synthesisgradation4~870.5——0.0756~1492——0.1510~209411.0—0.315~279723.0—0.620~3410036.0—1.1828~4610058.7—2.3638~5810077.94.64.7552~7210093.819.89.562~8010010034.513.275~9010010061.51695~1001001009719.10010010010026.5envelopeFiller×10.9Chip×46.8Crushedagg.×42.3Objectiveenvelope（%）不同规格集料各筛上通过量（%）Sievesize（mm）7.710.017.321.427.738.44963.272.383.798.7100results——————1.98.414.626.041.042.3——5.110.816.827.536.543.946.846.846.846.87.710.010.210.610.910.910.910.910.910.910.910.976Synthesisgradation4~870.5——77MaintopicsIntroductionPetroleumAsphalt2.1TechnicalPropertyofPetroleumAsphalt2.2PolymerModifiedAsphalt2.3OtherAsphalt2.477MaintopicsIntroductionPetr78Petroleumasphalt2.178Petroleumasphalt2.179——IntroductionOrganiccementingmaterialsTarsPitchesNaturaldepositsPetroleumasphaltsRockasphaltsAsphaltcement(solidorsemi-solid)Cutbackasphalts(liquid)Emulsifiedasphalts(liquid)Blownasphalt(semi-solid)SlowcuringMediumcuringRapidcuringPetroleumasphalt2.1PetroleumAsphaltSeeasphaltsAsphalts(Bitumen)Lakeasphalts79——IntroductionOrga80PetroleumrefineryResidualmatterAirAir-blownasphaltAsphaltcementDistillatesGasoline,kerosene,Dieseloil,etcRapid-curingCutbackasphaltAsphaltcementGasolineMedium-curingCutbackasphaltAsphaltcementKeroseneSlow-curingCutbackasphaltAsphaltcementDieseloilEmulsifiedasphaltAsphaltcementWaterEmulsifyingagentProcessingStill——AsphaltprocessingPetroleumasphalt2.180PetroleumrefineryResidualm81——ComponentsofPetroleumAsphalt（沥青组分）Petroleumasphalt2.1Asphalt

Saturated（饱和分）正庚烷沉淀

Asphaltene（沥青质）不可溶解部分SoftAsphaltene（软沥青质）可溶解部分

Aromatics（芳香分）

Resin

（胶质）正庚烷冲洗甲苯冲洗甲苯/乙醇冲洗81——ComponentsofPetroleumAs82

四组分：饱和分（Saturated）芳香分（Aromatics）胶质（

Resin）沥青质（

Asphaltene）（S,Ar,R,As）Petroleumasphalt2.1——ComponentsofPetroleumAsphalt（沥青组分）82四组分：饱和分（Saturated）芳香83sol-geltypeGeltypePetroleumasphalt2.1——ColloidstructureofPetroleumAsphalt（沥青的胶体结构）soltype144433122Diagram

ofColloidstructureofPetroleumAsphalt1-Saturated；2-Aromatics；3-Resin；4-Asphaltene83sol-geltypeGeltypePetroleu84Petroleumasphalt2.1——ColloidstructureofPetroleumAsphalt（沥青的胶体结构）Colloidstructuresoltypesol-geltypegeltypeP.I<-2-2~+2>+284Petroleumasphalt2.1——Colloi85TechnicalPropertyofPetroleumAsphalt——introduction2.2mainpropertiesofasphalt

physicalproperties

密度体积膨胀系数介电常数

Viscosity

（黏滞性）

黏度稠度

lowtemperature

property

延性脆性temperature

susceptibility

针入度指数（PI）Adhesiveness黏附性

Durability耐久性

visco-elastic粘弹性

85TechnicalPropertyofPetrol86Relativedensity(25℃/25℃)=Asphaltdensity(15℃)×0.996密度瓶TechnicalPropertyofPetroleumAsphalt——Density2.2Weighthefollowingmasssuccessively:1.m瓶

2.m瓶+满水

3.m瓶+沥青

4.m瓶+沥青+水86Relativedensity(25℃/25℃)=872.2TechnicalPropertiesofPetroleumAsphalt872.2TechnicalPropertiesof88TechnicalPropertyofPetroleumAsphalt——Viscosity(黏滞性)2.2Viscositymeansacapabilitythattheparticlesofasphaltmaterialresistshearingdeformationunderexternalforce.当