考研考博-英语-南京工业职业技术学院考试押题三合一+答案详解4

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-南京工业职业技术学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

ThelostcaroftheLeeswasfound____inthewoodsoffthehighway.

问题1选项

A.vanished

B.scattered

C.abandoned

D.rejected

【答案】C

【解析】【选项释义】

A.vanished突然消失；绝迹B.scattered分散

C.abandoned丢弃D.rejected拒绝

【答案】C

【考查点】语义衔接

【解题思路】空格前后语义为“Lee一家丢失的汽车被发现____在高速公路旁的树林里。”根据前后语义可知，丢失的汽车被别人遗弃在高速公路旁的树林里，C选项abandoned“丢弃”符合前后语义衔接。

【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项不符合原文语义衔接。

【句意】Lee一家丢失的汽车被发现遗弃在高速公路旁的树林里。

2.单选题

Hamlet______hisfather’sdeathonhisuncle.

问题1选项

A.reserved

B.reverted

C.revenged

D.revealed

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。A项reverse“颠倒、撤销、反转”；B项revert“回复、重提”；C项revenge“报复、复仇”；D项reveal“显示、透露、揭露”；句意：哈姆雷特向叔叔报了杀父之仇。revengeon“向……报复”；因此该题C项正确。

3.单选题

Lifeisacandle（

）toburnevenbrighter. 

问题1选项

A.beingmeant

B.meaning

C.tomean

D.meant

【答案】D

【解析】【试题解析】考查语法结构。根据句中关键词“burnevenbrighter越燃越亮”的对应知这里指代“人们希望蜡烛（或蜡烛应该）越燃越亮”；再由“mean”一词在表示“主观希望”时一般用被动语态知D项“meant（其完整形式应该为whichismeant）”正确。故正确答案选D。

4.单选题

Charleshasnottheleast（

）ofgivinguphisresearch.

问题1选项

A.idea

B.intention

C.mind

D.desire

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词辨析。idea“主意”；intention“意图，意向”；mind“想法，感觉”；desire“愿望，欲望”。句意：查尔斯丝毫没有打算放弃他的研究的意向。答案B

5.单选题

Whenoneofmyroommatesbrokehislegduringabasketballgame,thedoctorattheclinicsaidthathecouldn’tcureit,sowehadtotakehimtothehospitalfivekilometersfromhere.

问题1选项

A.brokehislegduring

B.attheclinic

C.couldn’tcureit

D.thehospitalfivekilometersfromhere.

E.没有问题

【答案】A

【解析】介词误用。During改成in。during表示“在…期间“，其强调动作的延续性，但brokehisleg是发生在某一特定时点的并无时间上持续性的动作。

6.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish

确定目的后，原告必须考虑在什么法院起诉最能实现其目的。他必须在联邦法院起诉?在州法院?或两者可选其一?若在州法院，在哪一州?若在联邦法院，该在全国86个辖区中的哪个区？在此存在许多考量，有些过于技术的我们便不在本文中论及。然而，并非所有案件的原告都会面临选择难题。如上所述，有些案件只能在联邦法院提起，且事实上只能在一所特定的联邦法院.。

【答案】Aftermakinghisdecision,theplaintiffmustconsiderhowtoselectadequatecourttosue,e.g.thefederalcourt,stateoneorthosearethetwoalternatives.Ifgoingtothestatecourt,heneedthinkaboutchoosingwhich;orthefederalcourt,hehastochooseadistrictfromnational’s86jurisdictions.Becausetherearemanyfactorstobeestimated,itisnotconvenientforustodiscusssomeknowhowsherein.Butnotallplaintiffsshouldbefacedwiththedilemma.Asstated,atypeofcasemaybeheardonlyinthefederalcourt,andinfactonlyinaspecialone.

7.单选题

Feministcriticshavelongdebatedtheextenttowhichgenderplaysaroleinthecreationandinterpretationoftexts.Androgynistpoetics,rootedinmid-Victorianwomen’swriting,contendsthatthecreativemindissexless,butfromthe1970son,manyfeministcriticsrejectedtheideaofthegenderless,mind,findingthattheimaginationcannotevadeconsciousorunconsciousstructuresofgenderwhichispartofculture-determinationwhereseparatingimaginationfromtheselfisimpossible.

TheFemaleAesthetic,expressingauniquefemaleconsciousnessinliterature,spokeofthe“femalevernacular,theMotherTongue,apowerfulbutneglectedwomen’sculture”.VirginiaWoolfdiscusseshowawomanwriterseekswithinherself“thepools,thedepths,thedarkplaceswherethelargestfishslumber”,inevitablycollidingagainstherownsexualitytoconfront“somethingaboutthebody,aboutthepassions”.Accessibletomenandwomenalike,butrepresentingfemalesexualmorphology,thismethodsoughtawayofwritingwhichliterallyembodiedthefemale,therebyfightingthesubordinating,linearstyleofclassificationordistinction.

ItmustbeadmittedthatthereareproblemswiththeFemaleAestheticthatfeministcriticsthemselvesrecognized.Forinstance,theyavoideddefiningexactlywhatconstitutedtheirwritingstyle,asanydefinitionwouldthencategorizeitandsafelysubsumeitasagenreunderthelinearpatriarchalstructure—itsveryrestlessnessandambiguitydefiedidentificationaspartofitsidentity.SomefeministsandwomenwriterscouldfeelexcludedbythesurrealityoftheFemaleAestheticanditsstressonthebiologicalformsoffemaleexperience,whichalsobearcloseresemblancetoessentialism.Menmaytrytheirhandatwritingwoman’sbodies,butaccordingtothefeministcritique,onlyawomanwhoseverybiologygaveheranedgecouldreadthesetextssuccessfully—apositionwhich,worstofall,riskedmarginalizationofwomen’sliteratureandtheory.

Later,Gynocriticsattemptedtoresolvesomeoftheseproblems,byagreeingthatwomen’sliteraturelayasthecentralconcernforfeministcriticismbutrejectingtheconceptofanessentialfemaleidentityandstyle,whilesimultaneouslyseekingtoreviseFreudianstructuresbyemphasizingaPre-Oedipalphasewhereinthedaughter’sbondtohermotherinscribesthekeyfactoringenderidentity.MatriarchalvaluesdissolveintergenerationalconflictsandbuilduponafemaletraditionofliteratureratherthanthestruggleofOedipusandLaisatthecrossroads.Lastlyandmostpromisinginitsachievementofadelicatebalancearedevelopmentsofanover-archinggendertheory,whichconsidersgender,bothmaleandfemale,asasocialconstructionbuiltonbiologicaldifferences.Gendertheoryproposestoexploreideologicalinscriptionandtheliteraryeffectsofthesex/gendersystem,openinguptheliterarytheorystageandbringinginquestionsofmasculinityintofeministtheory.Takinggenderasafundamentalanalyticcategorybringsfeministcriticismfromthemargintothecenter,thoughitrisksdepoliticizingthestudyofwomen.

30.Whichofthefollowingtitlesbestsummarizesthecontentofthepassage?

31.TheauthorspecificallymentionsallofthefollowingissuesthathavebeenconsideredintheevolutionoffeministliterarycriticismEXCEPT（）.

32.Theauthorrefersto“thelargestfish”(Paragraph2)primarilyinorderto（）.

33.Accordingtothepassage,thegreatestriskposedbythefeministtheories,liketheFemaleAesthetic,whichposittheexistenceofan“essential”ornon-constructedgenderisin（）.

34.Itcanbeinferredthattheauthorwoulddefinethe“delicatebalance”mentionedinthelastparagraphastheequilibriumbetween（）.

35.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorwouldmostlikelydescribetheevolutionoffeministliterarytheoryas（）.

问题1选项

A.AHistoricalOverviewofFeministLiteraryCriticism

B.EstablishingNewFeministConceptsofGender

C.ThePrecariousFeministCompromiseinPoliticsandArt

D.ANewTheoryofLiteraryCriticism

问题2选项

A.theplaceofwomenintheliterarycanon

B.thequestionofcultureindetermininggender

C.theroleofFreudintheorizinggenderidentity

D.theeffectofbiologicaldifferencesontextualstyle

问题3选项

A.suggestarefugefromthelonghistoryofsexistliterarycriticism

B.offerasenseofpoliticalpurposethatcanonlybeawakenedthroughliterature

C.articulatethepossibilityforescapefromtheconfinesofgenderedidentity

D.referenceauniquefeministidentitythatmustbeextractedsomehowfromthebody

问题4选项

A.creatingadead-endforfeministliterarycriticismbyattackingthenotionofanandrogynistpoetics

B.reinforcingsexistnotionsthatwomencannotemulatetheliterarystyleofmen

C.pushingfeministwritingoutofthemainstreambyarguingthatmenareunabletofullycomprehendwomen’swriting

D.relyingtooheavilyonthetheoriesofFreud,underwhichidentityistheproductofbiology

问题5选项

A.establishingtiesbetweengenerationsofwomenwritersandfightingpatriarchalinfluence

B.assigningtheproperweighttotheconceptofgenderassociallyconstructedandbiologicallyinherited

C.activelyfightingandpassivelydocumentingtheliteraryeffectsofthesex/gendersystem

D.avoidingmarginalizationonthepoliticalfringesandde-politicizationinthepoliticalmainstream

问题6选项

A.agradualmovementfromtheideaofgenderlesswritingtoawritingthatoriginatesinthewoman’sbody

B.ashiftbetweenadversarialcriticismtomoretolerantvarietiesofcriticism

C.aregularfluctuationbetweentheideaofgenderlessandgenderedwritingthatgraduallysettlesonacompromise

D.amoreorlessconstantpursuitofthegoalofestablishingauniquenicheforwomen’sliterature

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:D

第3题:D

第4题:C

第5题:B

第6题:C

【解析】30.主旨大意题。通读全文，发现作者的写作脉络都是围绕“FeministLiteraryCriticism”,原文首段是说Feministcriticshavelongdebatedtheextenttowhichgenderplaysaroleinthecreationandinterpretationoftexts.（女权主义评论者在性别对创造力和演绎能力的作用上存在争议）文第二段是说TheFemaleAesthetic,expressingauniquefemaleconsciousnessinliterature,（女性审美在文学上表达出一种独特的女性意识）；原文第三段是说ItmustbeadmittedthatthereareproblemswiththeFemaleAestheticthatfeministcriticsthemselvesrecognized.（女权主义评论者认识到并且承认女性审美存在一些问题）；原文第四段是说Later,Gynocriticsattemptedtoresolvesomeoftheseproblems（女性评论者试着解决其中的一些问题）。可见，全文应为“女性文学评论的历史概述”。即可得出本题答案。

31.细节判断题。选项A可定位至第二段第一句；选项B可定位至第三段；选项C可定位至第四段，选项D文中未提及。从而得出本题答案。

32.细节推断题。根据题干信息，将信息点定位到原文第二段第二句VirginiaWoolfdiscusseshowawomanwriterseekswithinherself“thepools,thedepths,thedarkplaceswherethelargestfishslumber”,inevitablycollidingagainstherownsexualitytoconfront“somethingaboutthebody,aboutthepassions”（弗吉尼亚•伍尔夫（VirginiaWoolf）探讨了一位女作家如何在自己内心寻找“池塘、深处、最大的鱼睡觉的黑暗地方”，不可避免地与自己的性欲发生冲突，以面对“有关身体和激情的某些东西”。）根据“ownsexuality”,“thebody”,“thepassions”等信息判定“thelargestfish”指的是选项D。从而得出本题答案。

试题答案D

33.

信息推断题。根据题干关键词“thegreatestrisk”，将信息点定位到原文第三段最后一句Menmaytrytheirhandatwritingwoman’sbodies,butaccordingtothefeministcritique,onlyawomanwhoseverybiologygaveheranedgecouldreadthesetextssuccessfully—apositionwhich,worstofall,riskedmarginalizationofwomen’sliteratureandtheory.（女性主义批评认为只有女性才能够解读女性写作的文本，而这一立场带来的最大的风险是将女性文学与理论边缘化）即可得出本题答案。

34.

细节事实题。根据题干关键词“delicatebalance”，将信息点定位到原文最后一段第三句“Lastlyandmostpromisinginitsachievementofadelicatebalancearedevelopmentsofanover-archinggendertheory,whichconsidersgender,bothmaleandfemale,asasocialconstructionbuiltonbiologicaldifferences.（最后，在实现微妙的平衡方面最有希望的是一种包罗万象的性别理论的发展，该理论认为性别，包括男性和女性，是建立在生理差异基础上的社会结构。）根据“considersgender”“socialconstructionbuiltonbiologicaldifferences”即可得出本题答案。

35.信息归纳题。本文主要关于女性文学评论的历史发展，根据原文第一段第一句Feministcriticshavelongdebatedtheextenttowhichgenderplaysaroleinthecreationandinterpretationoftexts.（长期以来，女权主义批评家一直在争论性别在文本的创作和解释中所起的作用。），最后一段的“adelicatebalance”即可得出本题答案。

8.单选题

Andersonheldouthisarmsto（）theattack,butthesharkgrabbedhisrightforearmanddived.

问题1选项

A.turnoff

B.wardoff

C.triggeroff

D.calloff

【答案】B

【解析】考查短语辨析。A选项turnoff“关掉”；B选项wardoff“避开、挡住”；C选项triggeroff“引起、激起”；D选项calloff“取消、放弃”，句意为：安德森伸出双臂挡住鲨鱼的攻击，但鲨鱼咬住他的右前臂，潜入水中。wardoff“避开、挡住”符合题意，因此选B。

9.单选题

WhenIdecidedtoquitmyfulltimeemploymentitneveroccurredtomethatImightbecomeapartofanewinternationaltrend.Alateralmovethathurtmyprideandblockedmyprofessionalprogresspromptedmetoabandonmyrelativelyhighprofilecareeralthough,inthemannerofadisgracedgovernmentminister,Icoveredmyexitbyclaiming“wantedtospendmoretimewithmyfamily”.

Curiously,sometwo-and-a-halfyearslater,myexperimentinwhattheAmericansterm“downshifting”hasturnedmytiredexcuseintoanabsolutereality.Ihavebeentransformedfromapassionateadvocateofthephilosophyof“havingitall”，preachedbyLindaKelseyforthepastsevenyearsinthepagesofShemagazine,intoawomanwhoishappytosettleforabitofeverything.

Ihavediscovered,asperhapsKelseywillafterhermuch-publicizedresignationfromtheeditorshipofSheafterabuild-upofstress,thatabandoningthedoctrineof“jugglingyourlife”，andmakingthealternativemoveinto“downshifting”bringswithitfargreaterrewardsthanfinancialsuccessandsocialstatus.NothingcouldpersuademetoreturntothekindoflifeKelseyusedtoadvocateandIonceenjoyed:12-hourworkingdays,pressureddeadlines,andthefearfulstrainofofficepoliticsandthelimitationsofbeingaparenton“qualitytime”.

InAmerica,themoveawayfromjugglingtoasimpler,lessmaterialisticlifestyleisawell-establishedtrend.Downshifting一alsoknowninAmericaas“voluntarysimplicity”一has,ironically,evenbredanewareaofwhatmightbetermedanti-consumerism.Thereareanumberofbest-sellingdownshiftingself-helpbooksforpeoplewhowanttosimplifytheirlives;therearenewsletters,suchasTheTightWadGazette,thatgivehundredsofthousandsofAmericansusefultipsonanythingfromrecyclingtheircling-filmtomakingtheirownsoap;thereareevensupportgroupsforthosewhowanttoachievethemid-90sequivalentofdroppingout.

WhileinAmericathetrendstartedasareactiontotheeconomicdecline—afterthemassredundanciescausedbydownsizinginthelate’80s—andisstilllinkedtothepoliticsofthrift,inBritain,atleastamongthemiddle-classdownshiftersofmyacquaintance,wehavedifferentreasonsforseekingtosimplifyourlives.

Forthewomenofmygenerationwhowereurgedtokeepjugglingthroughthe80s,downshiftinginthemid-90sisnotsomuchasearchforthemythicalgoodlife_growingyourownorganicvegetables,andriskingturningintoone—asapersonalrecognitionofyourlimitations.

1.Weknowfromthefirstparagraphthat（

）.

2.Thewriter’sexperimentshowsthatdownshifting（

）.

3.“Jugglingone’slife”probablymeanslivingalifecharacterizedby（

）.

4.Theword“it”inthefirstsentenceofparagraphthreerefersto（

）.

5.Accordingtothepassage,downshiftingemergedintheU.S.asaresultof（

）.

问题1选项

A.full-timeemploymentisanewinternationaltrend

B.thewriterwascompelledbycircumstancestoleaveherjob

C.“Alateralmove”meanssteppingoutoffull-timeemployment

D.thewriterwasonlytooeagertospendmoretimewithherfamily

问题2选项

A.enableshertorealizeherdream

B.helpshermoldanewphilosophyoflife

C.promptshertoabandonherhighsocialstatus

D.leadshertoacceptthedoctrineofShemagazine

问题3选项

A.non-materialisticlifestyle

B.abitofeverything.

C.extremestress

D.anti-consumerism

问题4选项

A.stress

B.doctrine

C.thealternativemove

D.downshifting

问题5选项

A.thequickpaceofmodemlife

B.man’sadventurousspirit

C.man’ssearchformythicalexperiences

D.theeconomicsituation

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:D

第5题:D

【解析】1.细节题。第一段:Alateralmovethathurtmyprideandblockedmyprofessionalprogresspromptedmetoabandonmyrelativelyhighprofilecareeralthough,inthemannerofadisgracedgovernmentminister,Icoveredmyexitbyclaiming“wantedtospendmoretimewithmyfamily”(一次平行的调动伤了我的自尊，并阻碍了我的事业发展，这促使我放弃自己地位较高的职业，就像颜面扫尽的政府部长那样，我也掩饰自己的离开，以“我想花更多的时间与家人待在一起”为借口),因此推测作者是“被迫离开”。故选B。

2.细节题。根据题干定位至第二段,作者说到:我被美国人所说的“放慢生活节奏”的实验，把我老掉牙的借口变成了一个绝对的现实。在过去的七年里，琳达•凯尔西（LindaKelsey）在《她》杂志上宣扬的“拥有一切”哲学让我从一个充满激情的倡导者转变为乐于接受任何东西，凡事只要一丁点的女人。因此B项(帮助她塑造一种新的人生哲学)正确。

3.语义题。根据题干定位至第三段文中提到放弃“juggling

yourlife”的生活哲学，转而过一种“downshifting”的生活所带来的回报，比经济成功和社会地位更有价值。“jugglingyourlife”和“downshifting”相对立。根据第四段，“downshifting”本文指“过于简朴、自在的生活”，那么“jugglingone’slife”当指“紧张的生活方式”。

4.语义题。It所在句子为:andmakingthealternativemoveinto“downshifting”bringswithitfargreaterrewardsthanfinancialsuccessandsocialstatus(转而过一种“放慢生活节奏”的生活所带来的回报，比经济成功和社会地位更有价值),故选D。

5.细节题。题干问的是downshifting”的生活方式出现在美国的原因。根据最后两段得知,在美国，这种趋势一开始是对经济衰落所做出的一种反应。

10.单选题

Opinionpollsurveysshowthatthepublicseescientistsinaratherunflatteringlight.

Commonlythescientistisalsoseenasbeingmale.Itistruethatmostscientistsaremale,butthepictureofscienceasamaleactivitymaybeamajorreasonwhyfewergirlsthanboysoptforscience,exceptwhenitcomestobiology,whichisseenas"female".

Theimagemostpeoplehaveofscienceandscientistscomesfromtheirownexperienceofschoolscience,andfromthemassmedia_ScienceteachersthemselvesSeeitasaproblemthatsomanyschoolpupilsfindschoolscienceanunsatisfyingexperience,thoughoverthelastfewyearsmoreandmorepupils,includinggirls,haveoptedforsciencesubjects.

Inspiteofexcellentdocumentaries,andsomegoodpopularsciencemagazines,scientificmodesinthemediastillusuallyalternatebetweenmiracleandscientificthreat.Thepopularstereotypeofscienceislikethemagicoffairytales:ithaspotentialforenormousgoodorawfulharm.Popularfictionisfullof“good”scientistssavingtheworld,and"mad"scientiststryingtodestroyit.

Fromallthemanyscientificstorieswhichmightbegivenmediatreatment,thosewhicharechosenareusuallythosewhichcanbeframedintermsoftheusualnewsangles:novelty,threat,conflictorthebizarre.Theroutineandoftentediousworkofthescientistslipsfromview,tobereplaced:withapictureofscientistsforeveroffendingpublicmoralsensibilities(asinembryoresearch),threateningpublichealth(asinweaponsresearch),orfightingitoutwitheachother(ingivingevidenceatpublicenquiriessuchasthoseheldontheissuesconnectedwithnuclearpower).

Themassmediaalsolendstoover-personalizescientificwork,depictingitastheproduct

ofindividualgenius,whileneglectingthesocialorganizationwhichmakesscientificworkpossible.Afurthereffectofthisisthatsciencecomestobeseenasathinginitself:akindofunpredictableforceatideofscientificprogress.

Itisnosuchthing,ofcourse.Scienceiswhatscientistsdo;whattheydoiswhataparticularkindofsocietyfacilitates,andwhatisclonewiththeirworkdependsverymuchonwhohasthepowertochangetheirdiscoveriesintotechnology,andwhattheirinterestsare.

1.Accordingtothepassage,ordinary-peoplehaveapooropinionofscienceandscientistspartlybecause（

）.

2.Fewergirlsthanboysstudysciencebecause

（

）.

3.Mediatreatmentofsciencetendstoconcentrateon

（

）.

4.Accordingtotheauthor,over-personalizationofscientificworkwillleadscience

（

）.

5.Accordingtotheauthor,whatascientistdoes（

）.

问题1选项

A.ofthemisleadingofthemedia

B.opinionpollsareunflattering.

C.scientistsareshownnegativelyinthemedia

D.science,isconsideredtobedangerous

问题2选项

A.theythinkthatscienceistoodifficult

B.theyareoftenunsuccessfulinscienceatschool

C.scienceisseenasaman’sjob

D.scienceisconsideredtobetedious

问题3选项

A.theroutineeverydayworkofscientists

B.discoveriesthatthepublicwillunderstand

C.themoresensationalaspectsofscience

D.thesatisfactionsofscientificwork

问题4选项

A.isolationfromtherestoftheworld

B.improvementsonschoolsystem

C.associationwith"femaleness"

D.troubleharecruitingyoungtalent

问题5选项

A.shouldbeattributedtohisindividualgenius

B.dependsonthecoordinationofthesociety

C.showshisindependentpower

D.isunpredictable

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:C

第4题:A

第5题:B

【解析】1.文章第三段提到人们对于科学的认知大多来源于他们在学校关于最科学的学习以及大众媒体。文章第五段和第六段讲述了大众媒体对科学工作的负面描述和夸大（Themassmediaalsolendstoover-personalizescientificwork），因而导致了人们对科学和科学家们有误解，选项A符合题意。

2.文章第二段第二句Itistruethatmostscientistsaremale,butthepictureofscienceasamaleactivitymaybeamajorreasonwhyfewergirlsthanboysoptforscience,exceptwhenitcomestobiology,whichisseenas"female"提到看为什么大部分科学家是男性，女性很少的原因，因为她们认为科学就是男性的工作，因此选项C符合题意。

3.文章第五段Theroutineandoftentediousworkofthescientistslipsfromview,tobereplaced:withapictureofscientistsforeveroffendingpublicmoralsensibilities,threateningpublichealth,orfightingitoutwitheachother提到媒体关注的重点不再是科学实验这些繁琐的工作，而是将关注点放在科学家们没有公共道德情感、危害公众健康或者相互争斗等等，选项C符合题意。

4.文章第六段第一句Themassmediaalsolendstoover-personalizescientificwork,depictingitastheproductofindividualgenius,whileneglectingthesocialorganizationwhichmakesscientificworkpossible提到大众媒体将科学工作过分私人化。作者认为如果脱离了社会组织，科学工作将无法进行。选项A符合题意。

5.文章最后一段提到科学家们的工作是为了促进社会的进步whattheydoiswhataparticularkindofsocietyfacilitates，因此他们依靠的是整个社会的协作，选项B符合题意。

11.单选题

15.

问题1选项

A.Shemakesalivingnowasadressmaker.

B.Shemakesalivingnowasalandlady.

C.Sheworriesalotaboutherhealth.

D.Shenowlivesonherpension.

【答案】B

【解析】M:Doyouwork?

W:Iamadressmaker，butIhaven’tworkedforayear.

M:Thenhowcanyoumanagetolivewithoutworking?

W:Ihaveatenant.

M:Doyouoftenworryaboutthings?

W:Iusedtoworrybutnotnow.Iknowit'snotworthit.

Q:Whatistrueaboutthewoman?

【解析】细节题。女士说：Ihaveatenant（我有房客），即她是房东。

12.单选题

Ithasbeensaidthatmanagementisascienceandthatleadershipisanart.Managementiscomprisedofconcrete,measurableskills:planning,organizing,directing,andcontrolling.Thumbthroughanymanagementtextbookandyou'llseespecificmodels,formulas,procedures,ortechniquesformonitoringandcontrollingperformanceoutput.Controllingproductivitythroughadherencetostandardsisthestock-in-tradeoftheeffectivemanager.It'snotalwaysaneasytask,andtalentedmanagersshouldbegiventhecredittheydeserveinhelpingtheirorganizationssucceed.Noorganizationcansurviveforverylong,letaloneearnanysortofsubstantialprofits,withoutsoundmanagement.Butmanagementaloneisnotenoughintoday'smarketplace.Itistherightbalance,acombinationofefficientmanagementandleadership,thateveryorganizationisseeking.

Justwhatisthenewmodelofleadershipforthe21stcentury?Itrevolvesaroundfiveabstractqualities.Managersmaypossesssomeoralloftheseabilitiestoonedegreeoranother,buttheseskillsaredistinctfromtheparticularqualitiesthatdefinemanagement.Tobetterunderstandhowleadershipandmanagementdiffer,let'sreviewthefiveleadershipcompetencies.

Self-masteryisthefoundationuponwhichaleader'scredibilityisbuiltandfromwhichaleader'simagewillevolve.Self-masteryinvolvesawareness,acknowledgment,andacceptance.It'saboutdiscoveringthequalitiesthatmakeyouspecialandunique.It'saboutyourowntalentsandabilities—yourpersonalareasofexcellence.Effectiveleaderscreateopportunitiestoshowcasetheirnaturalabilities.Theyuncovertheirpotentialtalentsbycontinuallystretchingthemselvesandpushingthemselvestotheirlimits.Atthesametime,however,thesuccessfulleaderacknowledgeshisorherlimitations.Toachievetrueself-masteryyoumustacceptyourself,includingyourfaults,totallyandunconditionally.

Visionisinmanywaystheheartandsoulofleadership.Whilethemanagermustdealwithissuesandproduceresultsonaday-to-daybasis,aleadermustfocusonboththepresentandthefuture.Themanager'sconcernistoday;theleaderhasavisionfortomorrow.Butsimplyhavingavisionisnotenough;youmustmakeothersbelieveinit,too.Putyourplansforthefuturebeforetheeyesandearsofthepeoplearoundyou.Whenotherpeoplebegintobuyintoyourvisionandmakeittheirown,goodthingsstarttohappen—andhappenquickly.Leadersturntheirvisionintorealitybyconstantlylettingothersknowwhat'sinitforthem.

“Personalpower”istheabilitytoinfluenceandpersuadeothers.Itisnottobeconfusedwith“positionpower”.Positionpowerisembeddedinhierarchical,organizationalstructure.Personalpowerisearned.Youdonotnecessarilyneedtohavedirectauthorityoverotherstodisplaypersonalpower.Infact,inthemostsuccessfulcompanies,leadershipexistsatalllevels.Developpersonalpowerbybeingdependable,followingthroughoncommitments,anddemonstratingconcernforthewelfareofothers.Peoplewillrecognizeyourpersonalpowerandlooktoyoufordirection.

Empowermentcompletesthesetofleadershipskills.Althoughithasbecomeabuzzwordinthe90's,leadershavebeenawareoftheconceptofempowermentthroughouttheages.Empowermentistheprocessbywhichaleaderenablesotherindividualstosuccessfullycompleteacertainjobortask.Itisatechniquethatallowsyoutodelegateresponsibilityfortasksthroughoutyourorganization,evenatthelowestlevels.Asaleader,itisinyourinteresttonurtureanddevelopindividualswhowillonedaytakeyourplace,somakeempowermentatoppriority.Empowermentinvolvesthreecriticalingredients:skills,confidence,andauthority.Evaluateyourfollowers'skillsandprovidetrainingtoimproveorenhancetheirabilities.Instillconfidenceinothersandraisetheirself-esteembymaintainingface-to-facecontactandofferingpraiseforajobwelldone.Furthermore,bestowauthorityontootherpeople,givingthemtherighttoexercisetheirbestpersonaljudgment.Trueleadersarealwayswillingtogivecredittoothersandacceptresponsibilityforfailure,whilesimultaneouslysupporting,encouraging,andempoweringtheirfollowers.Ifyoudoso,youwilldevelopanunshakabletrustbondwithothersinyourorganization,establishingyourowncredibilitywhileensuringresults.Noonecandenytheimportanceofgoodmanagementinasuccessfulorganization.Butgoodmanagementaloneisnolongerenough.Recognizingthedifferencebetweenmanagementandleadership,andstrikingthecorrectbalancebetweenthetwo,willprovidesubstantialdividendsinthelongrun.Managementwillgetyouthroughtoday;leadershipwillensureabettertomorrow.

1.Thepassageismainlyabout（）.

2.Whatistheheartandsoulofleadershipaccordingtothepassage?

3.Inparagraph1“stock-in-trade”means（）.

4.Accordingtothefourleadershipcompetencies,whichofthefollowingisnottheskillofaleader?

5.Formthispassage,welearnthat（）.

问题1选项

A.managementskills

B.leadershipprinciples

C.thequalitiesthatdefinemanagement

D.thedistinctionbetweenmanagementandleadership

问题2选项

A.Personalpower.

B.Self-mastery.

C.Vision.

D.Empowerment.

问题3选项

A.quality

B.usualtactics

C.credibility

D.responsibility

问题4选项

A.Dealingwithdailyissuesandproducingresults.

B.Recognizingthetalentsofothersandgivingthemtheknowledgeandthetoolstheyneedtosucceed.

C.Nurturinganddevelopingsuccessors.

D.Makingmacro-plansandensuringresults.

问题5选项

A.leadershipismoreimportantthanmanagement

B.agoodmanagermusthaveleadershipcompetencies

C.leadingandmanaginginvolvedistinctlydifferentsetsofskills

D.peoplewithexceptionalleadershipqualitiesareusuallyundeveloped

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:A

第5题:C

【解析】1【选项释义】

1.Thepassageismainlyabout______.1.这篇文章主要是关于______。

A.managementskillsA.管理技能

B.leadershipprinciplesB.领导原则

C.thequalitiesthatdefinemanagementC.定义管理的品质

D.thedistinctionbetweenmanagementandleadersh