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书山有路勤为径,学海无涯苦作舟!住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-大连装备制造职业技术学院考试押题三合一+答案详解(图片大小可自由调整)全文为Word可编辑,若为PDF皆为盗版,请谨慎购买!第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Asa(

)actor,hecanperform,sing,danceandplayseveralkindsofmusicalinstruments.

问题1选项

A.flexible

B.versatile

C.sophisticated

D.productive

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词辨析。flexible意为“灵活的”;versatile意为“多才多艺的,有多种技能的”;sophisticated意为“见多识广的,老练的”;productive意为“多产的,有效益的”。由句子后面的内容可知他会很多才艺,因此选B。

句意:作为一名多才多艺的演员,他会表演、唱歌、跳舞并能演奏好几种乐器。

2.单选题

Duringthemid-1980s,myfamilyandIspenta(1)yearinthehistorictownofSt.Andrews,Scotland.ComparinglifetherewithlifeinAmerica,wewereimpressedbya

(2)

disconnectionbetweennationalwealthandwell-being.TomostAmericans,Scottishlifewouldhaveseemed

(3)

.IncomeswereabouthalfthatintheU.S.AmongfamiliesintheKingdomofFifesurroundingSt.Andrews,44percentdidnotownacar,andwenevermetafamilythatownedtwo.Centralheatinginthisplace

(4)

southofIcelandwas,atthattime,stillaluxury.

Inhundredsofconversationsduringouryearthereandduringthreehalfsummerstayssince,we

(5)

noticethat,

(6)

theirsimplerliving,theScotsappeared(7)

joyfulthanAmericans.WeheardcomplaintsaboutMargaretThatcher,butneveraboutbeingunderpaidorunabletoaffordwants.

Withinanycountry,suchasourown,arerichpeoplehappier?Inpoorcountries,beingrelativelywelloffdoesmake

(8)

somewhatbetterwelloff.Butinaffluentcountries,wherenearlyeveryonecanaffordlife'snecessities,increasingaffluencematters

(9)

little.IntheU.S.,Canada,andEurope,thecorrelationbetweenincomeandhappinessis,asUniversityofMichiganresearchernotedina1980s16-nationstudy,“virtually

(10)

”.Happinessislower

(11)

theverypoor.Butoncecomfortable,moremoneyprovidesdiminishingreturns.

Evenveryrichpeopleareonlyslightlyhappierthanaverage.Withnetworthall

(12)

$100million,providing

(13)

moneytobuythingstheydon'tneedandhardlycareabout,4in5ofthe49peoplerespondingtosurveyagreedthat“Moneycanincreaseordecreasehappiness,dependingonhowitisused”.Andsomewereindeedunhappy.Onefabulously

(14)

mansaidhecouldneverrememberbeinghappy.Onewomanreportedthatmoney

(15)

miserycausedbyherchildren'sproblems.

Attheotherendoflife'scircumstancesaremostvictimsofdisablingtragedies.Yet,remarkably,mosteventuallyrecoveranear-normallevelofday-to-dayhappiness.Thus,universitystudentswhomustcopewithdisabilitiesare

(16)able-bodiedstudentstoreportthemselveshappy,andtheirfriendsagreewiththeirself-perceptions.

Wehave

(17)

theAmericandreamofachievedwealthandwell-beingbycomparingrichandunrichcountries,andrichandunrichpeople.Thatleavesthefinalquestion:Overtime,doeshappinessrisewithaffluence?

Typicallynot.Lotterywinnersappeartogainbutatemporaryjoltofjoyfromtheirwinnings.Onasmallscale,ajumpinourincomecanboostourmorale,forawhile.Butinthelongrun,neitheranicecreamconenoranewcarnorbecomingrichandfamousproducesthesamefeelingsofdelightthatitinitially

(18)

.Happinessisnottheresultofbeingrich,buta

(19)

consequenceofhavingrecentlybecomericher.Wealth,itthereforeseems,islikehealth:Althoughitsutterabsencecanbreedmisery,havingitdoesnotguaranteehappiness.Happinessis

(20)

amatterofgettingwhatwewantthanofwantingwhatwehave.

问题1选项

A.underpaid

B.prosperous

C.affluent

D.sabbatical

问题2选项

A.assumed

B.seeming

C.seemed

D.seemly

问题3选项

A.precarious

B.imprudent

C.spartan

D.gallant

问题4选项

A.notfar

B.asfaras

C.farfrom

D.farto

问题5选项

A.virtually

B.remarkably

C.ideally

D.repeatedly

问题6选项

A.forasmuch

B.despite

C.considering

D.inasmuch

问题7选项

A.noless

B.less

C.more

D.nomore

问题8选项

A.for

B.up

C.out

D.over

问题9选项

A.scarely

B.intentionally

C.surprisingly

D.provisionally

问题10选项

A.diminishing

B.negligible

C.tripled

D.perceivable

问题11选项

A.in

B.on

C.upon

D.among

问题12选项

A.exceeded

B.exceeding

C.excess

D.excessive

问题13选项

A.utter

B.messy

C.greedy

D.ample

问题14选项

A.prosperous

B.triumphant

C.jubilant

D.victorious

问题15选项

A.couldundo

B.couldintensify

C.couldnotundo

D.couldnotintensify

问题16选项

A.asplausibleas

B.notasplausibleas

C.aslikelyas

D.notaslikelyas

问题17选项

A.ventilated

B.deliberated

C.speculated

D.scrutinized

问题18选项

A.does

B.did

C.hasdone

D.is

问题19选项

A.new

B.favorite

C.temporary

D.normal

问题20选项

A.more

B.less

C.better

D.worse

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:A

第5题:D

第6题:B

第7题:A

第8题:A

第9题:C

第10题:B

第11题:D

第12题:B

第13题:D

第14题:A

第15题:C

第16题:C

第17题:D

第18题:B

第19题:C

第20题:B

【解析】第1题:(1)词义辨析。A选项underpaid“所得报酬过低的”;B选项prosperous“繁荣的;兴旺的”;C选项affluent“富裕的;丰富的;流畅的”;D选项sabbatical“休假的”。由空格后“inthehistorictownofSt.Andrews,Scotland在苏格兰有历史意义的圣安德鲁斯镇”可知“休假的”符合语境,所以D选项正确。

第2题:(2)词义辨析。A选项assumed“假定的;假装的”;B选项seeming“表面上的;似乎是的”;C选项seemed为动词seem“似乎;像是;装作”的过去式;D选项seemly“适合地;得体地”。由空格后“disconnectionbetweennationalwealthandwell-being国家财富和幸福之间的分离”可知“表面上的”符合语境,所以B选项正确。

第3题:(3)逻辑关系。A选项precarious“危险的;B选项imprudent“轻率的,鲁莽的”;C选项spartan斯巴达式的;(生活方式)简朴的”;D选项gallant“英勇的;华丽的;雄伟的”。由空格前“Scottishlife苏格兰人的生活”与空格后“…notownacar没有一辆车”可知“简朴的”符合语境,所以C选项正确。

第4题:(4)词义辨析。A选项notfar“不远”;B选项asfaras“至于;直到;远到;就······而言”;C选项farfrom“远离;远非;完全不”;D选项farto“远远地;太”。由第3题的分析“苏格兰人的生活俭朴”与空格后“southofIceland冰岛南部”属于“thisplace”的后置定语可知这里指代“在这个离冰岛南部不远的地方集中采暖在那时仍然是一种奢侈”;故A项“不远”符合语境,正确。

第5题:(5)词义辨析。A选项virtually“事实上;几乎”;B选项remarkably“显著地;非常地;引人注目地”;C选项ideally“理想地;观念上地”;D选项repeatedly“反复地;再三地;屡次地”。由空格前“hundredsofconversations数以百计的对话”与空格后“noticed发现”可知“屡次地”符合语境,所以D选项正确。

第6题:(6)逻辑关系。A选项forasmuch“因为;鉴于”;B选项despite“尽管;不管”;C选项considering“考虑到;就······而论”;D选项inasmuch“由于;鉴于。由空格后“theirsimplerliving他们较简朴地生活”与“butneveraboutbeingunderpaidorunabletoaffordwants但是从未听到他们抱怨所得工资太低或不能负担自己所需”可知这里是转折关系,所以B项“尽管”正确。

第7题:(7)逻辑关系。A选项noless“仍然;不相上下;依旧”;B选项less“较少地;较小地;更小地”;C选项more“更多;更大程度地”;D选项nomore“不再;也没有”。本句句意是“尽管他们较简朴地生活,但是苏格兰人似乎与美国人一样快乐”,A项“不相上下”符合语境,正确。

第8题:(8)词义辨析。空格前“made”与各选项构成短语,A选项makefor“导致;有助于;走向”;B选项makeup“组成;补足;化妆;编造;弥补”;C选项makeout“理想;辨认出;说明;填写;设法应付”;D选项makeover“转让;移交;修改”。由空格前“beingrelativelywelloff相对比较富裕”与空格后“somewhatbetterwelloff稍微更加富裕”可知“有助于”更符合逻辑关系。所以A选项正确。

第9题:(9)词义辨析。A选项scarcely“仅够;几乎不”;B选项intentionally“故意地;有意地”;C选项surprisingly“惊人地;出人意料地”;D选项provisionally“临时地;暂时地”。由第8题的句意“在贫穷的国家里,相对比较富裕有助于稍微更富裕”与空格前“Butinaffluentcountries但是在富裕的国家里”对应可知这里指代“但是在富裕的国家里,不断增长的富裕却出人意料地不重要”,所以C选项“出人意料地”符合逻辑关系,正确。

第10题:(10)词义辨析。A选项diminishing“逐渐缩小的;衰减的”;B选项negligible“微不足道的;可以忽略的”;C选项tripled“三倍的;三方的”;D选项perceivable“可知觉的;可感知的”。由第9题的句意“但是在富裕的国家里,不断增长的富裕却出人意料地不重要”与空格后“thecorrelationbetweenincomeandhappiness收入和幸福之间的相关性”的对应可知“微不足道的”符合语境,所以B选项正确。

第11题:(11)词义辨析。A选项in“按照(表示方式);从事于;在······之内”;B选项on“向;关于;在······之上”;C选项upon“根据;接近;在······之上”;D选项among“在······之中”。由空格后“theverypoor非常贫穷的人”对应知“在······之中”符合语境,所以D项正确。

第12题:(12)介词with引导分词短语充当伴随状语。由空格前“With”和空格后并列成分中“providing”的可知这里是介词with引导分词短语充当伴随状语,所以B选项“exceeding”正确。A选项exceed“超过;胜过”;C选项excess“超额;过度,过量”;D选项excessive“过多的;极度的;过分的”。

第13题:(13)词义辨析。A选项utter“完全的;彻底的”;B选项messy“凌乱的;肮脏的;污秽的;麻烦的”;C选项greedy“贪婪的;贪吃的;渴望的”;D选项ample“丰富的;足够的;宽敞的”。由空格后“money钱”与“tobuythingstheydon’tneedandhardlycareabout去购买他们不需要且几乎不在乎的东西”可知“足够的”符合语境,所以D选项正确。

第14题:(14)词义辨析。A选项prosperous“富裕的;繁荣的;兴旺的”;B选项triumphant“成功的;得意洋洋的;狂欢的”;C选项jubilant“欢呼的;喜洋洋的”;D选项victorious“胜利的;凯旋的”。由空格前“Evenveryrichpeopleareonlyslightlyhappierthanaverage甚至非常富有的人只比普通人稍微更幸福”与“Andsomewereindeedunhappy一些人甚至不幸福”可知这里属于举例说明,所以A项“富裕的”正确。

第15题:(15)词义辨析。A选项couldundo“能消除”;B选项couldintensify“能加强”;C选项couldnotundo“不能消除”;D选项couldnotintensify“不能加强”。由空格前“hecouldneverrememberbeinghappy他永远不可能记得那些幸福的日子”与空格后“miserycausedbyherchildren’sproblems由她孩子的问题所导致的痛苦”可知C选项“不能消除”正确。

第16题:(16)逻辑关系。A选项asplausibleas“如……一样似乎可信的”;B选项notasplausibleas“不如……一样似乎可信的”;C选项couldnotundo“如……一样可能的”;D选项couldnotintensify“无法强化”。由空格前“Yet,remarkably,mosteventuallyrecoveranear-normallevelofday-to-dayhappiness.然而,惊人的是大多数残疾人最终选择获得近乎正常的每日幸福水平”、“Thus,universitystudentswhomustcopewithdisabilities因此,必须应对残疾的大学生”与空格后“able-bodiedstudentstoreportthemselveshappy健全的学生报道自己是幸福的”的可知C项“如……一样可能的”正确。

第17题:(17)词义辨析。A选项ventilate“使通风;给······装通风设备;宣布”;B选项deliberate“仔细考虑,商议”;C选项speculate“推断,猜测”;D选项scrutinize“仔细检查,细看”。由空格后”bycomparingrichandunrichcountries,andrichandunrichpeople通过比较富裕和贫困国家,富人和穷人”与“Thatleavesthefinalquestion那留下这个最后的问题”可知D项“仔细检查”符合语境,正确。

第18题:(18)一般过去时态。由空格前“thesamefeelingsofdelight同样的快乐感”与“initially最初”的对应知这里表示过去的时间,所以使用一般过去时态的B选项“did(动词do‘产生’的过去式)”正确。

第19题:(19)词义辨析。A选项new“新的;新鲜的;更新的;初见的”;B选项favorite“最喜爱的;中意的;宠爱的”;C选项temporary“暂时的;短暂的”;D选项normal“正常的;正规的,标准的”。由空格前“Happinessisnottheresultofbeingrich…幸福不是富裕的结果,而是……与空格后“havingrecentlybecomericher近来变得更富裕”可知C项“短暂的”符合语境,正确。

第20题:(20)逻辑关系。由空格前“Wealth,itthereforeseems,islikehealth:Althoughitsutterabsencecanbreedmisery,havingitdoesnotguaranteehappiness.因此,财富看起来就好比健康:尽管财富的完全没有可能引起痛苦,但是拥有财富却不保证拥有幸福”可知这里指代“与其说幸福是获取我们想要的东西,不如说它是想要我们有的东西”,所以B项“less构成的搭配“lessthan与其……不如”正确。

3.单选题

Thepredictabilityofourmortalityratesissomethingthathaslongpuzzledsocialscientists.Afterall,thereisnonaturalreasonwhy2,500peopleshouldaccidentallyshootthemselveseachyearorwhy7,000shoulddrownor55,000dieintheircars.Nooneestablishesaquotaforeachtypeofdeath.Itjusthappensthattheyfollowaconsistentpatternyearafteryear.

AfewyearsagoaCanadianpsychologistnamedGeraldWildebecameinterestedinthisphenomenon.HenoticedthatmortalityratesforviolentandaccidentaldeathsthroughouttheWesternworldhaveremainedoddlystaticthroughoutthewholeofthecentury,despiteallthetechnologicaladvancesandincreasesinsafetystandardsthathavehappenedinthattime.Wildedevelopedanintriguingtheorycalled“riskhomeostasis”.Accordingtothistheory,peopleinstinctivelylivewithacertainlevelofrisk.Whensomethingismadesafer,peoplewillgetaroundthemeasureinsomewaytoreasserttheoriginallevelofdanger.If,forinstance,theyarerequiredtowearseatbelts,theywillfeelsaferandthuswilldrivealittlefasterandalittlemorerecklessly,therebystatisticallycancelingoutthebenefitsthattheseatbeltconfers.Otherstudieshaveshownthatwhereanintersectionismadesafer,theaccidentrateinvariablyfallstherebutrisestoacompensatinglevelelsewherealongthesamestretchofroad.Itappears,then,thatwehaveaninnateneedfordanger.

Inallevents,itisbecomingclearerandclearertoscientiststhatthefactorsinfluencingourlifespanarefarmoresubtleandcomplexthanhadbeenpreviouslythought.Itnowappearsthatifyouwishtolivealonglife,itisn’tsimplyamatterofadheringtocertainprecautions:eatingtherightfoods,notsmoking,drivingwithcare.Youmustalsohavetherightattitude.ScientistsattheDukeUniversityMedicalCentermadea15-yearstudyof500persons’personalitiesandfound,somewhattotheirsurprise,thatpeoplewithasuspiciousormistrustfulnaturedieprematurelyfarmoreoftenthanpeoplewithasunnydisposition.Lookingonthebrightside,itseems,canaddyearstoyourlifespan.

1.Whatsocialscientistshavelongfeltpuzzledaboutiswhy______.

2.Inhisresearch,GeraldWildefindsthattechnologicaladvancesandincreasesinsafetystandards______.

3.Accordingtothetheoryof“riskhomeostasis”,sometrafficaccidentsresultfrom_______.

4.Bysaying“...statisticallycancelingoutthebenefitsthattheseatbeltconfers”(Para.2),theauthormeans______.

5.Whichofthefollowingmaycontributetoalongerlifespan?

问题1选项

A.themortalityratecannotbepredicted

B.thedeathtollremainedstableyearafteryear

C.aquotaforeachtypeofdeathhasnotcomeintobeing

D.peoplelosttheirliveseveryyearforthisorthatreason

问题2选项

A.havehelpedsolvetheproblemofsohighdeathrate

B.haveoddlyaccountedformortalityratesinthepastcentury

C.havereducedmortalityratesforviolentandaccidentaldeaths

D.haveachievednoeffectinbringingdownthenumberofdeaths

问题3选项

A.ourinnatedesireforrisk

B.ourfastandrecklessdriving

C.ourignoranceofseatbeltbenefits

D.ourinstinctiveinterestinspeeding

问题4选项

A.wearingseatbeltsdoesnothaveanybenefitsfromthestatisticpointofview

B.deathsfromwearingseatbeltsarethesameasthosefromnotwearingthem

C.deathsfromotherreasonscounterbalancethebenefitsofwearingseatbelts

D.wearingseatbeltsdoesnotnecessarilyreducedeathsfromtrafficaccidents

问题5选项

A.Showingadequatetrustinsteadofsuspicionofothers.

B.Eatingthefoodlowinfatanddrivingwithgreatcare.

C.Cultivatinganoptimisticpersonalityandneverlosingheart.

D.Lookingonthebrightsideanddevelopingabalancedlevelofrisk.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:C

【解析】1.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第一段“Thepredictabilityofourmortalityratesissomethingthathaslongpuzzledsocialscientists...Nooneestablishesaquotaforeachtypeofdeath.Itjusthappensthattheyfollowaconsistentpatternyearafteryear.(死亡率的可预测性长期以来一直困扰着社会科学家……没有人为每种死亡类型设定一个限额。他们只是年复一年地遵循着一种一成不变的模式。)”由此可知B选项“死亡人数年复一年保持稳定”说法正确。A选项“死亡率无法预测”,文章的意思为死亡人数年复一年保持稳定,所以社会科学家很难预测死亡率的变化,并不是说死亡率不可预测,所以A选项说法错误;C选项“还没有形成每种死亡类型的限额”和D选项“人们每年因为这个或那个原因而失去生命”虽然文中都有提到,但这些都是死亡人数保持稳定的原因,不是主要困扰社会科学家们的问题。因此B选项正确。

2.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段“HenoticedthatmortalityratesforviolentandaccidentaldeathsthroughouttheWesternworldhaveremainedoddlystaticthroughoutthewholeofthecentury,despiteallthetechnologicaladvancesandincreasesinsafetystandardsthathavehappenedinthattime.(他注意到,整个世纪以来,尽管在这段时间里发生了所有的技术进步和安全标准提高,西方世界的暴力和意外死亡死亡率一直保持着奇怪的稳定。)”,由此可知技术进步和安全标准的提高并未降低各种原因的死亡人数,所以D选项“没有达到降低死亡人数的效果”说法正确。A选项“帮助解决了高死亡率的问题”、B选项“在过去的一个世纪中对死亡率的解释很奇怪”以及C选项“减少了暴力和意外死亡的死亡率”都不符合文章事实,因此D选项正确。

3.判断推理题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段“Accordingtothistheory,peopleinstinctivelylivewithacertainlevelofrisk.Whensomethingismadesafer,peoplewillgetaroundthemeasureinsomewaytoreasserttheoriginallevelofdanger...Itappears,then,thatwehaveaninnateneedfordanger.(根据这一理论,人们本能地生活在一定程度的风险中。当某物变得更安全时,人们会以某种方式绕过该措施,重新确认原来的危险水平……这样看来,我们对危险有一种天生的需求。)”,由此可知A选项“我们天生的冒险欲望”说法正确。B选项“我们的快速和鲁莽驾驶”;C选项“我们对安全带好处的无知”;D选项“我们对超速的本能兴趣”文章虽然都有提到,但那些都并不是体内风险平衡理论主要阐述的导致交通事故的根本原因,因此A选项正确。

4.判断推理题。根据题干可定位到文章第二段“If,forinstance,theyarerequiredtowearseatbelts,theywillfeelsaferandthuswilldrivealittlefasterandalittlemorerecklessly,therebystatisticallycancelingoutthebenefitsthattheseatbeltconfers.(例如,如果他们被要求系上安全带,他们会感到更安全,因此会开车更快一点,更鲁莽一点,从而从统计学上抵消了安全带带来的好处。)”,由此可知从统计学的角度说,开快车开鲁莽车导致的死亡人数的增加抵消了系保险带引起的死亡人数减少的好处,所以C选项“其他原因造成的死亡抵消了系安全带的好处”符合题意。A选项“从统计的角度来看,系安全带没有任何好处”和B选项“系安全带和不系安全带造成的死亡是一样的”以及D选项“系上安全带不一定能减少交通事故的死亡人数”都不是作者想要表达的意思。因此C选项正确。

5.判断推理题。根据最后一段“peoplewithasuspiciousormistrustfulnaturedieprematurelyfarmoreoftenthanpeoplewithasunnydisposition.(性格多疑的人比性格开朗的人更容易过早死亡)”可知A选项“对他人表现出足够的信任而不是怀疑”说法错误,文章提到的是要保持性格开朗,C选项“培养乐观的性格,永不气馁”正确;根据最后一段“itisn’tsimplyamatterofadheringtocertainprecautions:eatingtherightfoods,notsmoking,drivingwithcare.(这不仅仅是坚持某些预防措施的问题:吃正确的食物,不吸烟,小心驾驶。)”可知B选项“吃低脂肪的食物,小心驾驶”说法错误,正确的食物不等于低脂肪的食物;根据文章最后一句话“Lookingonthebrightside,itseems,canaddyearstoyourlifespan.(往好的方面看,它似乎可以延长你的寿命。)”可知D选项“看到光明的一面,发展一个平衡的风险水平”说法错误,后半句文章没有提到。因此C选项正确。

4.单选题

Ⅶ.Humanrightsareoftenpresentedastheoutcomeofalongandnoblematurationprocessofintellectualideassuchasfreedom,equalityorhumandignity—basicallyastheultimatecrystallizationofEnlightenmentideas.Thecontemporaryimportanceofhumanrightsisthenviewedasthefinalresultoftheforwardmarchofhistory,reasonorcivilization,advancingtheinherentrightsanddignityofeveryperson.Inthisvein,alargebodyofliteraturehasfocusedontheprecursorsofhumanrights,claimingthattheideaofuniversalhumandignityandindividualrightsultimatelyderivesfrom,forinstance,CatholicChristianity,ProtestantismortheFrenchenlightenment.ThesearethekindofnarrativesandhistoriesthathavebeendeeplycriticizedbyNietzsche(尼采)(orlaterFoucault(福柯))becausetheymisconstruethepastasateleologyleadingto,andjustifying,thecurrentstateofaffairs.InsteadNietzscheproposedagenealogicalmethodology,whichgivescredittothecontingent,unpredictable,hiddenandoftendarkcurrentsofhistory.Fromthisperspective,thejobofthehistorian,sociologistorphilosopherisnottoreconstructthelinearpathfromwhichhumanrightshavevictoriouslyemergedbuttoinvestigatethehaphazardmake-upofhumanrights,lookingintothecontingentconditionsandunforeseencircumstancesoutofwhichvaluesgrow.

InTheSacrednessofthePersonHansJoas(汉斯•约阿斯)seekstoconnectNietzsche’sawarenessofhistoricalcontingencywithrespecttothegenesisofvalueswiththemoresociologicalquestionofwhyhumanrightsanduniversalhumandignityservenowasanewglobalcultureandmorality.Basically,howcanwebestdescribeandexplainthedeepmoralcommitmentandalmostuniversalappealofhumanrights,functioningtodayasadefactoglobalcivilreligionwithitsowntransnationalsymbolssuchastheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRightsorsharedritualssuchasUN’sUniversalPeriodicReview?However,incontrasttoaNietzscheanreading,Joasdoesnotassuchwanttocriticizeordeconstructtheideaofuniversalhumanrights.He,thus,devisesbotharesearchobjectandapproachthatisnotcriticalbyconventionalsociologicalmeasurebutmoregearedtowardsaninterpretiveapproach.Moreprecisely,whileacknowledgingthathumanrightsareagenuinehistoricalinnovation,healsowantstopreserve—andexplain—thenowself-evidentmoralcharacterthathumanrightshaveforthosewhofeelboundbythem.

1.Fromthefirstparagraph,onecanknowthatNietzscheorFoucault___.

2.NietzscheorlaterFoucaultcriticizedthelargenumberofliteraturebecause___.

3.Accordingtothesecondparagraph,HansJoastriesto___.

4.ThedifferencebetweenNietzscheandJoasisthat___.

问题1选项

A.isascholarwhousesteleologicalmethodtowardshumanrights

B.disagreeswiththeteleologicalmethodofresearch

C.claimsthattheideaofuniversalhumandignityandindividualrightsultimatelyderivesfromCatholicChristianity,ProtestantismortheFrenchenlightenment

D.thinksthathumanrightsisthefinalresultoftheforwardmarchofhistory,reasonorcivilization

问题2选项

A.theyusedagenealogicalmethodology

B.theideaofuniversalhumandignityandindividualrightsultimatelydoesnotderivefromCatholicChristianity,ProtestantismortheFrenchenlightenment

C.donotgivecredittothecontingent,unpredictable,hiddenandoftendarkcurrentsofhistory

D.theymisconstruethepastasateleologyleadingtothecurrentstateofaffairs

问题3选项

A.connectNietzsche’sawarenessofhistoricalcontingencythemoresociologicalquestion

B.explainthedeepmoralcommitmentandalmostuniversalappealofhumanrights

C.describethefunctioningofhumanrightsasadefactoglobalcivilreligion

D.describetheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRightsasthetransnationalsymbolofhumanrights

问题4选项

A.thelatterwantstocriticizeordeconstructtheideaofuniversalhumanrights

B.theformerdevisesbotharesearchobjectandapproachthatisnotcriticalbyconventionalsociologicalmeasure

C.thelatteralsowantstoexplainthenowself-evidentmoralcharacterofhumanrights

D.theformeracknowledgesthathumanrightsareagenuinehistoricalinnovation

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:C

【解析】1.推理判断题。根据题干关键词“NietzscheorFoucault”定位到原文第一段Inthisvein,alargebodyofliteraturehasfocusedontheprecursorsofhumanrights,claimingthattheideaofuniversalhumandignityandindividualrightsultimatelyderivesfrom,forinstance,CatholicChristianity,ProtestantismortheFrenchenlightenment.ThesearethekindofnarrativesandhistoriesthathavebeendeeplycriticizedbyNietzsche(orlaterFoucault)becausetheymisconstruethepastasateleologyleadingto,andjustifying,thecurrentstateofaffairs.(在这一脉络下,大量的文献聚焦于人权的先驱者,声称普遍的人类尊严和个人权利的理念最终源于诸如天主教、新教或法国启蒙运动等。这些叙述和历史被尼采(或后来的福柯)深刻批评,因为它们将过去误读为一种导致并证明事件现状的目的论)可知尼采或福柯批评目的论,选B选项“不同意目的论的研究方法”,A选项“是一位用目的论方法研究人权的学者”以及C选项“认为人类普遍尊严和个人权利的理念最终源于天主教、新教或法国启蒙运动”在文中属于人权的先驱者,不是尼采或福柯的观点,偷换概念,排除;D选项“认为人权是历史、理性或文明前进的最终结果”未在第一段提及。因此B选项正确。

2.事实细节题。根据题干关键词“NietzscheorFoucault”定位到原文第一段Inthisvein,alargebodyofliteraturehasfocusedontheprecursorsofhumanrights,claimingthattheideaofuniversalhumandignityandindividualrightsultimatelyderivesfrom,forinstance,CatholicChristianity,ProtestantismortheFrenchenlightenment.ThesearethekindofnarrativesandhistoriesthathavebeendeeplycriticizedbyNietzsche(orlaterFoucault)becausetheymisconstruethepastasateleologyleadingto,andjustifying,thecurrentstateofaffairs.(在这一脉络下,大量的文献聚焦于人权的先驱者,声称普遍的人类尊严和个人权利的理念最终源于诸如天主教、新教或法国启蒙运动等。这些叙述和历史被尼采(或后来的福柯)深刻批评,因为它们将过去误读为一种导致并证明事件现状的目的论)可知选D选项“它们把过去误解为一种导致当前事态的目的论”以及B选项“普遍的人类尊严和个人权利的想法最终不是来自天主教、基督教,新教或法国启蒙运动”并不是尼采或福柯后来批评大量的文学的原因;第一段InsteadNietzscheproposedagenealogicalmethodology,whichgivescredittothecontingent,unpredictable,hiddenandoftendarkcurrentsofhistory.(相反,尼采提出了一个谱系方法论,它把归信于偶然的,不可预测的,隐藏的,经常是黑暗的历史潮流)可知A选项“他们使用了一种谱系方法论”和C选项“不相信偶然的,不可预测的,隐藏的,经常是黑暗的历史潮流”是尼采所赞同的,排除。因此D选项正确。

3.事实细节题。根据题干关键词“HansJoas”定位到原文第二段第一句InTheSacrednessofthePersonHansJoasseekstoconnectNietzsche’sawarenessofhistoricalcontingencywithrespecttothegenesisofvalueswiththemoresociologicalquestionofwhyhumanrightsanduniversalhumandignityservenowasanewglobalcultureandmorality.(在《人的神圣性》一书中,汉斯•约阿斯试图将尼采关于价值起源的历史偶然性意识与更多的社会学问题联系起来,即为什么人权和普遍的人类尊严现在成为一种新的全球文化和道德)可知选A选项“将尼采的历史偶然性意识与更多的社会学问题联系起来”以及B选项“解释人权的深刻的道德承诺和几乎普遍的呼吁”错误;C选项“将人权的运作描述为事实上的全球公民宗教”和D选项“将《世界人权宣言》描述为人权的跨国象征”不符合原文。因此A选项正确。

4.事实细节题。根据题干关键词“NietzscheandJoas”定位到原文第二段Moreprecisely,whileacknowledgingthathumanrightsareagenuinehistoricalinnovation,healsowantstopreserve—andexplain—thenowself-evidentmoralcharacterthathumanrightshaveforthosewhofeelboundbythem.(更确切地说,在承认人权是一种真正的历史创新的同时,他还希望保护——并解释——人权对那些感到受其约束的人所具有的如今不言而喻的道德品质)可知选C选项“后者还想解释现在不言而喻的人权的道德特征”以及D选项“前者承认人权是一种真正的历史创新”错误,尼采和乔斯都承认人权是一种真正的历史创新;第二段However,incontrasttoaNietzscheanreading,Joasdoesnotassuchwanttocriticizeordeconstructtheideaofuniversalhumanrights.He,thus,devisesbotharesearchobjectandapproachthatisnotcriticalbyconventionalsociologicalmeasurebutmoregearedtowardsaninterpretiveapproach.(然而,与尼采的解读相反,乔斯并不想批评或解构普遍人权的理念。因此,他设计了一种研究对象和方法,这种方法不是由传统的社会学度量来评判的,而是更倾向于解释性的方法)可知乔斯并不想批评或解构普遍人权的理念,而尼采会批评或解构普遍人权的理念,A选项“后者是对普遍人权思想的批判或解构”,B选项“前者设计了一个研究对象和方法,这不是批判性的传统社会学措施”和原文相悖。因此C选项正确。

5.单选题

Agoodmanyhouses()knockeddownbytheearthquake.

问题1选项

A.was

B.were

C.is

D.are

【答案】B

【解析】考查被动语态。根据题干中的houses可知空格处的be动词应填复数形式,故排除A选项和C选项。句意:许多房子在地震中被震垮了。根据句意可知地震是过去发生的事情,所以用wereknockeddown,即被动式的过去,因此B选项正确。

6.单选题

Thespontaneityofchildren’sartworksetsitapartfromtheregulateduniformityofmuchofwhatotherwisegoonintraditionalelementaryclassrooms.

问题1选项

A.sets

B.apartfrom

C.muchof

D.goon

【答案】D

【解析】根据题中“muchofthose”可知,D选项中go应该用第三人称单数形式“goes”,句意:儿童艺术作品的自发性有别于传统小学课堂上的规范的一致性。选项D符合题意。

7.单选题

Theinfluenceofclimateonbehaviorappearsall-pervasive.Indeed,whocanclaimthatweatherfactorshavenoinfluenceontheirdecision-making?Everyonecanpointtoinstanceswhereplansandactivitieshavebeenchangedbecauseofweatherconditions.People'smoodsalsochangewiththeweather:brightsunnydaysseemtoliftspirits,whiledarkrainyperiodsbringondepression.

Lawenforcementagenciesarebeginningtoshowinterestintheeffectofatmosphericconditionsonbehavior.Everyyear,theFBI'sUniformCrimeReportsprovidebreakdownsofthecrimeratesbymonthandseasonoftheyear.Bothmonthlyandseasonalvariationsareconsideredtoreflectthevaryinginfluenceoftemperature,precipitation,humidity,lengthofdaylight,andanumberofotherclimatologicalfactors.

Variousstudiesfindrelationshipsbetweenspecificclimatologicalconditionsandcrime.Risingtemperatureisgenerallyaccompaniedbyincreasesinaggressionandviolentcrime.Ontheotherhand,highhumidityappearstoreducetheincidenceofphysicalactivityandaggression.Rain,cloudcover,andotherformsofinclementweatherareassociatedwithlowerlevelsofpropertycrimesandincreaseddepression.

Ourstudyshowedthatlowhumidityhasthemostwidespreadinfluenceonalltypesofcrimestudied.Theanalysisalsoshowsthatashumidityincreasesthelevelofcrimedecreases.TemperaturealsohasagreateffectIncreasingtemperaturefailstoinfluencethenumberofnighttimeburglaries,butitalsoincreasestheothercrimecategories.Burglariesanddaytimeassaultsalsotendtoincreasealongwithcloudcover.Exceptforwindspeedandbarometricpressurewithregardtodaytimeassaults,theremainingweatherfactorshavevirtuallynoinfluenceonthelevelsofcrime.

Individualswhorespondwithcriminalbehaviortoweatherchangesorweatherextrememaybecontrollablebyadministeringdrugsthatoffsettheseinfluences.Electricalstimulationofpleasurecentersinthebrainmaysomedaybeafeasiblecountermeasuretoaggressivestimuliduetoincreasedtemperatureorotherweathervariables.

Changingormanipulatingtheweatherisonepossiblemeansofattackingaweather-crimeinteraction.Thisapproachmaynotbefeasibleduetothemanyrelationshipsbetweenweatherclimateandtherotationoftheearth.Minorchangesmaybepossiblesuchasregulationofrainfallorskycover.Ontheotherhand,temperaturecontrolmaybepossible.

Moreresearchisneededtoassessandclarifytherelationshipbetweencrimeandthevariousclimatologicalfactors.Oncethisisaccomplished,itwillbenecessarytodevisemoreaccuratemeansofforecastingtheweather,counteractingtheeffectsofweatheronhumanbehavior,andcontrollingtheenvironment,oridentifyingotherapproachestotheproblem.

1.Peoplearelikelytobeveryactiveandaggressive(

).

2.Peopleareinlowspirits

).

3.Allthefollowingstatementsaretrueexceptthat

).

4.Thefollowingarealloptimum-conditionsexcept

).

5.Whichofthefollowingwaystohandlecrimeisnotmention(

).

问题1选项

A.whenitisrainyandcloudy

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