考研考博-英语-天津大学仁爱学院考试押题三合一+答案详解篇

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-天津大学仁爱学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Inrecentyears,wehaveallwatchedtheincreasingcommercializationofthecampus.Thenumerousadvertisingpostersandthegoldenarchesoffastfoodoutletsmaybeanaffronttoouraestheticsensibilities,buttheyare,arguably,noworsethanugly.Someoftheothernewfeaturesofcommercializedcampuslifedo,however,constituteaseriousthreattothingswerightlyrevere.“Privatization”andthe“businessmodel”arethepotentialmenace.

Whatdothesenotionsmean?Tome,theyinvolveanincreaseddependenceonindustryandphilanthropyforoperatingtheuniversity;anincreasedamountofourresourcesbeingdirectedtoappliedorso-calledpracticalsubjects,bothinteachingandinresearch;aproprietarytreatmentofresearchresults,withthecommercialinterestinsecrecyoverridingthepublic’sinterestinfree,sharedknowledge;andanattempttoruntheuniversitymorelikeabusinessthattreatsindustryandstudentsasclientsandourselvesasserviceproviderswithsomethingtosell.Wepayincreasingattentiontotheimmediateneedsanddemandsofour“customers”and,astheoldsayinggoes,“thecustomerisalwaysright”.

Privatizationisparticularlyfrighteningfromthepointofviewofpublicwell-being.Aresearcheremployedbyauniversity-affiliatedhospitalinCanada,workingundercontractwithapharmaceuticalcompany,madepublicherfindingsthataparticulardrugwasharmful.Thisviolatedthetermsofhercontract,andsoshewasfired.Herdismissalcausedascandal,andshewassubsequentlyreinstated.Theuniversityandhospitalinquestionarenowworkingoutsomethingakintotenureforhospital-basedresearchersandguidelinesforcontracts,sothatmorepublicdisclosureofprivatelyfundedresearchwillbecomepossible.Thisisararevictoryandasmallstepintherightdirection,butthegeneraltrendistheotherway.Thankstoprofit-drivenprivatefunding,researchersarenotonlyforcedtokeepvaluableinformationsecret,theyareoftencontractuallyobligedtokeepdiscovereddangerstopublichealthunderwraps,too.Ofcourse,wemustnotbetoonaiveaboutthis.Governmentscanunwiselyinsistinsecrecy,too,asdidtheBritishMinistryofAgriculture,Fisheries,andFoodintheworktheyfundedinconnectionwiththebovinespongiformencephalopathyepidemic.Thispreventedothersfromreviewingtherelevantdataandpointingoutthatproblemsweremoreseriousthangovernmentwaslettingon.

1.Fromthefirstparagraphwecanlearnthatthecampuslifebecome（

）.

2.Theauthorbelievesthatweshouldpay

（

）.

3.Theresearchermentionedinthethirdparagraphwasfiredbecause

（

）.

4.Itisimpliedinthepassagethat

（

）.

5.Theauthorarguesfor（

）.

问题1选项

A.moreconvenient

B.ratherugly

C.somewhatharmful

D.nomoreaestheticthanbefore

问题2选项

A.moreattentiontotheimmediateneedsanddemandsofourcustomers

B.dueattentiontothepublicinterestinfree,sharedknowledge

C.littleattentiontoappliedsubjects

D.considerableattentiontothecommercialinterestinthesecrecyofresearchresults

问题3选项

A.sheworkedforapharmaceuticalcompany

B.shewasobligedtokeepherdiscoveriessecret

C.shefailedtokeepherresearchresultssecret

D.shecommittedherselftoacontractwithacompany

问题4选项

A.thegeneralpublicistoonaivetoacceptthe“privatization”

B.itisageneraltrendthattherewillbemorepublicdisclosureofprivatelyfundedresearch

C.thenotionthat‘thecustomerisalwaysright”isoutofdate

D.thebovinespongiformencephalopathyepidemicinBritainwasmoreseriousthanwhatwasdisclosed

问题5选项

A.publicdisclosureofprivatelyfundedresearch

B.profit-drivenprivatefunding

C.thecooperationofuniversitiesandhospitals

D.theincreasingcommercializationofthecampus

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:D

第5题:A

【解析】1.文章第一段someoftheothernewfeaturesofcommercializedcampuslifedo,however,constituteaseriousthreattothingswerightlyrevere提到商业化正严重威胁学生的校园生活，选项C符合题意。

2.文章第二段withthecommercialinterestinsecrecyoverridingthepublic’sinterestinfree,sharedknowledge;andanattempttoruntheuniversitymorelikeabusinessthattreatsindustryandstudentsasclientsandourselvesasserviceproviderswithsomethingtosell提到商业利益的保密性凌驾于大众的知情权之上，他们试图把大学变成一个商业场所，作者对这种做法是表示批判的，因此可以推断出作者认为应该给予大众知情权。选项B符合题意。

3.文章第三段提到这位研究者与公司是签订了保密协议的，但是她却将公司生产有害药品的事情公之于众(madepublicherfindingsthataparticulardrugwasharmful)，因此她违反了当初签的协议，所以被解雇了。选项C符合题意。

4.文章最后一段ofcourse,wemustnotbetoonaiveaboutthis.Governmentscanunwiselyinsistinsecrecy,too,asdidtheBritishMinistryofAgriculture,Fisheries,andFoodintheworktheyfundedinconnectionwiththebovinespongiformencephalopathyepidemic提到政府同样会对安全信息保密，然后举了这个bovinespongiformencephalopathy这个病，言下之意是政府报道出的内容没有实际的严重，选项D符合题意。

5.作者在文章中是支持把信息公开的，对那些剥夺民众知情权的做法是表示反对的，所以选项A符合题意。

2.单选题

问题1选项

A.Itmaytakequitesometimetorecover.

B.Itcanbefixedwithaminoroperation

C.Itislessseriousthansheexpected.

D.ItrequiresanotherX-raytext.

【答案】C

【解析】11.W:Neithermyunclenormyelbowisbroken.Notevenalittlebit.

M:Neitherofthem.They’rebothbruised,butnotbroken.Here’stheX-rayreports.

Q:Whatcanwelearnaboutthewoman’sinjury?

【试题答案】C

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干为：关于这位女士的伤势我们能知道什么？由文中“Neithermyanklenormyelbowisbroken.（我的脚关节和肘关节都没有断）”和“They’rebothbruised,butnotbroken.（它们都只是擦伤，没有断）”，可知C选项“Itislessseriousthansheexpected.（不如她想象中严重）”符合原文。A选项“Itmaytakequitesometimetorecover.（恢复可能需要相当长的一段时间）”B选项“Itcanbefixedwithaminoroperation.（只要做个小手术就可以治好）”D选项“ItrequiresanotherX-raytest.（关节需要再做X光检查）”不符合原文。

3.单选题

Hetreatedatwenty-one-year-oldgirlwithastubborncaseofheadache.

问题1选项

A.panic

B.persistent

C.severe

D.stern

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词辨析。stubborn表示“顽固的，顽强的”；A项panic“恐慌的”，B项persistent“执着的，坚持不懈的”，C项severe“严峻的，严厉的”，D项stern“严厉的，坚定的”。句意：他治疗了一个患有顽固性头痛的21岁女孩。根据句意可知，该题选择B项正确。

4.单选题

EverysecondintheUnitedStatesalone,morethan250animalsareslaughteredforfood,addinguptomorethan8billionanimalseachyear.Reducingtheamountofmeatinone'sdietisnutritionallyenvironmentallyandethicallybeneficial.

Peoplewhoeatmeatusuallyhaveweakerimmunesystemscomparedtothoseofvegetarians.Meathasbeendirectlylinkedtodiabetes,obesity,arthritis,andmanyotherillnesses.Furthermore,meat-eatersareatahigherriskfordiseases,includingcancer,andtheyaremorelikelytodiefromthesediseases.Criticssaythatameatlessdietdoesnotprovideenoughnutrients,especiallyproteinandiron.Actually,accordingtoATeen'sGuidetoGoingVegetarian,byJudyKrizmanic,proteinisfoundinalmosteveryfood,andironappearsinmanyvegetables.Gettingenoughnutrientsinameat-reduceddietshouldnotbedifficult.A2008studyfoundthatsomeofthehighestpesticideresiduesappearinmeatandeggs.Dietsincludingmorefruitsandvegetableswillonlymakepeoplehealthier.

Someskepticsbelievethattherewillbeashortageoffoodifanimalsarenoteaten.Infact,theoppositeistrue.Morethan80%ofthecomand95%oftheoatsgrownintheU.S.arefedtolivestock.Theworld'scattlealoneconsumeenoughfoodtoequalthecaloricneedsof8.7billionpeople.OnehalfofthewaterusedintheUnitedStatesalsogoestolivestock;2.50gallonsofwaterproducesonly1lb.ofbeef.Ifpeopleeatlessmeatandmoreplants,theamountofavailablefoodwillincrease.

Manypeoplebecomevegetariansbecausetheyfeelthateatinganimalsisunethical.90%oftheseanimalsareraisedinconfinement.Chickensandotherbirdshaveonlyabouthalfasquarefootofspaceeach,andsincetheyareraisedsoclosetogether,alotbladeisusedtocutofftheirbeakstopreventthemfrompeckingeachothertodeath.Likewise,pigsthatarerepressedwillbiteeachother'stails,soboththeirteethandtailsareremovedassoonastheyareborn.

Eatinganimalsishazardousinnumerousways.Evenaslightreductioninmeatintakeisbetterthannothingatall.Consuminglessmeatisbeneficialtothehealthofanimals,thehealthofpeople,andtothehealthoftheworld.

1.Whydosomepeoplebecomevegetarians?

2.WhichofthefollowingstatementistrueaccordingtothebookATeen’sGuidetoGoingVegetarian?

3.Whydoestheauthorsayreducingtheamountofmeatinone'sdietisenvironmentallybeneficial?

4.Whatistheattitudetheauthorhastowardeatingmeat?

5.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleofthepassage?

问题1选项

A.Theyfeelthateatinganimalsisunethical.

B.Therearefewerlivestockavailableduetotheenvironmentalpollution.

C.Theconsumptionofmeatwillleadtofinancialproblem.

D.Beingavegetarianisbeneficialtotheprotectionofwater

问题2选项

A.Someofthehighestpesticideresiduesappearinmeatandeggs.

B.Ameatlessdietdoesnotprovideenoughnutrients.

C.Proteinscanbefoundinalmosteveryfood.

D.Morethan80%ofthecorninU.S.arefedtolivestock.

问题3选项

A.Peoplewhoeatmeatusuallyhaveweakerimmunesystemscomparedtothoseofvegetarians.

B.Alotoffoodandwaterareconsumedinordertoraiselivestock.

C.90%ofanimalsareraisedinconfinement.

D.Raisinganimalscausesmostofthedestructionofthenature.

问题4选项

A.Positive.

B.Negative.

C.Indifferent.

D.Noneoftheabove.

问题5选项

A.TheAdvantageofEatingLessMeat.

B.WhyPeopleBecomeVegetarian?

C.EnvironmentalProtectionandMeatlessDiet.

D.SaveChickens,SaveBirds.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:B

第5题:A

【解析】1.细节事实题。由文章倒数第二段中的Manypeoplebecomevegetariansbecausetheyfeelthateatinganimalsisunethical.（许多人成为素食者是因为他们觉得吃动物是不道德的）可知A选项“他们觉得吃动物是不道德的”符合题意。

2.细节事实题。由文章第二段中的accordingtoATeen'sGuidetoGoingVegetarian,byJudyKrizmanic,proteinisfoundinalmosteveryfood（根据JudyKrizmanic的《青少年素食指南》，几乎每种食物都含有蛋白质）可知C选项“蛋白质几乎可以在每种食物中找到”符合题意。

3.推理判断题。由文章第三段中的Morethan80%ofthecomand95%oftheoatsgrownintheU.S.arefedtolivestock.Theworld'scattlealoneconsumeenoughfoodtoequalthecaloricneedsof8.7billionpeople.OnehalfofthewaterusedintheUnitedStatesalsogoestolivestock;（美国80%以上的玉米和95%的燕麦用于饲养牲畜。单是世界上的牛就消耗了足够的食物，足以满足87亿人的热量需求。美国一半的用水也用于牲畜）可知饲养牲畜需要消耗大量的食物与水，如果人们减少食肉，那么所需种植食物的土地资源和水资源会减少，将有利于环境保护，因此选B。

4.观点态度题。由文章最后一段中的Eatinganimalsishazardousinnumerousways.（吃动物在很多方面都是有害的）可知作者对吃肉持反对态度，因此选B。

5.主旨大意题。文章第一段提出减少食肉对环境和道德都是有益的；第二段介绍了食肉的人通常比素食者的免疫系统弱；第三段介绍了饲养牲畜消耗了大量的食物与水，如果少食肉，那么可用的食物量就会增大；第三段介绍了许多人成为素食者是因为他们觉得吃动物是不道德的；最后一段总结概括消耗更少的肉有益于动物的健康、人们的健康以及世界的健康。因此A选项“少食肉的好处”符合题意。1

5.单选题

Untilaboutfiveyearsago,theveryideathatpeptidehormonesmightbemadeanywhereinthebrainbesidesthehypothalamuswasastounding-Peptidehormones,scientiststhought,weremadebyendocrineglandsandthehypothalamuswasthoughttobethebrains’onlyendocrinegland.Whatismore,becausepeptidehormonescannotcrosstheblood-brainbarrier;researchersbelievedthattheynevergottoanypartofthebrainotherthanthehypothalamus,wheretheyweresimplyproducedandthenreleasedintothebloodstream.

Butthesebeliefsaboutpeptidehormoneswerequestionedaslaboratoryafterlaboratoryfoundthatantiserumstopeptidehormones,wheninjectedintothebrain,bindinplacesotherthanthehypothalamus,indicatingthateitherthehormonesorsubstancesthatcross-reactwiththeantiserumsarepresent.Theimmunologicalmethodofdetectingpeptidehormonesbymeansofantiserums,however,isimprecise.Cross-reactionsarepossible,andthismethodcannotdeterminewhetherthesubstancesdetectedbytheantiserumsreallyarethehormones,ormerelycloserelatives.Furthermorethismethodcannotbeusedtodeterminethelocationinthebodywherethedetectedsubstancesareactuallyproduced.

Newtechniquesofmolecularbiology,however,provideawaytoanswerthesequestions.ItispossibletomakespecificcomplementaryDNA’s(CDNA’s)thatcanserveasmolecularprobestoseekoutthemessengerRNA’s(mRNA’s)ofthepeptidehormones.Ifbraincellsaremakingthehormones,thecellswillcontainthesemRNA’s.Iftheproductsthebraincellsmakeresemblethehormonesbutarenotidenticaltothem,thenthecDNA’sshouldstillbindtothesemRNA’s,butshouldnotbindastightlyastheywouldtomRNA’sforthetruehormones.ThecellscontainingthesemRNA’scanthenbeisolatedandtheirmRNA’sdecodedtodeterminejustwhattheirproteinproductsareandhowcloselytheproductsresemblethetruepeptidehormones.

ThemolecularapproachtodetectingpeptidehormonesusingcDNAprobesshouldalsobemuchfasterthantheimmunologicalmethodbecauseitcantakeyearsoftediouspurificationstoisolatepeptidehormonesandthendevelopantiserumstothem.Roberts,expressingthesentimentofmanyresearchers,states:“Iwastrainedasanendocrinologist.Butitbecamecleartomethatthefieldofendocrinologyneededmolecularbiologyinput.Theprocessofgrindingoutproteinpurificationsisjusttooslow.”

If,astheinitialtestswithcDNAprobessuggest,peptidehormonesreallyaremadeinthebraininareasotherthanthehypothalamus,atheorymustbedevelopedthatexplainstheirfunctioninthebrain.Somehavesuggestedthatthehormonesareallgrowthregulators,butRosen’sworkonratbrainsindicatesthatthiscannotbetrue.Anumberofotherresearchersproposethattheymightbeusedforintercellularcommunicationinthebrain.

1.Whichofthefollowingtitlesbestsummarizesthepassage?

2.Thepassagesuggeststhatasubstancedetectedinbrainbyuseofantiserumstopeptidehormonesmay（

）.

3.Thepassageimpliesthat,indoingresearchonratbrains,Rosendiscoveredthat

（

）.

4.Whichofthefollowingisawayinwhichtheimmunologicalmethodofdetectingpeptidehormonesdiffersfromthemolecularmethod?

问题1选项

A.IsMolecularBiologytheKeytoUnderstandingIntercellularCommunicationintheBrain?

B.MolecularBiology:CanResearchersExploitItsTechniquestoSynthesizePeptideHormones?

C.TheAdvantagesandDisadvantagesoftheImmunologicalApproachtoDetectingPeptideHormones.

D.PeptideHormones:HowScientistsAreAttemptingtoSolveProblemsofTheirDetection.

问题2选项

A.havebeenstoredinthebrainforalongperiodoftimeandtoUnderstandTheirFunction

B.playnoroleinthefunctioningofthebrain

C.havebeenproducedinsomepartofthebodyotherthanthebrain

D.playanimportantroleinthefunctioningofhypothalamus

问题3选项

A.peptidehormonesareusedforintercellularcommunication

B.complementaryDNA’sdonotbindtocellsproducingpeptidehormones

C.productscloselyresemblingpeptidehormonesarenotidenticaltopeptidehormone

D.somepeptidehormonesdonotfunctionasgrowthregulators

问题4选项

A.Theimmunologicalmethodusessubstancesthatreactwithproductsofhormone-producingcells,whereasthemolecularmethodusessubstancesthatreactwithaspecificcomponentofthecellsthemselves.

B.Theimmunologicalmethodhasproducedresultsconsistentwithlong-heldbeliefsaboutpeptidehormones,whereasthemolecularmethodhasproducedresultsthatupsetthesebeliefs.

C.Theimmunologicalmethodusesprobesthatcanonlybindwithpeptidehormones,whereasthemolecularmethodusesprobesthatbindwithpeptidehormonesandsubstancessimilartothem

D.Theimmunologicalmethodcanonlybeusedtotestforthepresenceofpeptidehormoneswithinthehypothalamus,whereasthemolecularmethodcanbeusedthroughoutthebrain.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:A

【解析】1.主旨大意题。解答此类题必须找到文章主旨，文章第一段说到了之前关于肽激素的一些研究看法，但第二段开头就出现了转折关系词but，本文的讨论点必然是在but之后出现。第一句说到“Butthesebeliefsaboutpeptidehormoneswerequestionedaslaboratoryafterlaboratoryfoundthatantiserumstopeptidehormones,wheninjectedintothebrain,bindinplacesotherthanthehypothalamus,indicatingthateitherthehormonesorsubstancesthatcross-reactwiththeantiserumsarepresent.但是，这些关于肽激素的观点受到了质疑，因为一个又一个的实验室都发现，抗血清肽激素被注射进大脑后，会在下丘脑以外的地方结合，这表明要么是激素，要么是与抗血清发生交叉反应的物质。”因此下文不会讨论A选项中分子生物学与大脑间通讯，也不会研究B选项技术合成肽激素，也不是讨论C选项检测肽激素的优缺点，而是把重心放在研究肽激素的位置，及怎样去检测它的位置，因此D选项“肽激素:科学家如何试图解决他们的检测问题”符合文意。

2.判断推理题。由题干关键信息定位到文章第二段首句“Butthesebeliefsaboutpeptidehormoneswerequestionedaslaboratoryafterlaboratoryfoundthatantiserumstopeptidehormones,wheninjectedintothebrain,bindinplacesotherthanthehypothalamus,indicatingthateitherthehormonesorsubstancesthatcross-reactwiththeantiserumsarepresent.但是，这些关于肽激素的观点受到了质疑，因为一个又一个的实验室都发现，抗血清肽激素被注射进大脑后，会在下丘脑以外的地方结合，这表明要么是激素，要么是与抗血清发生交叉反应的物质。”说明这些物质是在下丘脑以外的地方结合形成的，因此C选项“是在身体的其他部位产生的，而不是大脑”符合题意。

3.判断推理题。由题干关键词“ratbrains”和“Rosen”定位到文章最后一段第二句“Somehavesuggestedthatthehormonesareallgrowthregulators,butRosen’sworkonratbrainsindicatesthatthiscannotbetrue.有些人认为这些激素都是生长调节剂，但Rosen对老鼠大脑的研究表明这不是真的。”Rosen的研究表明这些激素并不是生长调节剂，因此D选项“有些肽激素没有生长调节剂的功能”符合题意。

4.判断推理题。题干中提到了两个检测肽激素的方式对比，文章第二段详细说明了第一种方法“Theimmunologicalmethodofdetectingpeptidehormonesbymeansofantiserums,however,isimprecise.Cross-reactionsarepossible,andthismethodcannotdeterminewhetherthesubstancesdetectedbytheantiserumsreallyarethehormones,ormerelycloserelatives.然而，用抗血清来测定肽激素的免疫学方法是不精确的，可能产生交叉反应。而且这种方法不能确定抗血清检测到的物质是否真的是激素，有可能仅仅是近亲。”免疫学的方法是用能和产生激素的细胞的产物发生反应的物质检测。第二个方法的描述出现在第三段中“Newtechniquesofmolecularbiology,however,provideawaytoanswerthesequestions.ItispossibletomakespecificcomplementaryDNA’s(CDNA’s)thatcanserveasmolecularprobestoseekoutthemessengerRNA’s(mRNA’s)ofthepeptidehormones.然而，分子生物学的新技术为这些问题提供了答案。科学家可以制造出特异的(specific)互补DNA’s(CDNA’s)，以此作为分子探子(molecularprobe)，探觅出肽激素的信使RNA’s(mRNA’s)。”此处说的“问题”就是第一种方法中说到的“近亲”问题，分子生物学的新技术可以用能和细胞本身的某个特定成分发生反应的物质来检测。因此A选项“免疫学方法使用与产生激素的细胞产生反应的物质，而分子方法使用与细胞自身特定成分发生反应的物质”符合文意。

6.翻译题

中国可持续发展依赖的有限自然资源正在锐减。一方面是生产规模在不断扩大，消耗更多的能源；另一方面是缺少能高效利用能源的生产设备。这迫使我们思考如何为后人留下足够的环境空间以使他们实现他们的愿望。

【答案】答：

ThelimitednaturalresourcesonwhichChina’ssustainabledevelopmentdependsaredecliningsharply.Ontheonehand,theexpandingscaleofproductionleadstoincreasedconsumptionofenergy.Ontheotherhand,theproductionfacilitieswhichusingenergyefficientlyarelacking.Thisforcesustothinkabouthowtoleaveenoughenvironmentalspaceforfuturegenerationstorealizetheiraspirations.

7.单选题

Themayorisawomanwithgreat（）andthereforedeservesourpoliticalandfinancialassistance.

问题1选项

A.integrity

B.instinct

C.intensity

D.insanity

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项integrity“完整；正直；诚实；廉正”；B选项instinct“本能；直觉；天性”；C选项intensity“强度；强烈”；D选项insanity“疯狂；精神错乱；愚顽”。句意：这位市长是一位非常正直的女性，因此值得我们的政治和财政援助。根据句意，A选项正确。

8.单选题

Cultureisthetotalsumofallthetraditions,customs,beliefs,andwaysoflifeofagivengroupofhumanbeings.Inthissense,everygrouphasaculture,howeversavage,undeveloped,oruncivilizeditmayseemtous.

Totheprofessionalanthropologist,thereisnointrinsicsuperiorityofonecultureoveranother,justastotheprofessionallinguistthereisnointrinsichierarchyamonglanguages.

Peopleoncethoughtofthelanguagesofbackwardgroupsassavage,undevelopedformsofspeech,consistinglargelyofgruntsandgroans.Whileitispossiblethatlanguageingeneralbeganasaseriesofgruntsandgroans,itisafactestablishedbythestudyof“backward”languagesthatnospokentongueanswersthatdescriptiontoday.Mostlanguagesofuncivilizedgroupsare,byourmostseverestandards,extremelycomplex,delicate,andingeniouspiecesofmachineryforthetransferofideas.TheyfallbehindourWesternlanguagesnotintheirsoundpatternsorgrammaticalstructures,whichusuallyfullyadequateforalllanguageneeds,butonlyintheirvocabularies,whichreflectstheobjectsandactivitiesknowntotheirspeakers.Eveninthisdepartment,however,twothingsaretobenoted:1.Alllanguagesseemtopossessthemachineryforvocabularyexpansion,eitherbyputtingtogetherwordsalreadyinexistenceorbyborrowingthemfromotherlanguagesandadaptingthemtotheirownsystem.2.Theobjectsandactivitiesrequiringnamesanddistinctionsin“backward”languages,whiledifferentfromours,areoftensurprisinglynumerousandcomplicated.Anaccidentallanguagedistinguishesmerelybetweentwodegreesofremoteness(“this”and“that”);somelanguagesoftheAmericanIndiansdistinguishbetweenwhatisclosetothespeaker,ortothepersonaddressed,orremovedfromboth,oroutofsight,orinthepast,orinthefuture.

Thisstudyoflanguage,inturn,castsanewlightupontheclaimoftheanthropologiststhatallculturearetobeviewedindependently,andwithoutideasofrankorhierarchy.

1.ThelanguageofuncivilizedgroupsascomparedtoWesternlanguagesarelimitedin（）.

2.Theauthorsaysthatprofessionallinguistsrecognizethat（）.

3.Thearticlestatesthatgrunt-and-groanformsofspeecharefound（）.

4.Accordingtotheauthor,languages,whethercivilizedornot,have（）.

5.Whichofthefollowingisimpliedbutnotarticulatedinthepassage?

问题1选项

A.soundpatterns

B.vocabularies

C.grammaticalstructures

D.bothAandB

问题2选项

A.WesternlanguagesaresuperiortoEasternlanguages

B.Alllanguagescamefromgruntsandgroans

C.Thehierarchyoflanguagesisdifficulttounderstand

D.Thereisnohierarchyoflanguages

问题3选项

A.nowheretoday

B.amongtheAustralianaborigines

C.amongEasterncultures

D.amongpeoplespeaking“backward”languages

问题4选项

A.thepotentialforexpandingvocabulary

B.theirownsoundpatterns

C.anabilitytotransferideas

D.grammaticalstructures

问题5选项

A.Thestudyoflanguageshasdiscreditedanthropologicalstudies.

B.Thestudyoflanguagehasreinforcedanthropologistsintheirviewthatthereisnohierarchyamongcultures.

C.Thestudyoflanguageisthesameasthestudyofanthropologists.

D.Thestudyoflanguagescastsanewlightupontheclaimofanthropologists.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:A

第5题:B

【解析】1.细节事实题。根据第三段的第四句“TheyfallbehindourWesternlanguagesnotintheirsoundpatternsorgrammaticalstructures,whichusuallyfullyadequateforalllanguageneeds,butonlyintheirvocabularies,whichreflectstheobjectsandactivitiesknowntotheirspeakers.它们（不文明群体的语言）落后于我们的西方语言，通常不是在完全满足所有语言所需要的声音模式或语法结构上，而只是在反映说话者所知道的对象和活动的词汇上。”由此可知，与西方语言相比，不文明群体的语言在词汇方面受到限制，所以选项B正确。

2.细节事实题。根据原文第二段的内容“对于专业的人类学家来说，文化之间没有本质上的优越，正如对于专业的语言学家来说，语言之间也没有本质上的等级关系。”由此可知，选项D符合原文。

3.判断推理题。根据第三段一、二句的内容“人们曾经认为落后群体的语言是野蛮的、不发达的语言形式，主要由咕哝和呻吟组成。虽然语言可能是从一系列的咕哝和呻吟开始的，但对‘落后’语言的研究证实，现在的口语语言都不符合这一描述。”也就是说，咕哝和呻吟的语言形式现在已经不存在了，所以选项A正确。

4.细节事实题。第三段提及“Alllanguagesseemtopossessthemachineryforvocabularyexpansion,eitherbyputtingtogetherwordsalreadyinexistenceorbyborrowingthemfromotherlanguagesandadaptingthemtotheirownsystem.所有的语言似乎都有扩充词汇的机制，它们可以把已经存在的词汇组合在一起，也可以从其他语言中借用词汇并使其适应自己的系统。”由此可知，作者认为语言无论文明与否，都有扩大词汇量的潜力，选项A符合原文。

5.判断推理题。根据原文最后一段的内容“这种对语言的研究，反过来又为人类学家的主张提供了新的线索，即所有的文化都应该被独立地看待，没有等级或层级的观念。”选项A和选项C在文中没有信息体现；D选项是原文明确提出的观点，不符合题干的意思。B选项“对语言的研究强化了人类学家的观点，即文化之间没有等级之分”与最后一段表达的意思一致，所以正确。

9.单选题

Green-spacefacilitiesarecontributingtoanimportantextenttothequalityoftheurbanenvironment.Fortunatelyitisnolongernecessarythateverylectureoreverybookaboutthissubjecthastostartwiththeproofofthisidea.Atpresentitisgenerallyaccepted,althoughmoreaself-evidentstatementthanonthebaseofaclosely-reasonedscientificproof.Therecognitionoftheimportanceofgreen-spacesintheurbanenvironmentisafirststepontherightway,thisdoesnotmean,however,thatsufficientdetailsareknownaboutthefunctionsofgreen-spaceintownsandaboutthewayinwhichtheinhabitantsareusingthesespaces.Astothisrathercomplexsubject,Ishall,withinthescopeofthislecture,enterintooneaspectonly,namelytherecreativefunctionofgreenspacefacilities.

Thetheoreticalseparationofliving,working,trafficandrecreationwhichformanyyearshasbeenusedintownandcountryplanning,hasinmyopinionresultedindisproportionateattentionfor,formsofrecreationfarfromhome,whereastherewasrelativelylittleattentionforimprovementofrecreativepossibilitiesinthedirectneighbourhoodofthehome.Wehavecometotheconclusionthatthisisnotright,becauseanimportantpartofthetimewhichwedonotpassinsleepingorworking,isusedforactivitiesaspossible,andthedesignofthesehastobesuchthatmoreobligatoryactivitiescanalsohavearecreativeaspect.

Theverybeststandardoflivingisnothingifitisnotpossibletotakeapleasantwalkinthedistrict,ifthechildrencannotbeallowedtoplayinthestreets,becausetherisksoftrafficaretoogreatifduringshoppingyoucannowherefindaspotforenjoyingforamomenttheniceweather,inshort,ifyouonlyfeelyourselfathomeafterthestreet-doorofyourhouseisclosedafteryou.

1.Theauthorsuggeststhattherecreativepossibilitiesofgreenspaceshouldbeprovided（）.

2.Accordingtotheauthor,green-spacefacilitiesshouldbedesignedinsuchawaythat（）.

3.Themainideaofthepassageisthat（）.

4.Accordingtotheauthor,theimportanceofgreen-paceintheurbanenvironment（）.

问题1选项

A.inspecialareas

B.inthesuburbs

C.ingardensandparks

D.intheneighborhoodofthehouse

问题2选项

A.recreativeactivitiesmightbebroughtintoourhomes

B.moreandmorepeoplemighthaveaccesstothem

C.anincreasingnumberofrecreativeactivitiesmightbedeveloped

D.moreobligatoryactivitiesmighttakeonarecreativeaspect

问题3选项

A.prioritymustbegiventothedevelopmentofobligatoryactivities

B.attentionmustbedirectedtotheimprovementofrecreativepossibilities

C.theurbanenvironmentisprovidingmorerecreativeactivitiesthanitdidmanyyearsago

D.betteruseofgreen-spacefacilitiesshouldbemadesoastoimprovethequalityofourlife

问题4选项

A.hasbeenfullyrecognized

B.isbeingcloselystudied

C.isusuallyneglected

D.isstillunknown

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:D

第3题:D

第4题:A

【解析】1.细节事实题。题目问的是“作者认为绿地空间的娱乐发展可能性怎样？”文章第二段提到因为娱乐方式远离居住区，而花在提高居住小区娱乐发展可能性方面的注意力很少（whereastherewasrelativelylittleattentionforimprovementofrecreativepossibilitiesinthedirectneighbourhoodofthehome），因此选项D符合题意。

2.细节事实题。题目问的是“作者认为绿色空间设施应该怎么样设计？”文章第二段最后一句话提到这些娱乐设施的设计需要能够使得更多的强制性活动也有娱乐的一面（thedesignofthesehastobesuchthatmoreobligatoryactivitiescanalsohavearecreativeaspect），因此选项D符合题意。

3.主旨大意题。题目问的是“文章的主要思想是什么？”本文主要讲述了绿地设施的娱乐功能。首先通过介绍绿地设施引出话题，然后运用城乡规划的居住区、工作区、交通和娱乐分离的理论所造成的不足，强调通过提高居住区娱乐发展可能性来改善居民