考研考博-英语-山东医学高等专科学校考试押题三合一+答案详解4

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-山东医学高等专科学校考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.翻译题

Thereisnoendtotheoriesaboutbodyshapeandpersonality,andthereisnodoubtthatcertainpeoplewithcertainbodiesoftenhaveverypredictablecharacters.However,therearesomeresearcherswhobelievethatthemanyinstancesinwhichbodyandpersonalitygotogetherareduetostereotyping;thatis,weexpectacertaintypeofpersontohavecertaintraits,soweseethosetraitswhethertheyarethereornot.Forexample,muscularpeoplearebelievedtobedominantandforceful,sowetreatthemasleaders.ButsometimestheyareactuallyshyandtimiD.Fatpeoplearesupposedtobehappyandwarmhearted,butinrealitytheycanjustaseasilybedepressedormean.Sometimespeoplewillevenactthewaytheythinkothersexpectthemtoact.Bydoingthat,peoplewillfilltheroleinwhichwepicturethem.

【答案】关于体型和个性的理论层出不穷，毫无疑问，拥有特定身材的某些人往往具有非常可推测的性格。然而，也有一些研究人员认为，身体和人格结合在一起的许多情况是由于刻板印象；也就是说，我们期望特定类型的人有特定的特质，所以不管他们是否存在，我们都能看到这些特质。例如，肌肉发达的人被认为是强势的，所以我们把他们当作领导者。但有时候他们实际上害羞且胆小。人们认为肥胖的人快乐、热情，但实际上，他们很容易沮丧又刻薄。有时候，人们甚至会按照他们认为别人希望他们做的事情去做。通过这样做，人们将会扮演我们想象中的角色。

2.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingsentencesintogoodEnglish.

1.当前，世情、国情、党情继续发生着深刻变化，我们面临的发展机遇和风险挑战前所未有。全党一定要牢记人民的信任和重托，更加奋发有为、兢兢业业地工作，继续推动科学发展、促进社会和谐，继续改善人民生活、增进人民福祉，完成时代赋予的光荣而艰巨的任务。

2.学生活动是美国大学的一个显著特点，每周都有数不清的由学生组织的各种各样的活动。这些活动涵盖了体育、文艺、文化、政治和社会等各个方面，其主要目的是为了娱乐。新的学生活动组织不断涌现，而中国学生的参与使这一局面变得更加热烈，他们甚至在耶鲁大学上演了曹禺的话剧《雷雨》。

3.中国是一个有五千年历史的文明古国，有着与外来文化取长补短、兼容并蓄的传统。我们的祖先历来强调“以和为贵”。由此，中国人民选择和平发展的道路是基于中国的文化传统、是基于惨痛的历史与严酷的现实所做出的明智选择。

【答案】1.Atpresent,astheglobal,nationalandourParty’sconditionscontinuetoundergoprofoundchanges,wearefacedwithunprecedentedopportunitiesfordevelopmentaswellasrisksandchallenges.ThewholePartymustbearinmindthetrustthepeoplehaveplacedinusandthegreatexpectationtheyhaveofus.Wemustaimhigherandworkharderandcontinuetoboostthescientificdevelopment,promotesocialharmony,andimprovepeople’slivessoastocompletethegloriousandarduoustasksbestowedonusbythetimes.

2.StudentactivitiesareanotherremarkablefeatureofAmericancollegelife.Eachweektherearecountlessactivitiesofallsortsorganizedbystudents—athletic,artistic,cultural,politicalorsocial,allofwhicharejustforfun.Newstudentorganizationsareconstantlybeingcreated,andChinesestudentscontributetothisferment.TheyevenstageCaoYu’splayRainstorminYale.

3.Chinaisanancientcivilizationwitha5,000-year-longhistory,havingthetraditionofseekingmutualcomplementarities,accommodationandintegrationwithforeigncultures.Ourancestorshavealwaysemphasizedthe“cherishingofharmony”.Accordingly,thechoicebytheChinesepeopletofollowapeacefulpathtodevelopmentisawisedecisionbasedonChina’straditionalculture,painfulhistoryandseriousreality.

3.单选题

Theteacherdidn’tbelievethatTedwasannoyingmeuntilshesawhiminthe____actofpullingmyhair.

问题1选项

A.public

B.opponent

C.overt

D.oblique

【答案】C

【解析】【选项释义】

A.public公开的；大庭广众的B.opponent反对者n.

C.overt公开的；公然的D.oblique隐晦的

【答案】C

【考查点】语义衔接与形容词辨析

【解题思路】空格处前后语义为“老师一直不相信Ted在烦我，直到她看见他____扯我的头发。”根据语义衔接可知，此处应该为C选项overt“公开的；公然的”符合语义要求，侧重于指行为不是偷偷做的。

【干扰项排除】

A选项public“公开的；大庭广众的”，侧重于指面向公众的；

B选项opponent“反对者”，不符合原文语义衔接；

D选项oblique“隐晦的”，不符合原文语义衔接。

【句意】直到老师看见Ted公然扯我的头发时，她才相信他在烦我。

4.单选题

TherearemanycopperminesinthestateofArizona,______contributessignificantlytothestate’seconomy.

问题1选项

A.afact

B.whichfact

C.whosefact

D.that

【答案】C

【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。句意：亚利桑那州有许多铜矿，这一事实对该州的经济做出了重大贡献。非限制性定语从句在句子中是一个独立成分，不受主句的限制，也就是说从句去掉以后主句仍然成立；非限制性定语从句与先行词和主句之间的关系不甚紧密，通常用逗号与主句分隔开；非限制性定语从句先行词不用that，先行词是关系代词或关系副词不能省略。A选项afact在这里不构成从句，故错误。B选项whichfact不需要用名词fact，故错误。D选项that不用在非限制性定语从句中，故错误。C选项whosefact符合句子意思和语法。因此C选项正确。

5.单选题

Mechanizationhasgradually（）manyoftheranchingandagriculturaljobsonceavailabletotheIndians,andfewindustrieshavebeenattractedtothearea.

问题1选项

A.disposed

B.eliminated

C.discarded

D.terminated

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A:disposed“处置”；B:eliminated“排除，消除；淘汰”；C:discarded“丢弃，抛弃”；D:terminated“结束；使终结”。句意：机械化逐渐使印度淘汰了许多牧场和农业工作，而这地区很少吸引到工业。结合此处语境，工业化应该是减少了农牧业工作，因此B为正确答案。

6.单选题

A（

）isagrillonwhichmeat,fish,andotherfoodsarecookedoverhotcharcoal,usuallyoutofdoors.

问题1选项

A.duet

B.barbecue

C.tonic

D.fag

【答案】B

【解析】【试题解析】考查名词辨析。A选项duet“二重奏”；B选项barbecue“烧烤”；C选项tonic“补药”；D选项fag“苦工、疲劳”，由题干中提到的各种食物以及热木炭，可知barbecue“烧烤”符合语境。句意为：烧烤是肉、鱼和其他食物放在烤架上，再在热木炭上烘烤，通常在户外进行。故正确答案选B。

7.单选题

Mybrother’splansarevery（）;hewantstomasterEnglish,FrenchandSpanishbeforeheissixteen.

问题1选项

A.arbitrary

B.aggressive

C.ambitious

D.abundant

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词辨析。arbitrary“任意的，武断的，专制的”；aggressive“侵略性的，有进取心的”；ambitious“雄心勃勃的，有雄心的”；abundant“丰富的，充裕的”。句意：我哥哥的计划很有野心，他想在16岁前掌握英语，法语和西班牙语。C项符合题意。

8.单选题

Theboydivedintothewaterandafter（

）seemedtobealongtime,hecameupagain.

问题1选项

A.what

B.that

C.it

D.which

【答案】A

【解析】考查宾语从句的用法。After后面部分有单独的谓语部分seemed，因此after后面接宾语从句，从句中缺少主语成分。四个选项中只有A选项what可在宾语从句中充当主语成分。

9.不定项选择题

Goodsenseisthemostequitablydistributedthingintheworld,foreachmanconsidershimselfsowellprovidedwithitthateventhosewhoaremostdifficulttosatisfyineverythingelsedonotusuallywishtohavemoreofitthantheyhavealready.Itisnotlikelythateveryoneismistakeninthis;itshows,rather,thattheabilitytojudgerightlyandseparatethetruefromthefalse,whichisessentiallywhatiscalledgoodsenseorreason,isbynatureequalinallmen,andthusthatouropinionsdiffernotbecausesomemenarebetterendowedwithreasonthanothers,butonlybecausewedirectourthoughtsalongdifferentpaths,anddonotconsiderthesamethings,foritisnotenoughtohaveagoodmind:whatismostimportantistoapplyitrightly.Thegreatestsoulsarecapableofthegreatestvices;andthosewhowalkveryslowlycanadvancemuchfurther,iftheyalwayskeeptothedirectroad,thanthosewhorunandgoastray.

Formypart,Ihaveneverpresumedmymindtobemoreperfectthanaverageinanyway.Ihave,infact,oftenwishedthatmythoughtswereasquick,ormyimaginationaspreciseanddistinct,ormymemoryascapaciousorprompt,asthoseofsomeothermen.AndIknowofnootherqualitiesthanthesewhichmakefortheperfectionofthemind;forastoreason,orgoodsense,inasmuchasitalonemakesusmenanddistinguishesusfromthebeasts,Iamquitewillingtobelievethatitiswholeandentireineachofus,andtofollowinthecommonopinionofthephilosopherswhosaythattherearedifferencesofmoreorlessonlyamongtheaccidents,andnotamongtheforms,ornatures,ortheindividualsofasinglespecies.

11.Accordingtotheauthor,thethreeelementsthatcomprisetheperfectmindare（）.

A.tenacityofthought,capaciousmemory,quicknessofmind

B.preciseimagination,tenacityofmemory,quicknessofmind

C.quicknessofwit,easeofconscience,quicknessofthought

D.promptnessofmemory,distinctnessofimagination,quicknessofthought

12.Thebasicideaofthefirstparagraphmaybestatedasfollows:（）.

A.allpersonshaveanequalportionofgoodwillwhentheyareborn

B.greatsoulsarecapableofgreatevil

C.goodsense,intermsofitsdistributionamongpersons,maybecalledcommonsense

D.goodsenseisthemarkofthetrulygoodperson

13.Abouthimselftheauthorstatesthatwhatsetshumanbeingsapartfrombeastsis（）.

A.hehadalwayssensedhismentalsuperiorityovermostpersons

B.hisawarenessofhismentalsuperiorityoverotherwassomethingthatgrewslowlywithexperience

C.heactuallyregardshisownmentalfacultiesasinferiorinmanywaystothoseofthegreatmajorityofpersons

D.hehasneverhadthefeelingthathismindwasmoreperfectthanaverageinanyway

14.Theauthorclaimsthatwhatsetshumanbeingsapartfrombeastsis（）.

A.asenseoforganizationcombinedwiththeabilitytocreate

B.theabilitytoadapttothesurroundings

C.asenseofreasoncoupledwithastrongsenseofpracticality

D.asenseofreason

15.Accordingtotheauthor,theabilitytodistinguishbetweenthetrueandthefalseis（）.

A.endowedbynaturetoallcreatures

B.endowedinequalmeasuretoallpersons

C.moreheavilypresentinsomepersonsthaninothers

D.anunnatural,cultivatedtraitinallpersons

问题1选项

A.tenacityofthought,capaciousmemory,quicknessofmind

B.preciseimagination,tenacityofmemory,quicknessofmind

C.quicknessofwit,easeofconscience,quicknessofthought

D.promptnessofmemory,distinctnessofimagination,quicknessofthought

问题2选项

A.allpersonshaveanequalportionofgoodwillwhentheyareborn

B.greatsoulsarecapableofgreatevil

C.goodsense,intermsofitsdistributionamongpersons,maybecalledcommonsense

D.goodsenseisthemarkofthetrulygoodperson

问题3选项

A.hehadalwayssensedhismentalsuperiorityovermostpersons

B.hisawarenessofhismentalsuperiorityoverotherwassomethingthatgrewslowlywithexperience

C.heactuallyregardshisownmentalfacultiesasinferiorinmanywaystothoseofthegreatmajorityofpersons

D.hehasneverhadthefeelingthathismindwasmoreperfectthanaverageinanyway

问题4选项

A.asenseoforganizationcombinedwiththeabilitytocreate

B.theabilitytoadapttothesurroundings

C.asenseofreasoncoupledwithastrongsenseofpracticality

D.asenseofreason

问题5选项

A.endowedbynaturetoallcreatures

B.endowedinequalmeasuretoallpersons

C.moreheavilypresentinsomepersonsthaninothers

D.anunnatural,cultivatedtraitinallpersons

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:D

第5题:B

【解析】第1题:推理判断题。由文章第二段开头可知，“我”从未认为自己的理智比一般人更完美，由此可推断接下来作者将介绍完美理智的特点。由Ihave,infact,oftenwishedthatmythoughtswereasquick,ormyimaginationaspreciseanddistinct,ormymemoryascapaciousorprompt,asthoseofsomeothermen（事实上，我常常希望我的思想能像别人那样敏捷，我的想象力能像别人那样精确而清晰，我的记忆力能像别人那样丰富而迅速）可以推断，作者认为完美的理智需要的是敏捷的思维、精确清晰的想象力和快速的记忆力，因此D选项符合题意。

第2题:主旨大意题。第一段介绍了人们的理智是bynatureequalinallmen（天生就是平等的），之所以意见不一致，是因为思维方向不同，因此A选项“人生来就有着同样的善意”符合题意。

第3题:事实细节题。由文章第二段第一句Formypart,Ihaveneverpresumedmymindtobemoreperfectthanaverageinanyway（就我而言，我从来没有认为我的头脑比一般人更完美）可知D选项“他从未觉得自己的头脑比一般人更完美”符合题意。

第4题:事实细节题。由第二段第三句中的forastoreason,orgoodsense,inasmuchasitalonemakesusmenanddistinguishesusfromthebeasts（因为只有理智才能使我们成为人，才能使我们区别于野兽）可知D选项“理智”正确。

第5题:事实细节题。由文章第一段第二句中的theabilitytojudgerightlyandseparatethetruefromthefalse,whichisessentiallywhatiscalledgoodsenseorreason,isbynatureequalinallmen（人们辨别是非的能力，就其本质而言即理性，天生就是平等的）可知B选项“被平等地赋予所有人”正确。

10.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish.

一个人的生命究竟有多大意义，这有什么标准可以衡量吗?提出一个绝对的标准当然很困难；但是，大体上看一个人对待生命的态度是否严肃认真，看他对待劳动、工作等等的态度如何，也就不难对这个人的存在意义做出适当的估计了。

古来一切有成就的人，都很严肃地对待自己的生命，当他活着一天，总要尽量多劳动、多工作、多学习，不肯虚度年华，不让时间白白地浪费掉。我国历代的劳动人民及大政治家、大思想家等等都莫不如此。

【答案】Whatisthesignificanceoflife?Isthereanycriterionforitsmeasurement?Difficultasitistoadvanceanabsoluteone,itwillnotbesotojudgetheverymeaningofone’sexistencegenerallyfromwhetherheisseriousaboutlifeandwhathisattitudeistowardsworkandlife.

Throughouttheages,allpeopleofaccomplishmenttaketheirlivesseriously.Aslongastheyarealive,theywouldratherdevotethemselvestomoreworkandstudythanletasingleminuteslipbyinvain.Andthesameistrueofthecommonlabourersaswellasthegreatstatesmenandthinkersinourcountry.

11.单选题

Eachofusshareswiththecommunityinwhichweliveastoreofwordsaswellasagreedconventions（

）thesewordsshouldbearrangedtoconveyaparticularmessage.

问题1选项

A.asthewaybywhich

B.bythewayinwhich

C.astothewayinwhich

D.inthewayofwhich

【答案】C

【解析】考查固定搭配。句意：我们每个人都与我们所生活的社会分享着大量的词汇以及约定的惯例，……这些词汇排列组合起来后可以表达特定意义。后半句是对前半句中约定的惯例进一步解释，因此只有C选项“至于这种惯例（方式）”可将前后衔接起来。

12.单选题

Researchersdisagreeonwhetherthe“useitorloseit”philosophyholdsforcognitive(认知的)aging,butthereissomeevidencethatkeepingmentallyactivecanslowage-relateddeclines.

AtPennsylvaniaStateUniversity,SherryWillisandherhusband,K.WarnerSchaie,havestudied5,000people,somesince1956.Peopleluckyenoughtoavoidchronicdiseasesmayalsofare(过活)betterinintellectualfunction,theyfind,perhapsbecausechronicdiseasescanrestrictlifestyleandreducementalfarebetter,perhapsbecausemoneycanbuyintellectuallystimulatingthingsliketravel.

Educationhelps,too,researcherssay,perhapsbecauseitinstille(灌输)theconvictionthatyoucanalwayslearnsomethingnew.TheSchaieWillisteamalsohassomeotherobservations.Beinginastablemarriagewithastimulatingspouse,theysay,helpsmaintainintellectualvigor.

Flexibilitycounts,too.Peoplewhostaymentallyvibrantareoftenthosewhodonotinsistthat“theymustdothingstodayastheydidbefore,”Schaiesays.Inneuropsychological(神经心理学的)terms,theabilitytoseeproblemsinnewwaysoftenyieldshigherscoresontestsofmentalfunction.Andpeoplesatisfiedwithlifealsostaymorementallyfit,hesays.

Ifyoufindyourmentalskillssagging,considerworkingonspecificdeficits.WhenWillisgave5-hourtutorials(辅导课)oninductivereasoningorspatial(空间的)skillstoabout200peoplewhoseskillshaddeclinedintheprevious14years,40percentregainedlostabilities.Thatadvantageheldupsevenyearslaterwhentheywerere-tested.

Otherwaystostaysharp,Schaiesays,aredoingjigsawpuzzlestohone(磨练)visual-spatialskills,workingcrosswordpuzzlesforverbalskills,playingbridgeformemoryandsimplymatchingwitsathomewithplayersonTVgameshows.

Finally,rememberthis.Eventhoughyoumaylosesomementalskillswithnormalaging,youalsogaininonekeyarea:wisdom.Thegrowthofwisdom—looselydefinedasthematurationofintellectualabilitiesthatcomeswithlifeexperiences—continuesthroughoutthe40s,50sandeven60s.

16.Inthispassage,theauthormainlydiscusses.

17.Theword“it”inthesaying“useitorloseit”(Paragraph1)refersto.

18.Accordingtoresearchers,whichofthefollowingfactorsaffectscognitiveaging?

19.Fromthispassagewemaysafelyinferthatmighthelppreventmentaldeclines.

20.Accordingtotheauthor,allofthefollowingcantrulybesaidaboutwisdomEXCEPTthat.

问题1选项

A.theroleofmentalstimulationinpreventingmentalaging

B.graduallossofmentalskillswithnormalaging

C.therelationshipbetweenmentalfunctionandspatialskills

D.effectivewaystokeepintellectualvigor

问题2选项

A.brainpower

B.cognitivedevelopment

C.mentalstimulation

D.intellectualfunction

问题3选项

A.Education

B.Chronicillness

C.Standardsofliving

D.Alloftheabove

问题4选项

A.physicalexercises

B.socialinterconnections

C.rigiddailyroutines

D.ahealthydiet

问题5选项

A.wisdommaybethoughtofasaspecialformofabilitiesandknowledgecompletelydevelopedwithlifeexperience

B.wisdommaystillgrowevenwhentheprocessofmentalaginghasstarted

C.wisdomissuperiorinimportancetomentalskillssuchasinductivereasoningandspatialskills

D.wisdommakesupanimportantpartofbrainpower

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:A

第5题:C

【解析】16.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】主旨大意题。第一步，定位首尾核心句，第一段第一句话Researchersdisagreeonwhetherthe“useitorloseit”philosophyholdsforcognitiveaging,butthereissomeevidencethatkeepingmentallyactivecanslowage-relateddeclines.“研究人员对于‘使用否则失去’的理念是否适用于认知衰老存在分歧，但有一些证据表明，保持思维活跃可以减缓与年龄相关的衰退”。第二步，行文结构，文章是总分结构，先提出保持思维活跃能够减缓智力的衰退，接下来是讲研究人员寻找到的保持智力活跃的方法，最后讲到年龄带来的不只是衰老还有智慧，所以答案选D选项“保持智力活力的有效方法”。

A选项“心理刺激在预防心理衰老中的作用”，心理刺激只是在第二段稍微提了一下，不是文章主要内容，这里属于以偏概全。

B选项“随着年龄的增长，心智能力逐渐丧失”，这是最后一段的内容，不是文章主要内容，这里属于以偏概全。

C选项“心理功能和空间技能之间的关系”，这只是文章第五段的内容，不是文章主要内容，这里属于以偏概全。

17.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】词汇推断题。第一步句中信息，定位到文章第一段第一句话Researchersdisagreeonwhetherthe“useitorloseit”philosophyholdsforcognitiveaging,butthereissomeevidencethatkeepingmentallyactivecanslowage-relateddeclines.“研究人员对于‘使用否则失去’的理念是否适用于认知衰老持反对态度，但有一些证据表明，保持思维活跃可以减缓与年龄相关的衰退”。第二步，上下文语义衔接，根据关键词but可知两个句子之间是存在着一个转折关系，前句说随着年龄的增长某些事不用就会被丢到，这种观点研究人员持反对态度，后句是说保持思维活跃可以减缓衰退。从这里可知it指代之物是与mentally相应的，所以答案选A选项“智力”。

B选项“认知发展”，我们能够使用或者失去的不可能是某种事物的发展，所以答案不能选B，这里属于曲意理解。

C选项“精神刺激”，理由同B选项。

D选项“智力功能”，文章句子定位到第一段但是D选项是出现在第二段，这里属于出处错误。

18.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】事实细节题。第一步精准定位，定位到第二段第二句Peopleluckyenoughtoavoidchronicdiseasesmayalsofarebetterinintellectualfunction,theyfind,perhapsbecausechronicdiseasescanrestrictlifestyleandreducementalfarebetter,perhapsbecausemoneycanbuyintellectuallystimulatingthingsliketravel.“他们发现，那些幸运地避免了慢性疾病的人在智力方面也可能表现得更好，这可能是因为慢性疾病会限制生活方式，使精神状况更差，也可能是因为金钱可以买到刺激智力的东西，比如旅行”，第三段第一句Educationhelps,too…“教育也有助于……”，第二步综合理解，能够经常旅游的人说明生活水平是很不错的，由此可知教育、慢性疾病、生活水平都能够影响认知衰老，所以答案选D选项“以上都是”。

A选项“教育”，B选项“慢性疾病”，C选项“生活水平”，选任何一项都会犯以偏概全的错误。

19.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】判断推理题。第一步，寻找句内信息，定位到文章第六段最后一句话…simplymatchingwitsathomewithplayersonTVgameshows.“仅仅是在家和那些在电视里玩游戏的人比拼智慧”，第二步，综合理解，玩游戏这里可以算是一种运动，所以答案选A选项“体育运动”。

B选项“社会联系”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有。

C选项“严格的日常工作”，定位到文章第四段第一二句Flexibilitycounts,too.Peoplewhostaymentallyvibrantareoftenthosewhodonotinsistthat“theymustdothingstodayastheydidbefore,”灵活性计数。保持精神活力的人通常不会坚持“他们今天必须像以前一样做事”，由这里可知死板的日常工作非但不会阻止智力衰退反而会导致智力衰退。

D选项“健康的饮食”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有。

20.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】推理判断题。定位到第五段第二句WhenWillisgave5-hourtutorialsoninductivereasoningorspatialskillstoabout200peoplewhoseskillshaddeclinedintheprevious14years,40percentregainedlostabilities.“当威利斯给大约200名技能在过去14年中有所下降的人提供5小时的归纳推理或空间技能辅导时，40%的人恢复了失去的能力。”，从这里可知推理归纳和空间技能属于智力技能，不属于智慧的范畴，所以C选项“智慧的重要性高于智力技能，如归纳推理和空间技能”错误，这里属于张冠李戴。

A选项“智慧可以被认为是一种特殊形式的能力和伴随着生活经验而来的知识的完全发展”选项是最后一段第二句话Eventhoughyoumaylosesomementalskillswithnormalaging,youalsogaininonekeyarea:wisdom.“尽管随着年龄的增长，你可能会失去一些心智技能，但你也会在一个关键领域得到提升：智慧”的同义替代。

B选项“即使智力老化的过程已经开始，智慧仍然可能增长”定位到最后一段第二句话Eventhoughyoumaylosesomementalskillswithnormalaging,youalsogaininonekeyarea:wisdom.“尽管随着年龄的增长，你可能会失去一些心智技能，但你也会在一个关键领域得到提升：智慧”，所以B选项正确。

D选项“智慧是脑力的重要组成部分”，定位到最后一段第三句Thegrowthofwisdom—looselydefinedasthematurationofintellectualabilitiesthatcomeswithlifeexperiences—continues…“智慧的增长——宽泛地定义为伴随生活经历而来的智力能力的成熟——仍在继续……”从这里可知智慧是智力能力的成熟，智力和大脑有关，所以D选项正确。

13.单选题

InSecondNature，NobelPrize-winningneuroscientistGeraldEdelmanarguesthatthebrainandmindareunified,buthehaslittlepatiencewiththeclaimthatthebrainisacomputer.Fortunatelyforthegeneralreader,hisexplanationsofbrainfunctionareaccessible,reinforcedbyconcreteexamplesandmetaphors.

Edelmansuggeststhatthankstotherecentdevelopmentofinstrumentscapableofmeasuringbrainstructurewithinmillimetersandbrainactivitywithinmilliseconds,perceptions,thoughts,memories,willedacts,andothermindmatterstraditionallyconsideredprivateandimpenetrabletoscientificscrutinynowcanbecorrelatedwithbrainactivity.Ourconsciousness(a“first-personaffair”displayingintentionality,reflectingbeliefsanddesires,etc.)，ourcreativity,evenourvaluesystems,haveabasisinbrainfunction.

Theauthordescribesthreeunifyinginsightsthatcorrelatemindmatterswithbrainactivity.First,evendistantneuronswillestablishmeaningfulconnections(circuits)iftheirfiringpatternsaresynchronized.Second,experiencecaneitherstrengthenorweakensynapses(neuronalconnections).Finally,thereisreentry,thecontinuedsignalingfromonebrainregiontoanotherandbackagainalongmassivelyparallelnervefibers.

Edelmanconcedesthatneurologicalexplanationsforconsciousnessandotheraspectsofmindarenotcurrentlyavailable,butheisconfidentthattheywillbesoon.Meanwhile,heiscomfortablehazardingaguess:“Allofourmentallife...isbasedonthestructureanddynamicsofourbrain.”Despitethisoptimismabouttheexplanatorypowersofneuroscience,Edelmanacknowledgesthepitfallsinattemptingtoexplainallaspectsofmindinneurologicalterms.Indeed,culture—notbiology—istheprimarydeterminantofthebrain’sevolution,andhasbeensincetheemergenceoflanguage,henotes.

However,IwassurprisedtolearnthatheconsidersSigmundFreud“thekeyexpositoroftheeffectsofunconsciousprocessesonbehavior.”SuchacommentignoreshowslightlyFreud’sconceptionoftheunconscious,withitsemphasisonsexualityandaggression,resemblesthecognitiveunconsciousstudiedbyneuroscientists.

Still,SecondNatureiswellworthreading.Itservesasabridgebetweenthetraditionallyseparatecampsof“hard”scienceandthehumanities.Readerswithoutatleastsomefamiliaritywithbrainsciencewilllikelyfindthegoingdifficultatcertainpoints.Nonetheless,Edelmanhasachievedhisgoalofproducingaprovocativeexplorationof“howwecometoknowtheworldandourselves”.

1.GeraldEdelmanwouldmostprobablysupporttheideathatthebrain（

）.

2.Itwaspreviouslyfeltthatperceptionsandothermindmatterscouldhardlybe

（

）.

3.Edelmanfirmlybelievesthat

（

）.

4.AccordingtoEdelman,toprovideathoroughexplanationofhumanmind,neurosciencewillbe

（

）.

5.Theauthordisagreeswiththeideathattheneuroscience-basedcognitiveunconsciouscanbe

（

）.

6.Accordingtotheauthor，SecondNatureisagoodbookbecause（

）.

问题1选项

A.co-functionswiththemind

B.workslikeacomputer

C.hasanaccessiblefunction

D.sendssignalstothemind

问题2选项

A.treatedasasignificantissue

B.studiedwithscientificmethods

C.separatedfrombrainactivity

D.handledwithsurgicalinstruments

问题3选项

A.brainsignalswillrepeatedlygofromonebrainregiontoanother.

B.experiencewillhaveanilleffectonneuronalconnections

C.distantneuronswillhelpsynchronizetheirfiringpatterns

D.mindmatterswillbeexplainedfromaneurologicalperspective

问题4选项

A.responsible

B.insufficient

C.impractical

D.reliable

问题5选项

A.clearlyexplainedbyFreud’stheory

B.affectedbylanguageacquisition

C.studiedrelevantlytosexualbehavior

D.examinedconcerningculturalbackgrounds

问题6选项

A.itintereststhereaderinspiritualactivities

B.itappealstothereadertostudybioscience

C.itsetsthereaderprobingintohumancognition

D.itpresentstheadvancementofnaturalscience

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:A

第6题:C

【解析】1.细节推断题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文第一段第一句。根据“InSecondNature，NobelPrize-winningneuroscientistGeraldEdelmanarguesthatthebrainandmindareunified,buthehaslittlepatiencewiththeclaimthatthebrainisacomputer.(诺贝尔奖获得者神经学家杰拉尔德•埃德尔曼认为,大脑和思维是统一的,但他对大脑是一台电脑这一观点毫无耐心。)”即可得出本题答案。

2.细节推断题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文第二段第一句。根据“…mindmatterstraditionallyconsideredprivateandimpenetrabletoscientificscrutinynowcanbecorrelatedwithbrainactivity.（传统上被认为是私人的、无法通过科学检查的精神问题，现在可能与大脑活动有关）”即可得出本题答案。

3.细节事实题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文第四段第一句。根据“Edelmanconcedesthatneurologicalexplanationsforconsciousnessandotheraspectsofmindarenotcurrentlyavailable,butheisconfidentthattheywillbesoon.（埃德尔曼承认，目前还没有对意识和思维其他方面的神经学解释，但他相信很快就会有。）”,即可得出本题答案。

4.细节事实题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文第四段第三句。根据“Edelmanacknowledgesthepitfallsinattemptingtoexplainallaspectsofmindinneurologicalterms.（埃德尔曼承认，试图用神经学术语解释思维的所有方面存在缺陷）”即可得出本题答案。

5.细节推理题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文第五段。本段大意为：作者并不同意Edelman的观点，因为作者认为SigmundFreud关于无意识的概念与神经科学家们提出的认知无意识的观点并无相似之处。(SuchacommentignoreshowslightlyFreud’sconceptionoftheunconscious,withitsemphasisonsexualityandaggression,resemblesthecognitiveunconsciousstudiedbyneuroscientists.)从而得出本题答案。

6.细节推理题。根据题干信息，可将信息点定位至原文最后一段。“Itservesasabridgebetweenthetraditionallyseparatecampsof“hard”scienceandthehumanities.(它是连接传统上“硬”科学和人文学科两大阵营的桥梁。)”通过归纳推理即可得出本题答案。

14.单选题

Ifshe（

）herefforts,shewillsucceed.

问题1选项

A.goeson

B.retains

C.holdsinto

D.maintains

【答案】D

【解析】同义词辨析题。A选项goon“继续”，后面需接介词with；B选项retain“保持，保留”；C选项holdinto无此搭配；D选项maintain“维持，继续”。句意：如果她继续努力，她会成功的。选项D更符合语境。

15.单选题

MichaelYessis,anemeritusprofessorofSportsScienceatCaliforniaStateUniversity,maintainsthat“geneticsonlydeterminesaboutonethirdofwhatanathletecando.Butwiththerighttrainingwecangomuchfurtherwiththatonethirdthanwe’vebeengoing.”YessisbelievesthatU.S.runners,despitetheirimpressiveachievements,are“runningontheirgenetics”.Byapplyingmorescientificmethods,“they’regoingtogomuchfaster”.Thesemethodsincludestrengthtrainingaswellasplyometrics,atechniquepioneeredintheformerSovietUnion.Whereasmostexercisesaredesignedtobuildupstrengthorendurance,plyometricsfocusesonincreasingpower—therateatwhichanathletecanexpendenergy.

Nutritionisanotherareathatsportstrainershavefailedtoaddressadequately.“Manyathletesarenotgettingthebestnutrition,eventhroughsupplements,”Yessisinsists.Eachactivityhasitsownnutritionalneeds.Fewcoaches,forinstance,understandhowdeficienciesintracemineralscanleadtoinjuries.

Focusedtrainingwillalsoplayaroleinenablingrecordstobebroken.“IfweappliedtheRussiantrainingmodeltosomeoftheoutstandingrunnerswehaveinthiscountry,”Yessisasserts,“theywouldbebreakingrecordsleftandright.”

Oneofthemostimportantnewmethodologiesisbiomechanics,thestudyofthebodyinmotion.Abiomechanicfilmsanathleteinactionandthendigitizeshisperformance,recordingthemotionofeveryjointandlimbinthreedimensions.ByapplyingNewton’slawstothesemotions,“wecansaythatthisathlete’srunisnotfastenough;thatthisoneisnotusinghisarmsstronglyenoughduringtake-off,”saysDapena,whousesthesemethodstohelphighjumpers.Todate,however,biomechanicshasmadeonlyasmalldifferencetoathleticperformance.

Revolutionaryideasstillcomefromtheathletesthemselves.Forexample,duringthe1968OlympicsinMexicoCity,arelativelyunknownhighjumpernamedDickFosburywonthegoldbygoingoverthebarbackwards,incompletecontradictionofallthereceivedhigh-jumpingwisdom,amoveinstantlydubbedtheFosburyflop.Fosburyhimselfdidnotknowwhathewasdoing.Thatunderstandingtookthelateranalysisofbiomechanicsspecialists,whoputtheirmindstocomprehendingsomethingthatwastoocomplexandunorthodoxevertohavebeeninventedthroughtheirownmathematicalsimulations.Fosburyalsorequiredanotherelementthatliesbehindmanyimprovementsinathleticperformance:aninnovationinathleticequipment.

Intheend,mostpeoplewhoexaminehuma