北师大细胞生物学a课件

细胞科学

CellScience

蔡国平细胞科学

CellScience

蔡国平1§1TheEvolutionaryHistoryofCellBiologyinBrief

1.Discoveryofcellandtheevolutionofcelltheory.(~1850s)2.Establishmentofcytology-classicperiod(1850-1900)3.Experimentcytologicalperiod(1900-1950)4.Cellbiologyperiod(1950-)§1TheEvolutionaryHistory2§2ThePositionoftheCellintheOrderofLifeandResponsibilitiesofCellBiology1.Theorderoflifeandorganisationoflife2.Thepositionofthecellintheorderoflife3.Responsibilitiesofcellbiology§2ThePositionoftheCell3§3.Thegeneralstructureandmultiplicityofthecell

1.Biogap2.viruses,viroidandprion3.Twofundamentallydifferentclassesofcells4.Thethreekingdomsoforganisms§3.Thegeneralstructureand4§4.Howtostudycells

1.Structurallevelsandresolutionpowerofobservationinstruments2.Lightmicroscopy3.Electronmicroscopy4.Cellsorting,cellcultureandcellclone5.Thefractionationofacell’scontentsbydifferentialcentrifugation

6.BiochemicalandMolecularbiologicaltechnique7.Analysisofcellsbynon-impairmentdetecttechniques

§4.Howtostudycells5§5.Thegeneralstructureandfunctionoftheplasmamembrane

1.Introduction2.Asummaryofmembranefunction3.Thestructureoftheplasmamembrane4.Thedynamicnatureoftheplasmamembrane§5.Thegeneralstructureand6§6.Themovementofsubstancesacrosscellmembrane

1.Theenergeticsofsolutemovementanddiffusionofsubstancesthroughmembrane

2.Fourbasicmechanismbywhichsolutemoleculesmoveacrossmembrane1)Passivetransport(1)simplediffusion(2)Thediffusionofionsthroughmembranebyhydrophilicchannels(3)Facilitateddiffusion2)Activetransport3.Rolesofmovementofsmallmoleculesacrossmembrane4.Cellularhomeostasis

§6.Themovementofsubstances7§7.Cytosolandthesynthesisofproteins

1.Cytosol2.Microtrabecularsystem3.Ribosomesandproteinssynthesis4.Sortingandtransportofproteinssynthesizedonthefree-ribosomesinthecytosol1)Thetransportofproteinsintothenucleus2)Importingmitochondriaproteins3)ImportandsortingofChloroplast(Chl)proteins4)Synthesisandtargetingofperoxisomalproteins5)Lipid-anchoredmembraneproteinsontothecytoplasmicleaflet§7.Cytosolandthesynthesis8§8.Cytoplasmicmembranesystems

1.Thedynamicnatureoftheendomembranesystem2.Afewapproachestostudyofendomembranes3StructuesandfuncionsofthemajororganellesofEMS1)Theendoplasmicreticulum(ER)2)Golgicomplex(apparatus)3)Lysosomes4)Plantcellvacuoles4.Synthesis,sortingandtranslocationofproteinssynthesizedinbiosynthesispathwayandsecretorypathway1)Twotypesofproteins:synthesizedonERmembanebound-ribosomesversusthatonfreecytosolicribosomes:2)Protenscanmoveortransportbetweencompartmentsindifferentways3)Solubleproteinsdestinedforsecretionorresidencewithinthelysosomalandothervacuolatelumens-thesighalhypothesis

4)ProteinsdestinedforincorporationintothetheplasmamembraneormembranesoftheERandotherorganellesofEMS

§8.Cytoplasmicmembranesyste9

5.ProcessingofproteinsandmembranelipidsbiosynthesisintheERandtheGC-Establishmentandmaintenaceofmembraneasymmetry6.Themechanismofvesiculartransportinthesecreroryandendocyticpathways

7.Exocytosisandendocytosis8.Adynamic,integratednetworkoftheendomembranesystem5.Processingofproteinsand10§9.Bioenergeticsandmetabolism

1.Aerobicrespirationandthemitochondrion1)Mitochondrialstructureandfunction2)Oxidativephosphorylationinmitochondrion2.Oxidativephosphorylationinmitochondrion1)Chloroplast(Chl)structureandfunction2)MolecularmechanismofLight-dependentreactionandorganisationofthethylakoidmembrane3)Carbondioxidefixationandtheformationofcarbohydrates4)Organizationofthethylakoidmembrane3.MetabolicregultionofMit.andChl.4.Mitochodriaandchloroplastsaresemiautonomousorganelle5.Theperoxisomeandglyoxysome(microbodies)

1)ThefunctionsofPeroxisomeandTheroleoftheperoxisomeincellularsignalling2)Biogenesisofperoxisomes3)Glyoxysomes§9.Bioenergeticsandmetaboli11§10ThecytoskeletonandCellmobility

1.Online1)whatiscytoskeleton-microtubles,microfilaments,intermediatefilaments

2)Thefunctionofcytoskeletoningeneral3)Thestudyofthecytoskeleton4)Commoncharacteristicsofproteinchemistryandstructureofthreetypesofcytoskeleton5)Molecularmotors2.Structureandcompositionofmicrofilament3.Thestructureandcompositionofmicrotubules(MTs)4.Intermediatefilament5.Assemblyanddisassemblyofcytoskeleton6.Cytoskeletonandmotileofcells§10ThecytoskeletonandCell12§11.Thecellnucleusandthecontrolofgeneexpression

1.Outline2.Thenuclearenvelope3.Thenucleolus4.Thechromatinandchromosomes5.Thenucleusasanorganizedorganelle6.Thecomplexofeukaryotegenome7.Controlofgeneexpressioninkaryotes§11.Thecellnucleusandthe13§12.Cellsociology:CellsintoTissuesandorganism-Cellassociationandinteractionofbetweencellsandtheirnvironment

1.Cellsurface,acomplexstructuralandfunctionalsystem1)Cellsurface:2)Cellsurfacepropertiesandsurfaceactivities3)Bi-electroniclayerandcellelectrophoresis2.Extracellularmatrix(ECM)

1)collagen

(1)Collagenmoleculestructure(2)Thesynthesisofcollagenandtheformationofcollagenfibrilandthestructuralfeaturesofcollagenfibrils.

(3)Typesofcollagen(4)Thefunctionalpropertiesofcollagenfibrils,dependingontissues.2)Proteoglycans(PG)(1)Glycosaminoglycan(GAG)(2)

Proteoglycans-GAGchainscovalentlylinkedtoacoreprotein(3)PGclassification:(4)ThestructuralfeaturesandfunctionalpropertyofPG(5)FunctionofPG

§12.Cellsociology:Cellsint143)Non-collagenglycoproteins(GP)---multiadhesivematrixproteins

(1)

ThestructuralandfunctionalfeaturesofmultiadhesiveGPs

(2)Structureandfunctionoffibronectin(FN)

(3)Laminin(LN)isprincipalstructuralproteinofallbasa

(4)Tanascinandotherglycoproteins(GP)

4)Elastin

5)ThedegradationofECMcomponentsistightlycontrolled

6)ECMreceptoronanimalcells:theintegrins---Anadhensiveproteinforcell-ECMadhension.

7)SummaryforECM

3)Non-collagenglycoproteins(153.Celladhesion1)Outline–

Twotypesofcelladhesion:Adhesionofcelltonon-cellularsurfacesandAdhesionofcelltoothercells.

2)Adhesiveproteinsandcell-adhesionreceptorsofcellsurface,3)Anchoringcelltotheirsubstratum

4)Adhesionofcellstoothercells5)EnergeticbasisofCelladhesion

4.Celljunction1)Anchoringjunctionbetweencells

2)Desmosomes3)Tightjunctions:sealingtheextracellularspace

4)CommunicationJunctions(1)

Gapjunctions(2)Plasmodesmata3.Celladhesion16

§13.Cellsignaling:communicationbetweencellsandtheirenvironment1Cellcommunicationandwhatiscellsignaling2.Someofthebasiccharacteristicsofcellsignalingsystems

3.Mainclassesofcell-surfacereceptorproteinsforsecretedsignalingmolecules

4.G-protein-coupledcell-surfacereceptor-mediatedcellsignalingsystem

5.Receptortyrosinekinases(RTKs):Thereceptorsformostgrowthfactors

6.Signalingthatoriginatefromcell-surfacecontact

7

.

Convergence,divergenceandcrosstalkamongdifferentsignalingpathwaysandtarget-celladaptationtoasignalingligand§13.Cellsignaling:co17§14.Cellreproductionandthecellcycle

§14.Cellreproductionandth18§15.Celldifferentiation

§15.Celldifferentiation19§16.Celldiversityandcellevolution

§16.Celldiversityandcelle203)Non-collagenglycoproteins(GP)---multiadhesivematrixproteins

(1)

ThestructuralandfunctionalfeaturesofmultiadhesiveGPs

(2)Structureandfunctionoffibronectin(FN)

(3)Laminin(LN)isprincipalstructuralproteinofallbasa

(4)Tanascinandotherglycoproteins(GP)

4)Elastin

5)ThedegradationofECMcomponentsistightlycontrolled

6)ECMreceptoronanimalcells:theintegrins---Anadhensiveprotein

forcell-ECMadhension.3)Non-collagenglycoproteins(21

细胞科学

CellScience

蔡国平细胞科学

CellScience

蔡国平22§1TheEvolutionaryHistoryofCellBiologyinBrief

1.Discoveryofcellandtheevolutionofcelltheory.(~1850s)2.Establishmentofcytology-classicperiod(1850-1900)3.Experimentcytologicalperiod(1900-1950)4.Cellbiologyperiod(1950-)§1TheEvolutionaryHistory23§2ThePositionoftheCellintheOrderofLifeandResponsibilitiesofCellBiology1.Theorderoflifeandorganisationoflife2.Thepositionofthecellintheorderoflife3.Responsibilitiesofcellbiology§2ThePositionoftheCell24§3.Thegeneralstructureandmultiplicityofthecell

1.Biogap2.viruses,viroidandprion3.Twofundamentallydifferentclassesofcells4.Thethreekingdomsoforganisms§3.Thegeneralstructureand25§4.Howtostudycells

1.Structurallevelsandresolutionpowerofobservationinstruments2.Lightmicroscopy3.Electronmicroscopy4.Cellsorting,cellcultureandcellclone5.Thefractionationofacell’scontentsbydifferentialcentrifugation

6.BiochemicalandMolecularbiologicaltechnique7.Analysisofcellsbynon-impairmentdetecttechniques

§4.Howtostudycells26§5.Thegeneralstructureandfunctionoftheplasmamembrane

1.Introduction2.Asummaryofmembranefunction3.Thestructureoftheplasmamembrane4.Thedynamicnatureoftheplasmamembrane§5.Thegeneralstructureand27§6.Themovementofsubstancesacrosscellmembrane

1.Theenergeticsofsolutemovementanddiffusionofsubstancesthroughmembrane

2.Fourbasicmechanismbywhichsolutemoleculesmoveacrossmembrane1)Passivetransport(1)simplediffusion(2)Thediffusionofionsthroughmembranebyhydrophilicchannels(3)Facilitateddiffusion2)Activetransport3.Rolesofmovementofsmallmoleculesacrossmembrane4.Cellularhomeostasis

§6.Themovementofsubstances28§7.Cytosolandthesynthesisofproteins

1.Cytosol2.Microtrabecularsystem3.Ribosomesandproteinssynthesis4.Sortingandtransportofproteinssynthesizedonthefree-ribosomesinthecytosol1)Thetransportofproteinsintothenucleus2)Importingmitochondriaproteins3)ImportandsortingofChloroplast(Chl)proteins4)Synthesisandtargetingofperoxisomalproteins5)Lipid-anchoredmembraneproteinsontothecytoplasmicleaflet§7.Cytosolandthesynthesis29§8.Cytoplasmicmembranesystems

1.Thedynamicnatureoftheendomembranesystem2.Afewapproachestostudyofendomembranes3StructuesandfuncionsofthemajororganellesofEMS1)Theendoplasmicreticulum(ER)2)Golgicomplex(apparatus)3)Lysosomes4)Plantcellvacuoles4.Synthesis,sortingandtranslocationofproteinssynthesizedinbiosynthesispathwayandsecretorypathway1)Twotypesofproteins:synthesizedonERmembanebound-ribosomesversusthatonfreecytosolicribosomes:2)Protenscanmoveortransportbetweencompartmentsindifferentways3)Solubleproteinsdestinedforsecretionorresidencewithinthelysosomalandothervacuolatelumens-thesighalhypothesis

4)ProteinsdestinedforincorporationintothetheplasmamembraneormembranesoftheERandotherorganellesofEMS

§8.Cytoplasmicmembranesyste30

5.ProcessingofproteinsandmembranelipidsbiosynthesisintheERandtheGC-Establishmentandmaintenaceofmembraneasymmetry6.Themechanismofvesiculartransportinthesecreroryandendocyticpathways

7.Exocytosisandendocytosis8.Adynamic,integratednetworkoftheendomembranesystem5.Processingofproteinsand31§9.Bioenergeticsandmetabolism

1.Aerobicrespirationandthemitochondrion1)Mitochondrialstructureandfunction2)Oxidativephosphorylationinmitochondrion2.Oxidativephosphorylationinmitochondrion1)Chloroplast(Chl)structureandfunction2)MolecularmechanismofLight-dependentreactionandorganisationofthethylakoidmembrane3)Carbondioxidefixationandtheformationofcarbohydrates4)Organizationofthethylakoidmembrane3.MetabolicregultionofMit.andChl.4.Mitochodriaandchloroplastsaresemiautonomousorganelle5.Theperoxisomeandglyoxysome(microbodies)

1)ThefunctionsofPeroxisomeandTheroleoftheperoxisomeincellularsignalling2)Biogenesisofperoxisomes3)Glyoxysomes§9.Bioenergeticsandmetaboli32§10ThecytoskeletonandCellmobility

1.Online1)whatiscytoskeleton-microtubles,microfilaments,intermediatefilaments

2)Thefunctionofcytoskeletoningeneral3)Thestudyofthecytoskeleton4)Commoncharacteristicsofproteinchemistryandstructureofthreetypesofcytoskeleton5)Molecularmotors2.Structureandcompositionofmicrofilament3.Thestructureandcompositionofmicrotubules(MTs)4.Intermediatefilament5.Assemblyanddisassemblyofcytoskeleton6.Cytoskeletonandmotileofcells§10ThecytoskeletonandCell33§11.Thecellnucleusandthecontrolofgeneexpression

1.Outline2.Thenuclearenvelope3.Thenucleolus4.Thechromatinandchromosomes5.Thenucleusasanorganizedorganelle6.Thecomplexofeukaryotegenome7.Controlofgeneexpressioninkaryotes§11.Thecellnucleusandthe34§12.Cellsociology:CellsintoTissuesandorganism-Cellassociationandinteractionofbetweencellsandtheirnvironment

1.Cellsurface,acomplexstructuralandfunctionalsystem1)Cellsurface:2)Cellsurfacepropertiesandsurfaceactivities3)Bi-electroniclayerandcellelectrophoresis2.Extracellularmatrix(ECM)

1)collagen

(1)Collagenmoleculestructure(2)Thesynthesisofcollagenandtheformationofcollagenfibrilandthestructuralfeaturesofcollagenfibrils.

(3)Typesofcollagen(4)Thefunctionalpropertiesofcollagenfibrils,dependingontissues.2)Proteoglycans(PG)(1)Glycosaminoglycan(GAG)(2)

Proteoglycans-GAGchainscovalentlylinkedtoacoreprotein(3)PGclassification:(4)ThestructuralfeaturesandfunctionalpropertyofPG(5)FunctionofPG

§12.Cellsociology:Cellsint353)Non-collagenglycoproteins(GP)---multiadhesivematrixproteins

(1)

ThestructuralandfunctionalfeaturesofmultiadhesiveGPs

(2)Structureandfunctionoffibronectin(FN)

(3)Laminin(LN)isprincipalstructuralproteinofallbasa

(4)Tanascinandotherglycoproteins(GP)

4)Elastin

5)ThedegradationofECMcomponentsistightlycontrolled

6)ECMreceptoronanimalcells:theintegrins---Anadhensiveproteinforcell-ECMadhension.

7)SummaryforECM

3)Non-collagenglycoproteins(363.Celladhesion1)Outline–

Twotypesof