earlysoc-in-americas-and-oceania 亚美尼亚和大西洋尼亚

EarlySocietiesintheAmericas&OceaniaEarlyHumanMigrationsBy700CE,humanshadestablishedcommunitiesinalmosteveryhabitablepartoftheworld.MajorPre-ColumbianCivilizationsEarlyMesoamericansocieties1200BCE–1100CEOriginsofMesoamericanSocietiesMeltingglaciers18,000yearsagobeganariseinoceanwaters.MigrationacrossBeringlandbridge?Probably13,000BCE,perhapsearlierByseafromAsia?By9500BCEreachedsouthernmostpartofSouthAmericaHunter/GatherersocietiesevolveintoagriculturalsocietiesOlmecs1200-100BCEThe“RubberPeople”CeremonialCentersSanLorenzo,LaVenta,TresZapotesOlmecHeadsUpto10fttall,20tonsTransportedbydragging,rollingonlogs1000/workersperheadTheOlmecsThefirstmajorAmericancivilizationwhobuiltceremonialcentersaroundpyramids.Hadanelaboratecalendar,writingsystemandwidespreadtradingnetwork.ThereisevidencethattheOlmecpracticedritualbloodlettingandplayedtheMesoamericanballgame,hallmarksofnearlyallsubsequentMesoamericansocieties.TheOlmecheartlandwheretheOlmecsreignedfrom1400-500BCEItisnowgenerallyacceptedthattheseheadsareportraitsofrulers,perhapsdressedasballplayers.17headshavebeenunearthedsofar!

AgricultureandHerdingAbundantrainfall,sononeedforirrigationDrainagesystemstodivertwatersStaple:maizeHerding:turkeys,barklessdogsBothfoodNodraftanimalsNodevelopmentofwheeledvehiclesOlmecSocietyProbablyauthoritarianinnatureLargeclassofconscriptedlaborerstoconstructceremonialsitesAlsotombsforrulers,temples,pyramids,drainagesystemsMysteriousDeclineofOlmecsCeremonialcentersdestroyedNoevidenceofwarfareRevolution?Civilwar?TheMayaLandsoftheMayaTheYucatanPeninsulaMayaHugecitiesdiscoveredin19thc.300BCE-900CETerraceFarmingMaizeCottonCacaobeanschocolatecurrencyMajorceremonialcenteratTikal(500,000)ChichenItza&Palenqueb/w10-30,000people

TempleI(alsoknownastheTempleoftheGreatJaguar)inthePlazaMayorChichen-Itza-PyramidMayaWarfareWarfareforpurposesofcapturingenemysoldiersRitualsacrificeofenemiesEnslavementSmallkingdomsengageinconstantconflictuntilChichénItzábeginstoabsorbcaptivesSomeneverthelesschoosedeathCenterofempiredevelopsMayanRitualCalendarComplexmathInventionof“Zero”Calendarof365.242days(17secondsoff)Solarcalendarof365daysRitualcalendarof260daysManagementofcalendarlendsauthoritytopriesthoodTimingofauspiciousmomentsforagricultureDevisewrittenlanguageCompileastronomicalknowledgeMayanLanguageandReligionIdeographsandasyllable-alphabetMostwritingsdestroyedbySpanishconquerorsDecipheringworkbeganin1960sPopolVuh:MayancreationmythHumanscreatedfrommaize&water>flesh&bloodAgriculturalcyclemaintainedinexchangeforhonorsandsacrificesBloodlettingritualsHumansacrificesfollowafterremovaloffingers,piercingtoallowbloodflowTheMayaBallGameRitualgameHigh-rankingcaptives,prisonersofwarcontestantsExecutionoflosersimmediatelyfollowsthematchBloodlettingritualforthegodsMostMayaceremonialcenters,townsandcitieshadcourtsChichen-Itza-BallCourtAGoalintheBallCourtatChichénItzá,MexicoSocialHierarchyMostMayawerefarmerswhosuppliedresourcesforanelaboratetradingnetwork.Eachcityhadarulingchief,followedbynobles,whoservedascityofficialsandmilitaryleaders.TheEndoftheMayaAround900,theMayaabandonedtheircities.Historiansspeculatethatwaroroverpopulationmadehaveledtofamineorclasswarfare.Today,millionsinGuatemalaandSouthernMexicospeak28Mayandialects.CityofTeotihuacanHighlandsofMexicoLakesinareaofhighelevationVillageofTeotihuacan,500BCE,expandstobecomemassivecityImportantceremonialcenterExtensivetradenetwork,influencedsurroundingareasBeginstodeclinec.650CE,sackedinmiddleof8thcentury,massivelibrarydestroyedPirámidedelSol,Teotihuacan

EarlySocietiesofOceania,1500BCE–700CEOceaniaPrehistoriclandbridges,lowerseaspermitmigrationOutriggercanoesforopen-seatravelHumansinOceaniaatleastby58,000BCEBy8,000BCEtradebetweenislandsceasedduetotherisingseas.Earlyhunter-gatherersocietiesinAustraliaEarlyagricultureinNewGuineaby3000BCEYams,taro&raisingpigs&chickensAborigineoftheNaomiTribeEarly19thCenturyAboriginalTribe21stcenturyAboriginalPeopleLapitaPeoplesEarliestAustronesian(languagegroupofOceania)migrantstosailintothePacificOceanand