国际工商管理

国际工商管理第1页/共46页2ObjectivesoftheChapterREVIEWcurrenttrendsininternationalinvestmentandtradeEXAMINEthepresenteconomicstatusinthemajorregionsoftheglobalcommunityANALYZEsomeofthemajordevelopmentsandissuesinvariousregionsoftheworld第2页/共46页3IntroductionInternationalManagementTheprocessofapplyingmanagementconceptsandtechniquesinamultinationalenvironment第3页/共46页4MultinationalCorporation

(MNC)OperatesinmorethanonecountrySellsitsproductsininternationalmarketsManagersandownersareofdifferentnationalitiesMustlearntoworkeffectivelywithpeoplefromdifferentcountries第4页/共46页5Smallandmedium-sizedbusinessesarebeingaffectedbythetrendtowardinternationalization第5页/共46页6IncreasingInternationalizationRegionalDevelopmentsNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement(NAFTA)AfreetradeagreementbetweentheU.S.,Canada,andMexicowhichhasinessenceremovedallbarrierstotradeMayexpandtoincludeLatinAmericancountries第6页/共46页7EuropeanUnion(EU)Consistsof27(2010)countriesMosttradebarriershavebeenremovedEuroisthecommoncurrencyPacificRimJapanandChinaarethedominanteconomiesAssociationofSoutheastAsianNations(ASEAN)第7页/共46页8InternationalInvestmentandTradeForeigndirectinvestment(FDI)TheamountinvestedinanothercountryApproximately80%ofallinternationalinvestmentscomefromdevelopedcountries第8页/共46页9InternationaltradehasincreasedsubstantiallyoverthelasttwodecadesPercentageofworldtradeaccountedforbythethreemajortradingblocshasremainedfairlyconsistentGroups’shareofimportsandexportsremainsintherangeof55-59percent第9页/共46页10--MNCsbuydomesticcompaniesratherthantryingtoexportproductstothatcountry第10页/共46页11RECENTTRENDSINFOREIGNDIRECTINVESTMENTINOECDCOUNTRIES./dataoecd/13/30/35439819.pdf.2007-9-9Table1-1第11页/共46页12Table1-2Top10tradingPartnersoftheU.S.:1999

Importing U.S. ExportingU.S.Rank

Country/District

Exports* Rank

Country/District

Imports*

1 Canada 166,600.0 1 Canada 198,711.12 Mexico 86,908.9 2 Japan 130,863.93 Japan 57,465.7 3 Mexico 109,720.54 U.K. 38,407.1 4 China 81,788.25 Germany 26,800.2 5 Germany 55,228.46 SouthKorea 22,958.4 6 U.K. 39,237.27 Netherlands 19,436.6 7 Taiwan 35,204.48 Taiwan 19,131.4 8 SouthKorea 31,178.69 France 18,877.4 9 France 26,708.610 Singapore 16,247.3 10 Italy 22,356.5*inmillionsofdollars第12页/共46页13Table1-3TopTenCountries/DistrictwithwhichtheU.S.Trades:ForthemonthofJune2007

ThevaluesgivenareforImportsandExportsaddedtogether.

TheseCountries/Districtrepresent66.85%ofU.S.Imports,and64.64%ofU.S.Exportsingoods.Source:/foreign-trade/top/dst/current/balance.html.2007-9-9第13页/共46页14Country/DistrictNameTotalinBillionsofU.S.$YearToDateTotalinBillionsofU.S.$Canada49.49277.07China32.96178.59Mexico29.62167.92Japan17.29103.08FederalRepublicofGermany11.9569.74UnitedKingdom9.2853.65Korea,South7.1441.37France5.9633.91Taiwan5.6830.95Netherlands4.2724.93第14页/共46页15Table1-4TopTenCountries/DistrictwithwhichtheU.S.Trades:ForthemonthofJune2010

ThevaluesgivenareforImportsandExportsaddedtogether.

TheseCountries/Districtrepresent66.75%ofU.S.Imports,and62.08%ofU.S.Exportsingoods.Source:/foreign-trade/top/dst/current/balance.html.2010-8-16第15页/共46页16Country/DistrictNameTotalinBillionsofU.S.$YearToDateTotalinBillionsofU.S.$Canada46.98260.74China39.58201.86Mexico33.70187.65Japan15.2785.13FederalRepublicofGermany11.2961.53UnitedKingdom8.7748.14Korea,South7.7241.58Taiwan5.3628.46Brazil5.2427.77France5.2231.62第16页/共46页17EconomicStatusandIssuesoftheMajorRegionsNorthAmericaNAFTAhasresultedin:EliminationoftariffsaswellasimportandexportquotasOpeningofgovernmentprocurementmarketstocompaniesinpartnercountries第17页/共46页18IncreasedopportunitytomakeinvestmentsinpartnercountriesIncreasedeaseoftravelbetweenpartnercountriesRemovalofrestrictionsonagriculturalproducts,autoparts,andenergygoods第18页/共46页19UnitedStatesU.S.MNCshaveholdingsthroughouttheworldForeignMNCsfindU.S.tobealucrativemarket第19页/共46页20NorthAmerica

(cont.)CanadaU.S.’slargesttradingpartnerLegalandbusinessenvironmentssimilartothoseoftheU.S.Targetofincreasedinternationalinvestment第20页/共46页21MexicoEconomicfortuneshavevariedintherecentpastMexicanfirmsexpandingworldwideoperations第21页/共46页22EconomicStatusandIssuesoftheMajorRegions(cont.)SouthAmericaCountrieshaveexperienceddifficulteconomicproblems第22页/共46页23BrazilAttractedsubstantialforeigninvestmentEconomicfuturestilluncertainChileEconomicsuccessstoryinSouthAmericaFuturestilluncertain第23页/共46页24MercosurandAndeanCommonMarketpromoteeconomicandsocialintegrationandcooperationCountriesincreasinglylookingtotradewiththeU.S.第24页/共46页25EconomicStatusandIssuesoftheMajorRegions(cont.)EuropePrivatizationoftraditionallynationalizedindustriesEUintendedeliminatealltradebarriersamongmembercountries第25页/共46页26EU-basedfirms“planglobally,actlocally”TogainafootholdintheEU,foreignMNCshave:createdacquisitionsandalliancesbegunco-operativeresearchanddevelopmentprograms第26页/共46页27EuropeanResearchCooperationAgencyEUagencythatfundsprojectsinanumberoffieldstomakeEuropemoreproductiveandcompetitiveintheworldmarketFuturechallengeistheabsorptionofformerlycommunistEasternneighbors第27页/共46页28Europe

(cont.)CentralandEasternEuropeCollapseoftheSovietUnionin1991Glasnost(openness)Perestroika(economicandpoliticalrestructuring)第28页/共46页29RussiaUndergoneeconomicreformManyattemptstostimulatetheeconomyGreaterprivatizationrequiredCriminalactivityincreasing第29页/共46页30CzechRepublic,Hungary,andPolandFormercommunistcountriesthathavebecomemostvisibleininternationalarenaSomeformercommunistcountriesarestruggling第30页/共46页31EconomicStatusandIssuesoftheMajorRegions(cont.)AsiaJapanEconomicsuccessinthe1970sand1980sattributedto:Culturalvalues第31页/共46页32MinistryofInternationalTradeandIndustryGovernmentagencythatidentifiesandranksnationalcommercialpursuitsGuidesthedistributionofnationalresourcestomeetthesegoals第32页/共46页33KeiretsusOrganizationalarrangementinwhichalargegroupofverticallyintegratedcompaniesareboundtogetherbycross-ownership,interlockingdirectorates,andsocialtiesprovidegoodsandservices第33页/共46页34SevererecessionduringthepasttenyearsTargetforforeigninvestment第34页/共46页35Asia

(cont.)ChinaLargereportedannualgrowthinGDPAttractssubstantialforeigninvestmentMNCsfinditdifficulttodobusinessinChina第35页/共46页36TheFourTigersSouthKoreaChaebolsLarge,family-heldconglomeratesthathaveconsiderablepoliticalandeconomicpowerHithardestbySoutheastAsiaeconomiccrisis第36页/共46页37TheFourTigers(cont.)HongKongHeadquartersforsuccessfulmultinationaloperationsinAsia第37页/共46页38SingaporeLeaderandfinancialcenterofSoutheastAsiaOneofthemostcompetitivenationsTaiwanEconomydominatedbytechnologicallysophisticatedindustries第38页/共46页39SoutheastAsianCountries‘BabyTigers’lacktheeconomicprowessoftheFourTigers第39页/共46页40Table1-5World’sMostCompetitiveNations/District:2000RankUnitedStates 1Singapore 2Finland 3Netherlands 4Switzerland 5Luxembourg 6Ireland 7Germany 8Sweden 9Iceland 10Canada 11Denmark 12Australia 13HongKong 14UnitedKingdom 15第40页/共46页41CountryRankings2009-20101.Switzerland9.Canada2.US10.Netherlands3.Singapore11.HongKongSAR4.Sweden12.Taiwan,China5.Denmark13.UnitedKingdom

6.Finland14.Norway7.Germany15.Australia

8.Japan