国际市场营销2课件

国际市场营销InternationalmarketingWhichinternationalizationphilosophybestdescribestheDisneyAbroad?EthnocentricorintationAmericancultureTokyoPairsHongkongChapter2.TheInternationalMarketingEnvironment(Ⅰ)GovernmentBarriers:

Nationalgovernments,especiallygovernmentsindevelopingcountries,keepatightcontroloverforeigninvestment.TarrifBarriesNon-tarrifBarriesInternationalCompetition:.

--blockingchannelsofdistribution-bindingretailersintoexclusiveagreementsslashingpricestemporarilytopreventproductadopetionⅠ.Regionaleconomicintegration区域经济一体化19421950

referstoagreementsamonycountriesinageographicregiontoreduce,andultimatelyremove,tariffandnontariffbarrierstothefreeflowofgoods,services,andfactorsofproductionbetweeneachother.一个地理区域内各国一致同意减少并最终消除关税和非关税壁垒，以便做到相互之间商品，服务和生产要素的自由流动。Severallevelsofeconomicintegration

>>FreeTradeArea（自由贸易区）>>CustomsUnion（关税同盟）>>CommonMarket（共同市场）>>EconomicUnion（经济联盟）>>PoliticalUnion（政治联盟）1)FreeTradeArea（自由贸易区）a)Nobarrierstotradeamongmembersb)Eachcountrymaintainsitsowntradebarriersfornonmembers.

Key:各个成员国之间商品和服务的所有壁垒都没取消Ex:EFTA(TheEuropeanFreeTradeAssociation)（欧洲自由贸易区）1)establishedin19602)8--4countries3)freetradeinindustrialgoodsNAFTA

北美自由贸易区TheNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement(NAFTA)createdtheworld’slargestfreemarket.417millionU.S.,Canadian,andMexicanconsumersandatotaloutputof$11trillion.BackgroundJanpanandEU1980Reagan1983Canada1985-1988American&Canada1992American&Canada&Mexico1994BillClintonbecominglawinJanuary1,1994>>

thecontentsofNAFTA:abolitionoftariffs:99%ofgoodsremovalofmostbarriersonserviceprotectionofintellectualpropertyrightsremovalofmostrestrictiononFDIapplicationofnationalenvironmentalstandardstwocommissions:forhealth,safety,wagesorchildlabor.Argument:AgricultureAmerican&Mexico

2).CustomsUnion

a）Notradebarriersinsideb)withcommonexternaltradepolicy（P16）c)desiringgreaterintegrationEx.earlierEU

AndeanPact(安第斯条约）*Peru,Bolivia,Ecuador,Colombia*developingcountries*resource3).CommonMarketAreaP16a)Nobarrierstotradeb)Commonexternaltradepolicyc)Factorsofproduction(生产要素)movingfreely

Factorsofproduction(labor,capital,technology)d)Harmonyandcooperationonfiscal,monetaryandemploymentpolicies.Ex:EU南方共同市场（MERCOSUR）亚松森条约Argentina,Brazil,Paraguay,Uruguay19954).EconomicUnionP16a).Hasallthecharacteristicsofacommonmarket.

(freeflowofproductsandfactorsofproduction)b).Commonexternaltradepolicyc).Acommoncurrency,taxrates,monetaryandfiscalpolicyEx.EU5)PoliticalUnion

P17a)Moreintegratedthananeconomicunionb)acoordinatingbureaucracyEU(EuropeanUnion)

欧洲联盟欧盟盟歌：贝多芬第九交响曲

《欢乐颂》铭言：多元一体欧洲日：5月9日1951~19526国（法、德、意、荷、比、卢）

《巴黎条约》--煤钢共同体1957~1958《罗马条约》--欧洲经济共同体

--欧洲原子能共同体1965《布鲁塞尔条约》--欧洲共同体1967（关税同盟）-对外实行统一的关税率1991《马斯特里赫特条约》“马约”

《欧洲联盟条约》-欧洲经济与货币联盟

-政治联盟条约1993欧洲联盟成立

--（商品、人员、资本和劳务自由流通）

（共同市场）1995~2002欧元从正名到正式流通

（经济联盟）

2004《欧盟宪法条约》2005~2006小分队（政治联盟）Ⅱ.TransactionalInstitutionsandWorldTradeGeneralagreementontariffsandtrade(GATT)Worldtradeorganization(WTO)Internationalmonetaryfund(IMF)WorldbankRegionalinstitutionsBrettonWoodSystemBrettonWoodSystem194444countriesInternationalMonetarySystem《国际货币基金组织》

世界银行WorldBank(中长期)

国际货币基金组织IMF（短期）

国际贸易组织

GATTexchangerate(Fixedvalue)–gold–dollarInternationalMonetaryFund(IMF)DevelopedoutoftheBrettonWoodsagreementin1944.Offersgoldandconstituentcurrenciesavailabletomembersforcurrencystabilization.Itwasthegoaloriginallytoprovideforfixedexchangeratesbetweencountries.WorldBankTheinternationalbankforreconstructionanddevelopmentFormedin1944,itprovideseconomicassistanceforthereconstructionofwar-tornand,morerecently,loanstodevelopingcoun