2023年考研外语命题趋势权威预测试卷6

考研外语命题趋势权威预测试卷6

一、UseofEnglish

1>Highoilpriceshavenotyetproducedaneconomicshock

amongconsumingcountries,butfurtherrises,especiallysharp

(1),wouldundoubtedlyhurttheworldeconomy,and

(2)wouldinevitablyharmproducers,too.Beyondthis

obviouspoint,(3),higherpricescouldevendoharmto

bothoilfirmsandproducers.

Bigoilfirms(4)rollinginmoneytoday,butthat

disguisesthefactthattheirlonger-termprospectsare

(5).Behindthereserves-accountingscandalatRoyal

Dutch/Shell(6)aproblembedevilingallofthemajors:

replacingtheirdwindlingreserves.(7)existingfields

inAlaskaandtheNorthSeaarerapidlydeclining,OPEC

countriesandRussiaare(8)themout.(9)theyare

tosurviveinthelongterm,thebigoilfirmsmustembraceother

sourcesofenergy(10)oil.

(11)itistobelieve,higheroilpricescouldbebadnews

forproducingcountries(12).PoliticalleadersinRussia,

Venezuelaandotheroil-richcountriesarebendinglawsto

crack(13)onforeignfirmsandtostrengthentheirgrip

onoil(14)throughstate-runfirms.Thismaybe

convenientforthepoliticalleadersthemselves.Alas,itis

(15)todomuchfortheircountrymen.Foryearscorruption

andinefficiency(16)thetypicalresultsofgovernment

controlofoilresources.

Producingcountriesshould(17)embraceopenmarkets.

(18)onething,shuttingoutforeigninvestmentwillonly

hurttheirownoiloutputby(19)thesharpestmanagers

andlatesttechnologies.Foranother,economicliberalisation

(includingreform,ofbloatedwelfarestates)wouldhelpOPEC

countries(20)theireconomies一astheNAFTAtradedeal

hasdoneforoil-richMexico一andsopreparethemfortheday

whentheblackgoldstartsrunningout.

A.ones

B.shock

C.prices

D.countries

2、⑵

A.this

B.that

C.which

D.what

3、(3)

A.but

B.so

C.however

D.nevertheless

4、⑷

A.may

B.perhaps

C.maybe

D.maybe

5、(5)

A.bleak

B.leak

C.weak

D.freak

6、(6)

A.is

B.has

C.lies

D.does

7、(7)

q3

A.As

B.Justas

C.Soas

D.Evenas

8、(8)

A.preventing

B.shutting

C.closing

D.keeping

9、(9)

A.If

B.Evenif

C.Whether

D.How

10、(10)

A.aside

B.from

C.beside

D.asidefrom

11>(11)

A.Forhard

B.Ashard

4

C.Veryhard

D.Ashardas

12、(12)

A.also

B.too

C.either

D.aswell

13、(13)

A.down

B.up

C.out

D.from

14、(14)

A.incomes

B.revenues

C.payment

D.contributions

15、(15)

A.likely

B.unlike

C.unlikely

D.alike

5

16、(16)

A.is

B.are

C.hasbeen

D.havebeen

17、(17)

A.inplaceof

B.instead

C.rather

D.ratherthan

18、(18)

A.For

B.To

C.Of

D.In

19、(19)

A.concluding

B.including

C.excluding

D.exploring

20、(20)

A.verify

目6

B.purify

C.diversify

D.multiply

二、ReadingComprehension

1、PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestions

beloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

Rarelyhasanationalsecurityissueofmajorimportancebecome

asubjectofdistortionandspinlikethedebateoverthe

intelligencereform,billonCapitolHill一theoutcomeofwhich

willdeterminehowUSintelligenceagenciesandtheirmilitary

functionforagenerationtocome.Thisisparticularlytrue

oftheheateddebatenowtakingplaceoverhowmuchpowershould

begiventoanewdirectorofnationalintelligence.

AlongwithHouseArmedServicesCommitteeChairmanDuncan

Hunter,oneofthemostrespecteddefenseexpertsonCapitol

Hill,theJointChiefsofStaffandotherelementswithinthe

DefenseDepartmenthaveraisedseriousquestionsaboutthe

far-reachingauthoritygrantedtotheintelligencedirector

undertheSenateversionofthebill.Specifically,Mr.Hunter

believesthattheSenatebillwouldinterferewiththe

military，saccesstointelligenceonthebattlefield.

Rightnow,Mr.Hunterpointsout,Armyunits,MarinesandUS

specialforcesuseintelligencegleanedfromoverhead

satellitestotargetenemytroops.Inordertodothis,they

needtoworkcloselywithcombatsupportagencieslikethe

NationalSecurityAgencyandNationalReconnaissanceOffice.

Itisessentialthattherebeawell-functioningchainof

commandbetweentheAmericantroopsontheground,theDefense

Departmentandthepeoplewhooperatethesatellites.Thiswas

particularlycriticalduringtherecentfightinginFallujah,

whereAmericantroopsreliedonsatellitephotostowatchthe

terroriststheywereseekingtokill.

AlthoughPresidentBushhasagreedtotheSenateproposal,

administrationofficialsacknowledgethereisrealconcern

thatitsversionofthebillcouldundercutasystemthatis

workingwell.AsoneofficialtoldthisnewspaperonMonday,

theSenatemeasurecouldproducethefollowingscenario:Every

timethegeneralswanttomoveasatellitetohelpacommander

quicklyobtainoverheadimagesoftheenemyorintercepted

communications,theywouldhavetogettheapprovalofthenew

directorofnationalintelligence.NotingtheFallujah

experience,Mr.HunteraddsthattheSenatebill,'translates

intoineffectivenessonthebattlefieldand,atworse,combat

casualties”.

WhenaskedtogivehisopinionontheSenatebillandan

alternativemeasureproposedbyMr.Hunterthatwouldpreserve

thecurrentchainofcommand,Gen.RichardMyers,thechairman

oftheJointChiefsofStaff,endorsedtheCalifornia

Republicanlawmaker(sversion.So,too,havetheheadsofthe

AirForce,Army,MarineCorpsandNavy.Thetruthisthatthe

veryideaofshiftingcontrolofdefenseintelligenceagencies

awayfromthePentagon(asembodiedintheSenatebill)isa

proposalto"fix"anon-existentproblem,WhenThomasKeanand

LeeHamilton,chairmanandvicechairmanoftheSeptember11

commission,testifiedonCapitolHill,bothacknowledgedin

responsetoaquestionfromMr.Huntertheirpanelhadcome

acrossnospecificinstanceofafailureornegligenceonthe

partofaDepartmentofDefenseagency.

Unfortunately,theresponsefromsomesenatorsandsomesectors

ofthepresstoMr.Hunter'ssubstantiveconcernshasbeento

portrayhimasunderminingnationalsecurityinorderto

preservehisbureaucraticturf.Atonelevel,thesechargesare

slanderous,giventhatMr.Hunter'sson,aMarine,just

completedatourofdutyinIraq.ChairmanHunteristryingto

protecthisson,andallotheryoungheroes一nothisturf.If

supportersoftheSenatebillhavesubstantiveargumentsto

makethatwouldexplainwhytheyarerightandtheJointChiefs

andMr.Hunterarewrong,theyshouldmakethem.Ifnot,they

shouldaccedetotheHouseposition.IftheSenaterefusesto

budge,thenthebestcourseofactionwouldbetore-visitthe

issue

A.TheEffectsFallujahFightBrings.

B.ADebateBetweenDuncanHunterandSomeSenators.

C.ADebateontheIntelligenceReform.Bill.

D.DuncanHunter,ARespectedDefenseExpert.

2、

Theword"gleaned”(Line2,Paragraph3)couldbeprobably

replacedby

A.gathered.

B.come.

C.piled.

D.originated.

3、

Mr.Hunterdisagreestotheintelligencereform,billforthe

followingreasonsEXCEPT

A.hebelievesthatthebillmightinterferewiththe

military，saccesstointelligenceonbattlefield.

B.hethinksthatthebillmighttranslateinto

ineffectivenessonthebattlefield.

C.hebelievesthattheideaofshiftingcontrolofdefense

intelligenceagenciesawayfromthePentagonisaproposalto

fixanon-existentproblem.

D.hethinksthatthebillmightatlastcausecombat

casualties.

4、

Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage?

A.ThechainofcommandbetweentheAmericantroopsonthe

ground,theDefenseDepartmentandthesatellitesoperatoris

effectiveduringtheFallujahfight.

B.Theresultofthedebatewilldecidehowmuchpowershould

begiventothedirectorofnationalintelligence.

C.AdministrationofficialsaregreatlyappreciatedforMr.

Bush'sagreementoftheSenateproposal.

D.Mr.Hunterisunderminingnationalsecurityinorderto

preservehisbureaucraticturf.

5、

Theauthor'sattitudetowardtheintelligencereform,billis

A.positive.

B.biased.

C.negative.

D.objective.

6、EversinceJohnBurrowsandhiswifeCarolopenedtheir

firsthairsalonin1983,theyhavebeentakingonapprentices.

“Inmygeneration,anapprenticeshipwasthewaytolearna

tradesoitwastheobviouswayforustogettheskilledstaff

weneeded,Mr.Burrowssays.

Today,theBurrows'salon,UpperCutinWeston-super-Mare,

employs35people.Ofthe16stylists,13progressedthrough

apprenticeshipsandMr.Burrowsbelievesastrongcultureof

trainingisintegraltothecompany'ssuccess.

“Withouttheapprenticeshipsschemeourbusinesswouldn，tbe

anythinglikethesizeitistoday,"Mr.Burrowssays.The

high-qualitytrainingtheapprenticeshipsprovideguarantees

growth.Themoreskillsstaffhave,themoreeffectivea

businesswillbecome.

AlthoughMr.Burrowsisanadvocateofthescheme,heconcedes

thatoccasionallyhehassufferedproblems.

Theyhaveexperiencedepisodesoftheft,poortimekeepingand

baddiscipline,butthesearethesortofthingyougetwhen

youemployanynumberofstaff.

“Sometimeswehavetoaskapprenticestoleavebutoftenthey

sortthemselvesout.Oneyearwehad100percentcompletionrate,

butouraverageisaround80percent,whichisdoublethe

nationalrate.”

“Thereisariskforsmallbusinessesbutyoucanhelpminimize

thepotentialforproblemsbylookingattheperson'shistory

andbackground.

IfMr.Burrowshadonecriticismofthescheme,itisthatthe

NationalVocationalQualificationcertificatesarevery

difficultformanyoftheapprenticestopass."The

qualificationsarenoteasy一manyoftheyoungstersonthe

schemearenotacademicallygreatandtheyfinditdifficult.

Theyneedalotofone-to-onecoachingandalotofhelptobe

abletopass.Butwhentheydoitcanbeextremelygratifying.，z

Oneofourapprenticeswasagirlwhowasdyslexicandhadbeen

expelledfromacoupleofschools.Shewasdifficultatfirst

buttheothergirlsinthesalonhelpedherdevelopandshewent

ontoachieveNVQlevelfour.Nowsheisworkingfull-timeand

helpingothergirlsthroughthescheme.

Anothersmallcompanymakinguseoftheapprenticeshipscheme

istheTopiaryTree,afloristrybusinesswithtwoshopsin

MaltonandHelmsley,NorthYorkshire.Withonlythreefull-time

employeesitisoneofthesmallestbusinessesinthecountry

tohavetakenonanapprentice.

GemmaMagson,themanagerofthebusiness,wantedanapprentice

becauseshewasonceoneherselfandwantedtooffersomeone

elsetheopportunityshehad.Herapprentice,alsocalledGemma,

spendsfourdaysaweekattheshopinMaltonandonedayaweek

attheAskhamBryanTrainingCollegeinYork."Thebusinesshas

reallybenefitedfromhavingGemmaaround,"Ms.Magsonsays.

AccordingtoMr.Burrows,theapprenticeshipscheme

A.istheonlywaytobeginacareerinhisgeneration.

B.canhelphimfindthequalifiedstaffhewanted.

C.isthemostimportantfactortothecompany，ssuccess.

D.secureshisbusinesstoconfrontnoproblemsallalong.

7、

ThecriticismofMr.Burrowstowardtheschemeimpliesthat

A.heisveryangryformanyofhisapprentices，failingin

acquiringtheNVQcertificates.

B.thosewhohavephysicaldefectscanimpossiblypassthe

examsforNVQ.

C.theapprenticeswhohavegotNVQcertificatesalwayschoose

toleaveforanotherplace.

D.NVQissodifficultthathehastospendmoretimein

teachingtheyoungsters.

Fromthetext,wecaninferthat

A.mostoftheapprenticesinMr.Burrows'shopscancomplete

thescheme.

B.thereisnoappropriatewaytoavoidtheapprentices'theft

orlatenessintheshop.

C.whethertheypasstheNVQornot,theapprenticesalways

feelcheerful.

D.duringthecourseofobtainingtheNVQ,theapprenticesare

justrivals,notfriends.

9、

TheapprenticeshipcanbringGemmaMagsonmanybenefitsNOT

becauseit

A.makesherfreeupsometimetogetonwithotherthings.

B.bringsmanycreativeideastoherforinnovatinghershops.

C.helpshertooffersomeoneelsetheopportunitytolearn

atrade.

D.savesheralotofenergiestoexpandthebusiness.

10、

Thechiefviewpointofthetextisto

A.introducethepresentsituationofapprentices.

B.demonstratetheimportanceofapprenticeship.

C.showhowtochooseanexcellentapprentice.

D.comparethedifferencesbetweentwocompaniesinusingthe

apprenticeship.

11、PresidentBush'sre-electionalreadyhasresultedinmore

fundsforoneoftheelection,spivotal"moralvalues”

issues一abstinenceeducation.

Congresslastweekendincludedmorethan$131millionfor

abstinenceprogramsinits$388billionspendingbill.

Thisrepresentsanincreaseof$30millionforprogramsthat

teachmiddle-andhigh-schoolyouthsthatsexualabstinence

untilmarriageisthebestchoice.

Thenewfundingisfarlessthanthe$100millionMr.Bush

requested,butitmarksa"recordleveloffunding”,said

leadersoftheNationalAbstinenceClearinghouseinSiouxFalls,

S.D.

Publicdebatesaboutthemeritsofteaching

abstinence-until-marriageversus

abstinence-plus-contraceptionarelikelytocontinue:A

nationalevaluationofabstinence-until-marriageprogramshas

beendelayed,withafinalreportnotexpecteduntil2022,said

aspokesmanfortheDepartmentofHealthandHumanServices

(HHS).

TheBushadministrationhasfueledthisdebatebysteadily-

increasingfederalfundsforabstinenceeducation,whichhas

beenoutmatchedfordecadesbyfundingforfamilyplanning,

HIV/AIDSandothersexeducationthatprimarilyteachesabout

birthcontrol,condomsanddiseaseprevention.

“Wehavesaidthatfundingforabstinenceeducation...oughtto

beonatleastequalfootingwithothersexeducationprograms,

WhiteHousespokesmanScottMcClellansaidNov.17atthe

nominationofWhiteHousedomesticpolicyadviserMargaret

SpellingsasDepartmentofEducationsecretary.

“Thepresidentisanadvocateofabstinence-educationprograms

becausehewantstofocusonwhatworks,"Mr.McClellansaid,

notingthatMrs.Spellingssupportsabstinence-basededucation

inschools.

WilliamSmithoftheSexualityInformationandEducation

CounciloftheUnitedStateschallengedtheideathat

abstinenceeducationhasbeen"proveneffective'".

“Nosoundstudyexiststhatshowsthattheseprogramshaveany

long-termbeneficialimpactonyoungpeople'ssexual

behavior,"Mr.Smithsaid."Thefactthepresident5snominee

forthenation，stopteachersupportstheseprogramsis

particularlydisturbing.z，

______Q

q17

Whenitcomestochildren,ssexualbehavior,theprimary

messagethenationshouldgiveisabstinenceuntilmarriage,

saidWadeF.Horn,HHSassistantsecretaryforchildrenand

families.

“Wedon，tneedastudy,ifIremembermybiologycorrectly,to

showusthatthosepeoplewhoaresexuallyabstinenthaveazero

chanceofbecomingpregnantorgettingsomeonepregnantor

contractingasexuallytransmitteddisease,saidMr.Horn.

Meanwhile,opponentsofabstinence-onlyeducationcontinueto

warnagainstflouringmoneyintounprovenprograms.Advocates

forYouth(AFY),forinstance,recentlyreleaseda10state

studysayingthatafterfiveyearsand$45.5millioninfederal

funding,abstinenceprogramshaveresultedin"fewshort-term

benefitsandnolastingpositiveimpact”.

Thetextismainlyabout

A.thepublicdebatesaboutthemerits.

B.federalfundspaidfortheabstinenceeducation.

C.abstinenceeducationraisedbytheBushadministration.

D.theeffectsofabstinenceeducation.

12、

Accordingtothepassage,abstinenceeducation

A.meansabstinenceplus-contraception.

B.haslong-termbeneficialimpactsonyoungpeople'ssexual

behavior.

C.includesfamilyplanning,HIV/AIDSandothersexeducation.

D.isanimportantelection's"moralvalues“issueofBush's

re-election.

13、

Manypeopleofagenciesdisagreetotheabstinence-only

educationNOTbecause

A.theabstinenceeducationhasnotbeenproveneffective.

B.thepresidentisanadvocateofabstinence-education

program.

C.abstinenceprogramshaveresultedinfewshort-term

benefits.

D.therewasnosignificantchangeinthepercentageof

studentsstickingnosexaftertheabstinenceeducation.

14、

Wecaninferfromthelastparagraphthat

A.AFYencouragesyouthtohavesex.

B.AFYagreesthatthereisnotenoughmoneyinoperating

abstinenceeducationprogram.

C.AFYforbidsyouthtohavesex.

D.AFYthinksthatabstinenceprogramisanunprovenprogram.

15、

Thepassagemaybetakenfroma

A.newspaper.

B.report.

C.commentary.

D.book.

16、Morepeoplethaneverbeforeareembarkingontheirown

enterpriseadventureandstartingtheirownbusiness.Nearly

400,000companieswereestablishedlastyear,or35percent

morethanin2022.

Butofficialstatisticsalsoshowthatmorebusinessesthan

everarefailing.Lastyear,arecord40,000businesseswere

declaredinsolvent.

Withsomanybusinessesfailingitisimportantifyouare

thinkingofstartingabusinesstoplanandprepareproperly.

Thiswillalsoincreasethechancesofsecuringfinance.

“Oneofthekeypartsofstartingabusinessisensuringthat

theoriginalideaisdevelopedintoafullyviableproductor

service,，zJudithRutherford,thechiefexecutiveofBusiness

LinkforLondon,says.''Establishingwhetherthereisamarket

fortheproductorserviceisthenextstep.Thisshouldinclude

athoroughexaminationofpotentialcompetitorsand

customers,shesays."Itmayalsobeworthcommissioningsome

marketresearch.

IftheresearchdemonstratesthereisaviableBusinesstobe

had,thenthenextstepistodevelopadetailedbusinessplan.

Aswellasdetailsoftheproductandmarket,thisshouldalso

includeabudgetplanandcashflowforecast.Approachinga

qualifiedaccountantcanalsohelp.Aprofessionallookingplan

withcrediblefigureswillmakeiteasiertoattractfinance.

ButJohnRendall,theheadofbusinessbankingatHSBCwarns

againstfallingintothetrapofcreatingabusinessplan

designedsolelywiththeobjectiveofsecuringfunding.

“Agoodbusinessplanshoulddemonstratesomecriticalthinking

aboutyourbusiness,helpyouclarifywhatyouwanttoachieve

andhowyouaregoingtoachieveit.Itshouldalsohelpyou

markprogress,setgoalsandbeinbettershapetodealwith

thechallengesanynewbusinessislikelytoface,"Mr.Rendall

says.

“Thisapproachisfarmorelikelytoimpressthansomething

solelydesignedtojustifyborrowing.Mr.Rendallalsoadvises

businessesnottounderestimatehowmuchtheyneedtoborrow.

“Don'tbetemptedtounderplaythedebtyourequirejustto

pleaseyourbank,z，hesays."Abankisjustaslikelytoconsider

alargersumifitispersuadedofthegrowthpotentialofyour

business.

Agoodbusinessplanshouldalsoincludecontingencyplansthat

outlineresponsestounforeseencircumstances一positiveas

wellasnegative.Forexample,whatwouldbethefinancial

impactofchangedeconomiccircumstances?Whatchangescould

bemadetorespond?Itisalwaysworthgettingcommentsfrom

friendsorcolleagueswhocanbringamoredetachedperspective.

Itcouldalsobeworthtakingthetimetoinvestigatewhether

yourbusinessqualifiesforanygrants.Grantsareavailable

fromavarietyofsourcesincludingtheGovernmentandits

variousdepartmentsandagencies,theEuropeanUnionandsome

charitableorganizations.Ifyouareundertheageof30,it

wouldbeworthvisitingthePrince'sTrustwebsite,whichlast

yearhelpedmorethan4,300youngpeoplestart-upinbusiness.

Moredetailsonhowtofindgrants,raisefinanceandimprove

financialmanagementcanbefoundonTimes0nline，sGrantand

Financeguide.

Thenumberofthecompaniesthatwereestablishedin2022is

about

A.400,000.

B.40,000.

不_____Q

$22

C.300,000.

D.260,000.

17、

Accordingtotheauthor,abusinessplanshouldinclude

A.detailsofproductandmarket,abudgetplanandcashflow

forecast.

B.abudgetplan,cashflowforecastandamarketinvestigation

report.

C.abudgetplan,cashflowforecastandcontingencyplans.

D.aresearchontheproductandmarket,abudgetplan,

cashflowforecastandcontingencyplans.

18、

Theword"contingency”(Line1,Paragraph9)canbebest

replacedby

A.disasters.

B.possibilities.

C.emergencies.

D.happenings.

19、

Thereasonwhyagoodbusinessplanisimportantisthatit

can

A.makeyoubepreparedforyourenterpriseadventure.

B.persuadethebanktolendyouthelargesumofmoneyyou

require.

C.helpyougetgrants,raisefinanceandimprovefinancial

management.

D.helpyoumaketherightfirststeptosetupyourown

business.

20、

Thepurposeoftheauthorinwritingthisarticleistoshow

howto

A.embarkonone'sownenterpriseadventureandstartone's

ownbusiness.

B.makeagoodbusinessplan.

C.maketherightfirststepsofone'sownbusiness.

D.findgrantsontheInternet.

21、PartB(10points)

Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.For

Questions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizethese

paragraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelist

A-G.Someoftheparagraphshavebeenplacedforyou.(10points)

A.ThencameMerck'swithdrawalfromthemarketofits

blockbusteranti-inflammatorydrug,Vioxx,becauseofan

increaseinsideeffects,includingheartattacksandstrokes.

ThisledoneofFDA,smedicalofficers,inNovembertestimony

beforetheSenateFinanceCommittee,toaccusehisown

colleaguesofdiscountingrecommendationsfromtheagency's

safetyresearchers,andofconsistentlybeingindenialwhen

dataindicatesafetyproblemsfromanapproveddrug.

B.Thefirstkindoferrorishighlyvisible,causingthe

regulatorstobeattackedbythemediaandpatientgroups,and

tobeinvestigatedbyCongress.Butthesecondkindof

error—keepingapotentiallyimportantproductoutof

consumers'hands一isusuallyanon-event,elicitinglittle

attention,letaloneoutrage.

C.TheFDAisafavoritetargetofcritics,whovariouslyaccuse

regulatorsofexcessiverisk-aversionanddelayofapprovals,

oroftoocozyarelationshipwiththedrugindustry.Sen.

CharlesE.Grassley(R-Iowa),thechairmanoftheSenate

FinanceCommittee,recentlychidedtheagency,“Thehealthand

safetyofthepublicmustbetheFDA'sfirstandonlyconcern.z/

D.FirsttheFDA(FoodandDrugAdministration)wasblindsided

byChironCorp.'sinabilitytoprovidefluvaccinethisseason

becauseofcontaminationatitsmanufacturingfacility,

deprivingAmericansofhalftheusualsupply.

E.Grassleyisright,butparticularlywhengovernmentalpre

marketingapprovalofaproductisrequired,greatersafetyis

notsynonymouswithmorestringentregulation.Infact,net

benefittopatientsoftensuffersbecauseofanobscure

regulatoryanomaly:theasymmetryofoutcomesfromthetwo

typesofmistakesthatregulatorscanmake.Aregulatorcan

commitanerrorbypermittingsomethingbadtohappen

(approvingaharmfulproduct),orbypreventingsomethinggood

frombecomingavailable(notapprovingabeneficialproduct).

Bothoutcomesarebadforthepublic,buttheconsequencesfor

theregulatorareverydifferent.

F.Asaresult,regulatorsmakedecisionsdefensively一inother

words,toavoidapprovalsofharmfulproductsatanycost一so

theytendtodelayorrejectnewproductsofallsorts,from

fatsubstitutestovaccinesandpainkillers.That'sbadfor

publichealthandforconsumers'freedomtochoose.

G.Congresshasalongandignoblehistoryofexaggerated

legislativeresponsestoperceivedhealthcrises.Itseemsto

beatitagain.RecenteventshaveshiftedtheCongressinto

crisismodeoncemore.

Order:FisthefirstparagraphandGisthelast.

22、(42)

23、(43)

24、(44)

25、(45)

26、PartC

Directions:Readthefollowingt