新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记 Lesson37全套

[全]新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记：Lesson37【课文】Firstlistenandthenanswerthefollowingquestion.听录音，然后回答以下问题。Whatisthemostimportantfactor,bothingovernmentorbusiness,forkeepingrunningcostslow?Ifanationisessentiallydisunited,itislefttothegovernmenttoholdittogether.Thisincreasestheexpenseofgovernment,andreducescorrespondinglytheamountofeconomicresourcesthatcouldbeusedfordevelopingthecountry.Anditshouldnotbeforgottenhowsmallthoseresourcesareinapoorandbackwardcountry.Wherethecostofgovernmentishigh,resourcesfordevelopmentarecorrespondinglylow.Thismaybeillustratedbycomparingthepositionofanationwiththatofaprivatebusinessenterprise.Anenterprisehastoincurcertaincostsandexpensesinordertostayinbusiness.Forourpurposes,weareconcernedonlywithonekindofcost--thecostofmanagingandadministeringthebusiness.Suchadministrativeoverheadsinabusinessareanalogoustothecostofgovernmentinanation.Theadministrativeoverheadsofabusinessarelowtotheextentthateveryoneworkinginthebusinesscanbetrustedtobehaveinawaythatbestpromotestheinterestsofthefirm.Iftheycaneachbetrustedtotakesuchresponsibilities.andtoexercisesuchinitiativeasfallswithintheirsphere,thenadministrativeoverheadswillbelow.Itwillbelowbecauseitwillbenecessarytohaveonlyonemanlookingaftereachjob,withouthavinganothermantocheckuponwhatheisdoing,keephiminline,andreportonhimtosomeoneelse.Butifnoonecanbetrustedtoactinaloyalandresponsiblemannertowardshisjob,thenthebusinesswillrequirearmiesofadministrators,checkers,andforemenandadministrativeoverheadswillrisecorrespondingly.Asadministrativeoverheadsrise,sotheearningsofthebusinessaftermeetingheexpenseofadministration,willfall;andthebusinesswillhavelessmoneytodistributeasdividendsorinvestdirectlyinitsfutureprogressanddevelopment.Itispreciselythesamewithanation.Totheextentthatthepeoplecanbereliedupontobehaveinaloyalandresponsiblemanner,thegovernmentdoesnotrequirearmiesofpoliceandcivilservantstokeeptheminorder.Butifanationisdisunited,thegovernmentcannotbesurethattheactionsofthepeoplewillbeintheinterestsofthenation;anditwillhavetowatch,check,andcontrolthepeopleaccordingly.Adisunitednationthereforehastoincurundulyhighcostsofgovernment.RAYMONDFROSTTheBackwardSociety【Newwordsandexpressions生词和短语】hubn.(活动的)中心disunitedadj.分裂的correspondinglyadv.相应地backwardadj.落后的incurv.承担administerv.管理adminstrativeadj.行政管理的analogousadj.类似的overheadsn.一般费用initiativen.主动，积极性checkern.检查人员foremann.监工dividendn.红利undulyadv.过度地【课文注释】1.disunitedadj.分裂的例句：Moreover,whentheemployeesaredisunited,unhappinessisboundtosetin.更何况大家都不团结时，不愉快事件频频。Youarewretched,disunitedindividuals.你们糟透了，分崩离析了。disunitevt.使分离,使不和例句：Theissuedisunitedthepartymembers.该问题在党员中造成分裂。2.correspondinglyadv.相应地例句：Thelanguagecorrespondinglybecamestiffer.讲话的语言也相应地变得更加强硬。3.economicresources经济资源4.backwardadj.向后的,落后的例句：Hetookabackwardstepandranaway.他向后退了一步,跑了。Thispartofthecountryisstillbackward.这个国家的这个地区仍很落后。【词义辨析】back,backward,hind,behind这些词均有“在后，向后”之意。back:作为副词或形容词时，强调所修饰物的位置以及动作运动方向。backward:可用于人或物，指向后的，落后的或迟钝的。hind:指成对并且分前后的东西的“后面的”。behind:指一物同它物相对的位置或场所。5.stayinbusiness维持营业6.beanalogousto与...相似例句：Thehumanheartisanalogoustoapump.人的心脏和泵类似。7.initiativen.①主动权，主动性例句：Intheeconomictrendofthenewera,havingtheinitiativeisthekey.在新时期的经济大潮中，拥有主动权是关键。Iputitalldowntoherhardworkandinitiative.我把这一切归因于她工作又勤奋又主动。②首创精神例句：Itisinnovationplusinitiativethathaskeptitthriving.创新与进取精神使得它蓬勃发展。adj.①创始的例句：Thearticlesofincorporationusuallynametheinitialdirectors.通常情况下，公司的组织章程应记载创始董事的姓名。②初步的例句：Thepanel'sinitialfindingshavenowbeenmadepublic.这个委员会的初步调查结果已经公布于众。③自发的例句：ShetookaninitiativepartintheWildlifeConservationSociety.他们自发牵制住了敌人。8.asfallswithintheirsphere属于他们分内的。9.keepsomeoneinline控制住某人例句：It'sdifficulttokeepagroupofyoungchildreninline.让小孩都老老实实的可真不易.【反义词】outofline例句：Don'tgetoutoflineatdinneroryouwillbepunished.晚饭时给我老实点要不我就收拾你.10.keeptheminorder管理他们11.intheinterestsof符合......的利益例句：Weworkintheinterestsofthepeople.我们是为人民群众的利益而工作。12.undulyadv.过度地，不适当地例句：Aneccentricperson,especiallyonewhoisundulyzealous.异人古怪的人，尤指过分狂热的人【参考译文】如果一个国家实际上处于分裂状态，使之联合起来就是政府的事了。这样的一来就增加了政府的开支，从而相应地减少了可以用来发展国家的那部分经济资源。不应忘记，在一个贫穷落后的国家里，那部分财力是很有限的。凡是政府管理费用高的地方，用于发展国家经济的资金就会相应地减少。把国家的状况同私人企业的状况加以比较，就可以看清这个问题。一个企业为了继续经营，不得不支出一定的费用和开销。就我们的目的而言，我们只关心一种费用--企业行政管理费。一家企业的行政管理开支类似于一个国家的政府管理所用的开支。如果企业中的每个人都在真诚地为提高企业利润而工作，那么企业的管理费用就会降低到相应的程度。如果企业的每个人都信得过，人人都认真负责，在各自的工作范围内发挥主动性，行政管理费用就会降低。行政管理费用降低的原因是：每项工作只需要一个人去完成，用不着另外再有一个人检查工作。督促他遵守章程，或向有关人士汇报他的工作。