功能对等理论视角下《杀死一只知更鸟》汉译本研究

-1-ChapterOneIntroductionTranslationisaformoflanguagetransformationincomplexhumanactivities.Translationtheoryprovidesaconceptualframeworkforunderstandingtranslationphenomenaandactivities,awayofthinkingfordescribingandexplainingtranslationphenomenaandactivities,andavalueconceptforunderstandingtranslationphenomenaandactivities.Translationtheoryistodescribeandexplainthestructures,lawsandrelationshipsbehindtranslationphenomenabyusingvariousmeansofthinking.Translationemphasizescommunicativefunctionsandrequiresconsiderationoftheresponseoftherecipient.Functionalequivalencerequiresthetranslationtoadjustitselfflexiblysothattherecipientunderstandstheinformationcorrectly.Withtherapideconomicdevelopmentandincreasinglyclosecooperationtoday,thedemandfortranslationisincreasing,andthequalityoftranslationisputforwardhigherrequirements.Thishaspayedattentionofthetranslationfieldandopenedupnewchallengesandresearchideasfortranslationresearch.Translationcanbeclassifiedintofourcategories:translationfromtheperspectiveoflinguistics,translationfromtheperspectiveofculture,semantictranslationandcommunicativetranslation.Fromtheperspectiveoflinguistics,translationincludesthereproductionofthenaturalequivalentsclosesttothesourcelanguageinformationinthetargetlanguage,firstmeaning,secondstyle.Fromtheperspectiveofculture,translationisnotonlyregardedastherichtransmissionoflanguage,butalsoastheexchangeofculture.Translatorsshouldhaveawiderangeofculturalknowledge.Fromtheperspectiveofcommunicativetranslation,thetranslatortriestohopethatthetargetlanguagereadercanunderstandthecontextthattheoriginallanguagereaderfeels.Fromtheperspectiveofcommunicativetranslation,thetranslatortriestoproducethesameeffectforthetargetlanguagereadersastheoriginaltextdoesforthesourcelanguagereaders.Functionalequivalencetheorybelongstothelinguisticschool.Inthisyears,functionalequivalencetheoryhasbeenusedinfilmsubtitletranslation,medicaltranslation,financialtranslationandotherfields.ChapterTwoToKillaMockingBirdanditsChineseVersion2.1IntroductiontotheAuthorandtheOriginalWorkHarperLeewasbornin1996inasmalltowninthesouthernUSstateofAlabama.AccordingtotheGuardianon19February1926,HarperLeediedpeacefullyinherhometownofMonroevilleattheageof89.HarperLee’sfatherisalawyerwhousedtobeastatelegislator.Aftercompletinginanadjoiningpublicschool,theauthorregisteredattheUniversityofAlabamatopursuealegaleducation.ShestudiedforayearatUniversityofOxfordintheUKasanexchangestudent.ShequitschoolsixmonthsbeforegraduationandmovedtoNewYorktopursuehergoalofbecomingawriter.InNewYork,sheheldtwojobs:writingforairlinesandworkingasabookingagent.ShereturnedtohernativeAlabamaafterbeingencouragedtodosobyherfriendsandeditors.andusedherchildhoodfragmentsasabasisforcreatingnovels.Therepresentativeworkis“KillaMockingbird”releasedin1960.ThedeathofwriterHarperLeehasattractedenthusiasticcommentsonthetranslationofthetitleofthebook,whichhasbeenrepeatedlyrevisedinChina,fromShootingaMockingbirdtoKillaMockingbirdtoToKillaMockingbirdandlatertofilmadaptationssuchasToKillaMockingbirdonthemainland.TheTaiwanversionoftheMeigangCityStoryandtheHongKongversionoftheHouseofSuspicionandotherdifferentversions.Duetothedifferentculturesindifferentregions,thetranslationmethodsusedbytranslatorsarealsodifferent,butnomatterwhattranslationformsandmethodsare,theyshouldrealizetheoriginalpurposeofthetext,reflecttheideologicalcontentandstyleoftheoriginaltext,sothattheaudienceandreaderscanreallygetintouchwiththecultureoftheworkandtrulyunderstandthework.ThenovelToKillaMockingbirdismainlytoldfromtheperspectiveofasix-year-oldgirl.Duringtheeconomicdownturninthe1930s,asmallremotecityinthesouthernUnitedStates,thepeacefullifeofthreechildrenisbrokenbyseveralstrangemysteries,hearsayandfact,strongandweak,goodandevil,loyaltyandbetrayal.Undertheguidanceoftheirfather,thethreemenstrugglethroughthefogoflifeandfindthetruthinthemidstofpainandconflict.Witnessthefilthandbrillianceofhumannature,understandthetruthofcrueltyandhelplessness,butalsofeelthewarmthandtruthoftheworld.Scholarshavemadeacomprehensiveanalysisfrommultipleperspectives,includingtheplot,writingtechniquesandthebackgroundofTheTimes.2.2IntroductiontotheChineseTranslationTherearenotmanystudiesontheChinesetranslationofToKillingaMockingbird.ThisarticleanalysesandstudiestheChinesetranslationofToKillingaMockingbirdtranslatedbyGaoHongmei.TheChinesetranslationofToKillingaMockingbirdtranslatedbyGaoHongmeifocusondirecttranslationandismoresuitablefortheoriginalwork.However,intermsofcontextandsemantics,itisnoteasyforreaderstounderstand.ChapterThreeFunctionalEquivalenceTheoryThissectionofToKillaMockingbirdisanalyzedfromtheperspectiveoffunctionalequivalencetheorytoexplorethehistoricaldevelopmentoffunctionalequivalencetheory.Theauthorintroducethecontentcontainedinfunctionalequivalencetheory.AndconsiderthefunctionalequivalencytheoryofEugeneNidaasthetheoreticalframeworkforadditionalinvestigationandinterpretation.3.1TheDevelopmentofFunctionalEquivalenceTheoryFromtheperspectiveofforeigntranslationtheories,themainstreamtranslationschoolsintheWestincludelanguageschool,functionalschool,interpretiveschoolandculturalschool.Amongthem,therepresentativefiguresandtranslationtheoriesofthelinguisticschoolincludeEugeneNida'sfunctionalequivalencetheoryandPeterNewmark’scommunicativetranslationtheoryandsemantictranslationtheory.AnAmericanlinguist,translator,andtheoristoftranslation,EugeneNida.The“dynamicequivalence”theorythathecreatedhadasignificantinfluenceonthe20thcentury.Dr.EugeneA.NidaisamemberofthetheoriesoftranslationschoolinWesternlinguistics.Heworkedintheacademicfieldsoflinguisticsandsemantics,anthropology,communicationengineering,andBibletranslation.Heinspectionmorethan100languages,andheisfluentedinmuchofthem.Amazingadvancementshavebeenmadeintheoreticalresearchandtranslationpracticeoverthepast50years.Hehasmorethan250papersandmorethan40monographspublished.Itbecamethefirst,biggest,andmostinfluentialtranslationtheoryintroducedintoChinaintheearly1980safterbeingintroducedthere.ChinaastranslatedinmodernWesternculture.Heexpandedtranslationtheorybyincludinginformationtheoryandsemiotics,andhesuggestedthatthedynamicequivalenceoftranslationcriteriaistheresultofapplyingthemostrecentfindingsfromcontemporarylinguisticstotranslationtheory.Theuseofreaderresponsesasatranslationstandardwasafirstinthefieldoftranslation.Inparticular,ithasquestionedthestaticanalysisofconventionalChinesetranslationtheories,advancedtheideaofopentranslationtheory,anddeterminedthebestcoursefordevelopingafreshtheoreticalframework.NidaholdsaimportantpositionintheChinesetranslationmarketasaresult.ThemaincontributionofNida'sfunctionalequivalencetheoryisthathehaschangedhisperspectiveonotherlanguagesandculturesinordertostrengthenthelanguage.communicationandmutualunderstandingbetweennationslanguagecommunicationandmutualunderstanding.Sincetheearly1950s,translationtheoryhasbeenevolvingcontinuously,bringingtogethervariousschoolsofthought.Nida,Fedorough,Wells,andKateford,amongothers,incorporatedmodernlinguisticsintotranslationresearch;inaddition,Holmesidentifiedthefieldasadistinctone.Nidacontendsthatsemioticsshouldbethefundamentalprincipleofsymbolencodinganddecodinginallmaturetranslationtechniques.AccordingtoNida,comparingtheresponseofthetranslatedreadertothatoftheoriginalreadershouldbethefirstthingtotakeintoaccountwhentranslatingawork.HedefinesfunctionalequivalenceasreadersofthetranslatedlanguageunderstandingunderstandingthetranslationinthesamewaythatspeakersofthesourcelanguagedotheoriginalinLanguage,Translation,andCulture.Theobjectreaderandthesourcereaderwillfeelmuchthesame.Thetranslatorcanobtainthissimilaritybylookingforrelativelyequalobjects,reorganisingformsandsemanticstructures.Forthisidentity,itincludes"proximity","nature"and"equivalence"inthe"translationdefinition"3.2TheMainContentofFunctionalEquivalenceTheory3.2.1LexicalEquivalenceLexicalequivalencysimplyconcernsitselfwithwords,butsyntacticequivalencetakesintoaccountboththerelationshipbetweenwordsandthewordsthemselves.Italsoneedstoconsiderthegrammarassociatedwiththesentence.Infact,EnglishandChinesevocabularyarenotcompletelyequalinconnotation,andthereisabigdifference.Whendealingwithvocabularyequivalence,translatorsneedtodotargetedprocessingaccordingtodifferentvocabularybackgrounds,Thus,misunderstandingsanddeviationsthatmayoccurintranslationcanbeeliminatedeffectively.3.2.2SyntacticEquivalenceThereisacleardifferencebetweenEnglishgrammarstructure,languageexpressionandlanguagethinkinghabits.Therefore,thetranslatorshouldfirstdisassembleandanalyzetheoriginaltext,especiallythelinguisticexpressionfeaturesandcorrespondinglinguistichabitsoftheoriginaltext.Insyntax,antonymousinterrogativesentences,exclamationsentencesandothersentencepatternsgenerallyappear.Thetranslatormustdealwiththeconflictbetweentheoriginaltextandthetranslationinsyntax,grammar,expressionandotheraspectstoachievesyntacticequivalence.3.2.3TextualEquivalenceConsiderationofsyntagmequivalencyshouldstartwiththeword’sdefinitionaswellasthecontext.Thecontentthatisdescribedbeforehandandafterwardsthetextconstitutestheequivalentcontext.Theequivalenceofthecontextisthecontentdescribedbeforeandafterthetext.Situationalcontextreferstothemeaningcontainedintheemotionalexpressionscene.Theoriginalwork’sculturalmilieuistheculturalcontext.Asaconsequence,it’simportanttoutilizelanguagetoanalyzeandtranslatetextsinareasonablemannerwhileusinglogicalthinkingtounderstandthecontextasitisstatedinthecontext.Translatorshavetothoroughlyinvestigatetheoriginaltextinordertoproperlycomprehendtheexpression,expressionhabits,andthinkinghabitsoftheoriginaltext,aswellastherelatedculturaltheheelsoftheoriginaltext.Bycarryingoutthis,wearebetterabletounderstandtheoriginaltext'sconnotationandsurvivewithitsidiosyncrasies. ChapterFourTranslationofToKillaMockingbirdundertheGuidanceofFunctionalEquivalenceTheoryInthischapter,theauthorwillintroducethefollowingthreeparts:lexicalequivalence,syntacticequivalence,andchapterequivalence.LexicalEquivalenceInthissection,Iwillintroducethefollowingtwoparts:literaltranslationandliteraltranslationwithnotes.4.1.1LiteralTranslationLiteraltranslationisoneofthemostbasictranslationmethods.Literaltranslationmeansthat,underthepermissionofthelanguageconditionsofthetargettext,theoriginalformismaintainedwhiletheoriginalcontentismaintainedinthetargettext.Itespeciallyreferstomaintainingthefigurativesentences,imagedescriptions,folkstylesandlocalcoloursintheoriginaltext.Generallyspeaking,literaltranslationistousetheexpressionoftheoriginalworkinthetranslation.Althoughthetranslation'ssentencestructureisthesameorverysimilartotheoriginal,asmallphrase-levelchangeisstillpossible.Usually,theliteraltranslationmethodisusedtoensurethattheinformationconveyedistrueandeffective.TheliteraltranslationisusedintheopeningwordsofToKillaMockingbird,Lawyers,Isuppose,werechildrenonce.律师，我以为，也曾经是孩子。ItwascustomaryforthemeninthefamilytoremainonSimon’shomestead,Finch’sLinding,andmaketheirlivingfromcotton.家族的传统是男人们都留守在庄园——芬奇园里，靠种棉花为生。Whenyoustartanythingevenifyoualreadyknowyouaregoingtobelicked,youfinishitnomatterwhat.Youdon'toftenwin,butsometimesyoudo.勇敢是：当你还未开始就已知道自己会输，可你依然要去做，而且无论如何都要把它坚持到底。你很少能赢，但有时也会。Throughliteraltranslation,thecontentismoreeasytounderstandandinlinewiththeoriginalwork.Fromthethreeexamples,itisfoundthattheGao’sversionpaysmoreattentiontoliteraltranslationandstartsfromtheoriginaltextwithoutanymodification,whichisstraightforwardandconciseandalittlemouthfultoread.Fromtheperspectiveoftranslationstyle,Gao’sversionisstraightforward.TheGaohongmei’sversionismoreinlinewiththeliteraltranslationmethod.Lyricistssuchas“lawyers”and“once”inexample(1)usetheliteraltranslationmethodtotranslateinto“法律”“曾经”.Inexample(2),“customary”“cotton”andotherwordsareliterallytransliteratedwiththeirChinesemeanings“传统”“棉花.”Lyricistssuchas“begin”and“rarely”inExample(3)alsomakedirectlytranslateinto“开始”“很少”。Thetranslatorisdirectlyelaboratedaccordingtothetranslationstyleoftheoriginalwork.4.1.2LiteralTranslationWithNotesTheliteralannotationistoletreadersfromdifferentcountriesunderstandtheimagecreatedbytheoriginalauthor.Theannotationsaredividedintotwoforms:in-textannotationsandexternalannotations.Thepurposeistomakethewritingsmooth,easytoread,andconveytheoriginallanguageculture.InToKillingaMockingbirdIfhewantedtoseethesituationbroadly,ItoldhimthatittrulystartedwithAndrewJackson.我说他要是这样长远地去看，实际上是从安德鲁·杰克逊开始的。Note:安德鲁·杰克逊是美国将军，任职第七任总统。他曾多次和印第安人进行交战，迫使他们签订一系列不平等条约，在其总统任期内又签署一系列法令，力主把所有的印第安人赶往密西西比河以西的荒凉地带。Theremainsofapicketdrunkenlyguardedthefrontyarda“sweptyard”.一些残留的尖桩栅栏东倒西歪地护卫着前院。Note:是把某些地方的前院称为“扫院”因为前院代表一个家庭的门面，所以需要经常去清扫，保持清洁干净。AccordingtoMr.Avery,theseasonswouldshiftwhenkidsdisobeyedtheirparents,smokedcigarettes,andwagedwarononeanother.Note:埃弗里先生说，罗塞塔石碑上写得很清楚：如果小孩不听话或抽烟打架，季节就会反常。InthisChineseversionbooks,ituseliteraltranslationsoftheRosettaStone.IntheGao’sversion,theRosettaStonedidliteraltranslations:“1799年在埃及尼罗河罗塞塔地区发现的石碑上面刻有希腊文，埃及象形文字及埃及当时的通俗体文字。”Throughtheaboveexamples,theauthorfurtherexplainssomeofthecharacters,customsandbuildingsatthattimethroughliteraltranslationandannotation.IntheintroductionofAndrewJackson,combinedwiththebackgroundoftheeraatthattime,thefollowingstoryabouttheauthor'sfamilyisinduced.Intheexample(2),theexplanationof"sweepingthehospital"allowsustofurtherdeepenourunderstandingofthelivinghabitsofthesouthernUnitedStatesatthattime.TherecordofRosettaStoneinExample(3)reflectspeople'slackofcognitionofweatherchangesandscientificknowledge.SyntacticEquivalenceInthissection,theauthorwillintroducefromtwoparts:MorphologicalconversionandAdd,DeleteandRecombine.4.2.1MorphologicalConversionThevoiceconversionreferstothetranslationbetweentheactivevoiceandthepassivevoice.PassiveEnglishsentencesoughttogetchangedintoactiveChinesetermsorthecontrary.Forexample:Whenmyfatherwasadmittedtothebar,hereturnedtoMaycombandbeganhispractice.Maycomb,sometwentymileseastofFinch'sLanding,wasthecountyseatofMaycombCounty.我父亲取得律师资格后，便返回梅克姆镇开业。梅克姆镇在芬奇园以东约二十英里，是梅克姆县政府的所在地。ThepassivevoiceisoftenusedinEnglish.InChinese,passivesentencesareusedlessfrequently.ThispapertrytotranslateinChineseusingexpressionsthatmaybedynamicallytransformedintoactivesentences.Thiswillhelpyouaccuratelyconveytheoriginalmeaningandpreventtranslationgaps.Inthisinstance,theword"wasadmitted"isusedintheoriginalworktoindicatethat"myfather"wasgrantedpermissiontopracticelaw.IturnedtoCalpurniabutwashushedbeforeIopenedmymouth.Subdued,IfixedmyattentionuponRever-endSykes,whoseemedtobewaitingformetosettledown.“Willthemusicsuperintendentleadusinthefirsthymn,"hesaid.我转向卡波妮,可是还没张嘴就被制止了。之后,我便把注意力集中于赛克斯牧师，他好像也在等着我安静下来。“请只乐长来引领我们唱第一首赞美诗。”他说。Inthissentence,theoriginalworkusesthepassivevoice"washushed"intheChinesetranslation,whichreflectsthesamepassivecomponent.Combinedwiththecontext,itfurthershowsthatpeopleattachimportancetothechurchandrespectthesenseofceremony.4.2.2Addition,DeletionandReorganisationAddition,deletionandreorganisation,asthenameimplies,istoaddorsubtracttorecombinethemeaningofthesentencetoensurethesmoothreadingofthetargetlanguagereaders.Additionreferstoaddingsomepartsthatarenotintheoriginallanguageduringthetranslationprocess,whichisfullofthemeaningofthearticlewithoutaffectingthetransmissionofmeaning.Makebetterexpressionanddisplay.Subtractionreferstotheremovalofsomeredundantcontentfromthesourcelanguageduringthetranslationprocess,sothatthetranslationisconciseanddoesnotaffectthetransmissionofmeaning.InTokillaMockingbird,Thereareabouttheaddition,deletionandrecombinationpart：Well,didyouknowhe‘sthebestchecker-playerinthistown?Why,downatthelandingwhenwewerecomingup,AtticusFinchcouldbeateverybodyonbothsidesoftheriver.还有，你知道他是镇上最棒的棋手吗？啊，想当年我们在芬奇园，阿蒂克斯能赢遍河两岸所有人。“Giveyouahandup,”hemutteredtoDill.“wait,though”Tinfoilwasstickingoutofaknotholeandgleamingatmeinthelate-afternoonsun,justabovemyeyelevel.Iquicklygavetheareaabriefinspection,kneltdown,reachedintothegap,andtooktwopiecesofchewinggumoutoftheirwrappers.“我俩把你托起来，”他对迪儿耳语到，“你先等一下。”杰姆抓住自己的左手腕和我的右手腕，我抓住自己的左手腕和杰姆的右手腕，然后两个人蹲下来，让迪儿坐在我们搭的架子上。随后我们把他抬起来，他能够着窗台了。Justabovemyeyelevel,sometinfoilwaspokingoutofaknotholeandflashingatmeinthelate-afternoonsun.Iquicklyglancedallabout,croucheddown,reachedintothehole,andpulledouttwopiecesofchewinggumwithoutthewrappers.一些锡纸从树节洞里露了出来,正好就到我眼睛的高度,它们在下午的阳光里闪闪发光,像在对我眨眼睛。我踮起脚尖,又匆忙看了看四周，然后把手伸进洞里，掏出了两片没有外包装的口香糖。DillwasenthralledbytheRadleyPlace.Despiteourwarningsandexplanations,hewasdrawntowardthelightpoleonthecorner,whichisasafedistancefromtheRadleygate,butnotanycloserthanthat.拉德利家迷住了迪儿。我们警告和解释毫无作用，它就像月亮吸引海水一样吸引住了迪儿，不过只是把他吸到拐角的路灯柱子那儿，离拉德利家的院门还有一段安全距离。Inexample(1),theauthoromittedpartofthecontentof"why,downatthelandingwhenwewerecomingup".Inexample(2),itisomitted“你”“然后”andchangethemeaningof“caught”to“能够着”。Inexample(3),TranslatorisinordertomakethemeaningexpressedinChinesemorecomplete,theauthoraddedsomeofthemainwordssuchas“手”tothesentenceincombinationwiththeprevioustext.Inexample(4),Thetranslatorhasreorganisedandcombinedsentencesinthetranslation.Thesampledemonstrateshowthetranslatorrefinedthesentencesduringtranslation,enhancedtherhetoric,andaddedandremovedsentencecontent.Theauthorutilizeslanguagethattheintendedreaderscanunderstandwhileadding,removing,andreorganizingthecontentinaccordancewiththesocialandhistoricalcontextofthemoment.Inthissense,thesubjectivityofthestoryassertionandtheobjectivityofthestoryitselfcombinetocreateatensionstructurethatencouragesustorememberthenovel'sstorylineandfeelsubjective.andtwoimpartialviewpoints.TextualEquivalencyInthispart,theauthorwillintroducethefollowingtwoparts:Contextualcontextandculturecontext.4.3.1ContextualContextTounderstandthesituationinthesentencebycombiningcontextwithcontext,thespeakersinToKillaMockingbirdareinfluencedbyspecificculturesindifferentenvironmentalbackgroundstopeoplewithdifferentidentities,thusexpressingdifferentcontextualdistinctions.Forexample:Finch:Allmenarecreatedequal.NowIamconfidentthatyougentlemenwillreviewwithoutpassionandrestorethismantohisfamily.InthenameofGod,doyourduty.InthenameofGod,believe…TomRobinson.芬奇:人人生而平等。现在我相信你们先生们会冷静地回顾并把这个人交还给他的家人。看在上帝的份上，履行你的职责。以上帝之名，相信……汤姆·鲁宾逊。Finchmadethisstatementbeforethejuryreacheditsdecision.Inthisstatement,FinchreferstoTomfirstas"thisman"andthenas"TomRobinson."FinchusedthismantoshowthatTomisanequalandtoappealtothejurytomakeafairdecision.Fromthistext,wecanseetheproblemsofracialdiscriminationinsocietyatthattime,andalsoreflectthepsychologyofdiscriminatorsanddiscriminatedagainst.Inthefirstchapter,bytellingastoryabouttheauthor'sbrother'schildhood,itbrieflytellssomefamily-relatedbackgroundsabouttheauthorandhisfather,andleadstothestoryoftheweirdoRadleyfamilybelow.IttellsthecuriousandboldexplorationoftheauthorandhisfriendsabouttheRadleyfamily,aswellassomesmallinteractionswithRadley,andalsohighlightsthefriendshipbetweenchildrenwithoutprejudiceanddiscrimination.Forinstance:Ihadspentmostofthedayclimbingupanddown.runningerrandsforhim,providinghimwithliterature.nourishmentandwater,andwascarryinghimblanketsforthenightwhenAtticussaidifIpaidnoattentiontohim,Jemwouldcomedown.Atticuswasright.我花了一天的大部分时间爬上爬下。为他跑腿，给他提供文献。阿迪克斯正在给他拿毛毯过夜，这时他说，如果我不理睬他，杰姆就会下来。阿迪克斯说得对。THEREMAINDEROFmyschooldayswerenomoreauspiciousthanthefirst.Indeed,theywereanend-lessProjectthatslowlyevolvedintoaUnit,inwhichmilesofconstructionpaperandwaxcrayonwereexpendedbytheStateofAlabamainitswell-meaningbutfruitlesseffortstoteachmeGroupDynamics.我此后的学校生活也不比第一天幸运，真的，他就是没完没了的作业，然后慢慢引入到一个系统教学中去。在这个过程里，州政府在我身上花了好几英里长的练习纸和蜡笔，用心良苦，可是一点效果也没有。Thesetwosentencesmarktheconclusionofthethirdchapterandthestartofthefourthchapter,respectively,ofthebook.TheeventssurroundingAtticus'firstdayofschoolaredescribedinthethirdchapter.Peoplecan'tgenuinelythinkandempathizeforeverafterhearingotherpeople'scommentsonotherindividuals,otherlivingpatterns,andotherfactors.It'simpossibletowearotherclothes.4.3.2CultureContextCulturalcontext,ontheonehand,isculturalcustoms,alifepatternthatpeopleinheritfromgenerationtogenerationinsociallifeandbecomeahabit,andagraduallyformedmodeoflifehabitisakindofsocialmasslanguage,whichbelongstoacollectivehabitintermsofbehaviourandpsychology.Referstothesocialrestrictionsandregulationsonverbalcommunicationactivities.Forexample:FatherofScoutandJem,AtticusFinch,ischosenbythecourttorepresentTomRobinson,ablackmanwhoischargedwithrapingMayellaEwell,awhiteteen.AtticusagreedtostandupforTomdespiteoppositionfrommanyMaycombresidentsandwasreferredtobea"niggerlover"or"niggeradvocate."Evenwhenforcedintoastruggleforherfather'shonor,theimpulsiveandcombativeScoutquietlyexplainsthesituationwhenconfrontedbyamobthatwantsTomhanged.Inthemeantime,duetothespecialculturalbackgroundatthattime,aswellasthespecifictimeandplace,closingthebackwardsocietywouldleadtothesolidificationofpeople'ssocialthinking,degradationandprejudice.ThestorytakesplaceinMaycomb,atraditionalsoutherntown.Americahasalonghistoryofracialproblemsforpolitical,historicalandracialreasons.JoeFagan,anAmericansociologistandformerpresidentoftheAmericanSociologicalAssociation,believesthattheUnitedStatescanbeseenasa"wholeracistsociety",especiallytheSouth,whereslaveryisrooted,althoughithasmadegreatcontributions,racialproblemsstillexistinAmericansociety,andthereisstillalongwaytogotocompletelysolveanderadicateracialproblems.Thisclosedandbackwardsocietyisabreedinggroundforsocialprejudiceandracialdiscrimination.AsawhitewomanwhowasbornandraisedinasmallSoutherntownandwitnessedracialissuesandsegregationintheAmericanSouth,HarperLeehasfirst-handexperienceandrealfeelingsaboutracism.Whenshewasinalocalpublicschool,thewhitepeoplearoundheroccupiedthemainpart.shewasinevitablyinfluencedbyschoolingandsocialconventions.Therefore,itisdifficultforhertogetridofthelimitationsofidentityinherwriting.Thelimitationsofgrouparefirstexpressedinhercolonialconsciousness,whichisexpressedinherportrayalofblackpeopleandinherdescriptionofracerelationsinMaycomb.Thewhiteman'scolonialconsciousnessisreflectedinhisdailylife.Asawhiteman,itisdifficultfortheauthortotreatblacksequally.Forexample:“Youknow,it’safunnythingaboutBraxton,”saidAtticus.“HedespisesNegroes，won’thaveonenearhim.”“你知道，布拉克斯顿有件怪事，”阿迪克斯说。“他瞧不起黑人，不愿意让一个黑人靠近他。”Atypeofculturalarea,culturalcontextreflectsthehistoricalsocialbackground.Itisanexplanationwrittenfromtheauthor'spointofview.Theresearcher'scriticalcomprehensionofparticularculturalphenomenaisessentialtotheformationofculturalcontext.Inconjunctionwiththefunctionalequivalencytheory,theChinesetranslationisclearerandeasiertograsp.ThestructuringoftheculturalbackgroundalsomakesitpossibleforreadersofthetargetlanguagetomoreclearlycomprehendthepsychologyofpeoplelivingthroughtheGreatDepressionandthesocietalcircumstancesofthatparticularmoment.ChapterFiveConclusionDifferentlanguageshavedifferentrequirementsonstyleandlanguage,sotranslatorsshouldtranslatetextsandbooksaccordingtodifferentproblemsandcharacteristicsofdifferenttexts.Literaltranslationandfreetranslationaredifferentinform,ofcourse.InQianLao'sbookBasicKnowledgeofTranslation,thereisanexamplecha