《工业分析 Industrial Analysis》课件-项目三：煤气质量分析

项目三：煤气质量分析任务一：气体样品采样方法气体种类及体积测量方法课程：工业分析中文Scenario3:QualityanalysisofcoalgasTask1:ThesamplingmethodofgassampleTypesandvolumemeasurementmethodsofgasesCourse:IndustrialAnalysisEglish一、气体种类及分析意义1、工业气体共分四大类化工原料气气体燃料废气厂房空气中文一、Typesofgasesandtheiranalyticalsignificance1、IndustrialgasesaredividedintofourcategoriesChemicalfeedgasgaseousfuelexhaustgasPlantairEglish（1）天然气：煤或石油组成物的分解产物，主要是CH4（2）炼油气：CH4及其它低分子量的C、H化合物（油热处理产物）（3）焦炉煤气：主成分为H2

、CH4（4）水煤气：CO、H2（水蒸气和炽热的煤作用，得到半水煤气）（5）硫铁矿焙烧炉气：SO2（6-9%），用于制造硫酸（6）石灰焙烧窑气：CO2

（32-40%），用于制碱和制糖工业化工原料气是无机、有机合成的重要原料，主要有：中文(1)Naturalgas:Thedecompositionproductofcoalorpetroleumcomponents,mainlyCH4(2)Refinedgas:CH4andotherlowmolecularweightCandHcompounds(3)Cokeovengas:mainlycomposedofH2andCH4(4)Watercoalgas:CO,H2(watervaporreactswithhotcoaltoproducesemiwatercoalgas)(5)Pyriteroastingfurnacegas:SO2(6-9%),usedfortheproductionofsulfuricacid(6)Limecalcinationkilngas:CO2(32-40%),usedinalkaliandsugarindustriesChemicalfeedgasisanimportantrawmaterialforinorganicandorganicsynthesis,mainlyincluding:Eglish

上述天然气、炼油气、焦炉、煤气、水煤气及半水煤气等，除作为化工生产原料气体之外，也可作为气体燃料。气体燃料中文

Theabove-mentionednaturalgas,refininggas,cokeovengas,watercoalgas,andsemiwatercoalgascanalsobeusedasgasfuelsinadditiontobeingusedasrawmaterialsforchemicalproduction.gaseousfuelEglish废气：

燃烧炉的烟道气的组成为：N2、O2、CO2、CO、水蒸气及少量其它气体。硫酸、硝酸生产厂房排入大气的废气中含有少量的SO2和NO2。制碱厂排出废气中含少量CO2。

总之，有机化工的废气是各种各样的。中文exhaustgas：

ThecompositionofthefluegasinthecombustionfurnaceisN2,O2,CO2,CO,watervapor,andasmallamountofothergases.TheexhaustgasesdischargedfromsulfuricacidandnitricacidplantsintotheatmospherecontainsmallamountsofSO2andNO2.TheexhaustgasfromthealkaliplantcontainsasmallamountofCO2.

Inshort,theexhaustgasesfromorganicchemicalsarevarious.Eglish厂房空气：

生产设备漏气→生产厂房内空气含生产用气→危害健康→甚至燃烧爆炸。中文Plantair：

Leakageofproductionequipment→Airintheproductionplantcontainingproductiongas→Healthhazards→Evencombustionandexplosion.Eglish2、气体分析意义：

在工业生产中为了正常安全生产，对各种工业气体都经过分析，了解其组成。（1）化工原料气:分析正确配料；（2）中间产品气体分析生产是否正常；（3）（燃料燃烧后生成）烟道气分析:燃烧是否正常；（4）厂房空气分析:通风、设备漏气情况，有无有害气体是否危及生命及厂房安全。中文2、Thesignificanceofgasanalysis：Inindustrialproduction,inordertoensurenormalandsafeproduction,variousindustrial

gasesneedtobeanalyzedtounderstandtheircomposition.(1)Chemicalfeedgas:analyzethecorrectingredients;(2)Intermediateproductgas:analyzewhetherproductionisnormal;(3)Fluegas:analyzewhetherthecombustionisnormal;(4)Factoryair:analyzewhetherventilationandequipmentareleaking,whetherharmfulgasesaregenerated,andwhetheritendangerslifeandfactorysafety.Eglish二、气体分析的特点一般测定气体的V而不是质量m，并同时测定环境的T和P。中文二、haracteristicsofgasanalysisWhenmeasuringgascontent,theVofthegasisgenerallymeasuredinsteadofthemassm,andtheTandPoftheenvironmentarealsomeasuredsimultaneously.Characteristicsofgases:LowqualityHighliquidityVolume(V)changeswithtemperature(T)orpressure(P)Eglish三、气体体积测量方法1、量气管图量气管1，2，3-活塞，4-水准瓶144双臂式单臂式气体体积通过量气管臂上刻线读出。提高水准瓶，量气管中液面上升，排出气体，降低水准瓶，量气管中液面下降，吸入气体。吸入气体后将量气管液面与水准瓶液面相齐，读出气体体积。中文三、Measurementmethodforgasvolume1、Trachealmeasurementmethodeudiometer1，2，3-cock，4-levelingbottle144DoublearmtypeSinglearmtypeThevolumeofgasisreadoutthroughtheengravedlineonthemeasuringtubearm.Raisethelevelbottle,theliquidlevelinthemeasuringtubewillrise,andthegasinthemeasuringtubewillbedischarged;Loweringthelevelbottlewillcausetheliquidlevelinthemeasuringtubetodropandinhalegas.Afterinhalinggas,aligntheliquidlevelofthemeasuringtubewiththeliquidlevelofthelevelbottleandreadthegasvolume.Eglish2、气量表

当测量微量含量的气体时，气体取样量比较大，必须使大流量的气体通过吸收剂吸收后测定，就须使用气量表测量气体体积。气量表有：湿式气体流量计气体流速计转子流量计中文2、GasmetermeasurementmethodWhenmeasuringtraceamountsofgas,thegassamplingvolumeisrelativelylarge,andthehighflowrateofgasmustbeabsorbedbyanabsorbentbeforemeasurement.Atthistime,agasvolumemeterneedstobeusedtomeasurethegasvolume.Gasmetersinclude:WetgasflowmeterGasflowmeterRotaryflowmeterEglish中文Immersehalfoftherotatablerotorinwater.Theconversionisdividedintofourinflationchambers,whereairentersfromtheside,drivestheconversiontorotate,andisdischargedfromtheoutlet.Byrotatingitonce,thevolumeofthefourchamberswaspreciselymeasured.Thenumberofrevolutionsconvertedisthecumulativevolumeofgas.Eglish转子流量计1-锥管，2-转子，3-环隙当被测流体自锥管下端流入流量计时，由于流体的作用，转子上下端面产生一差压，该差压即为转子的上升力。当差压值大于浸在流体中转子的重量时，转子开始上升。随着转子的上升，转子最大外径与锥管之间的环形面积逐渐增大，流体的流速则相应下降，作用在转子上的上升力逐渐减小，直至上升力等于浸在流体中的转子的重量时，转子便稳定在某-高度上。这时转子在锥管中的高度与所通过的流量有对应的关系。中文Rotaryflowmeter1-conetube,2-rotor,3-ringgapWhenthemeasuredfluidflowsintotheflowmeterfromthelowerendoftheconicaltube,acertainpressuredifferenceisgeneratedontheupperandlowerendfacesoftherotorduetotheeffectofthefluid,whichistheliftingforceoftherotor.Whenthedifferentialpressurevalueisgreaterthantheweightoftherotorimmersedinthefluid,therotorbeginstorise.Astherotorrises,theannularareabetweenthemaximumouterdiameteroftherotorandtheconicaltubegraduallyincreases,andthefluidflowratedecreasesaccordingly.Theliftingforceactingontherotorgraduallydecreasesuntiltheliftingforceequalstheweightoftherotorimmersedinthefluid,andtherotorstabilizesatacertainheight.Atthispoint,theheightoftherotorintheconetubecorrespondstotheflowrateitpassesthrough.Eglish项目三：煤气质量分析任务一：气体样品采样方法气体样品采样工具与采样方法课程：工业分析中文Scenario3:QualityanalysisofcoalgasTask1:ThesamplingmethodofgassampleSamplingtoolsandmethodsforgassamplesCourse:IndustrialAnalysisEglish采样设备：4部分结构采样形式：4种采样形式采样方法：3种采样方法中文Samplingequipment:4-partstructureSamplingforms:4typesofsamplingformsSamplingmethods:3samplingmethodsEglish一、四部分结构中文一、4-partstructureSamplingtubeFilter→FilterwithglasswooltoremovemechanicalimpuritiesfromthegasCooler→Gasabove200°CneedstobecooledGascontainer->Collectrawsamples4-partstructureEglish二、4种采样形式中文二、Fourtypesofsamplingforms1.AverageSample

Samplingusingacertainsamplingdevicewithinacertaintimerange,oneproductioncycle,oroneproductioncycle

Agassamplethatcanrepresentaprocessorcycle;2.Regularsamplessamplescollectedatcertaintimeintervals3.Positioningsamplessamplescollectedfromdifferentpartsofproductionequipment;4.MixedsampleagassampleobtainedbymixingdifferentobjectsorthesameobjectatdifferenttimesEglish

三、3种采样方法中文三、ThreesamplingmethodsBasedonthedifferencebetweenthepressureandatmosphericpressureofthesampletobesampledSamplingmethodunderpositivepressureSamplingmethodunderatmosphericpressureSamplingmethodundernegativepressureEglish1、常压状态气体采样

气体状态：等于大气压或低正压或低负压采样方法：封闭液采样法、流水抽气法使用容器：采样瓶或采样管中文1、Samplingmethodunder

atmospheric

pressureGasstate:equaltoatmosphericpressureorlowpositivepressureorlownegativepressureSamplingmethods:closedliquidsamplingmethod,flowingwaterpumpingmethodUsingcontainers:samplingbottlesortubesEglish（1）采样瓶采样中文（1）Samplingwithasamplingbottlegas-samplebottleClosedliquidbottlerubbertube4

cockSpringclipDevicediagramofsamplingbottleFirstly,fillbottle2withsealingliquid→openspringclip5→raisebottle2→sealingliquidentersbottle1→exhaustairfrombottle1.Thenusetheplug4andrubbertube3→connecttothesamplingtube→lowerbottle2→gasentersbottle1→Totherequiredamount,closetheplug4andclampthespring5→CompletethesamplingworkEglish（2）采样管采样中文（2）Samplingwithasamplingtubecockcockgas-sampletubeClosedliquidbottleDevicediagramofsamplingtubeFirstly,fillbottle4withsealingliquid→opentherotaryplugs2and3andraisebottle4→thesealingliquidentersandfillstube1→exhausttheairintube1.Thenpassthroughtube1andtheplug,rubbertube→connecttothesamplingtube→lowerbottle4→gasentersthetubeuntiltheclosedliquiddropsbelowplug2→closeplugs2and3→completethesamplingwork.Eglish（3）流水抽气法采样（适用于低气压或负压不太高的负压状态气体）中文（3）Samplingusingflowingwaterpumpingmethod（Applicabletothecollectionofnegativepressuregaswithlowpressureorlownegativepressure）First,connectgassampletube1andrubbertube6tothesamplingtube→Connectvacuumpump4tothetapwaterheadthroughrubbertube5Thenturnonthetapandcock2,3→togeneratenegativepressureintheflowingvacuumpump→drawthegasintothegassampletube→afteracertainperiodoftime,closethetapandcock2,3→tocompletethesamplingworkcockrubbertubecockrubbertubeFlowingvacuumpumpgas-sampletubeDevicediagramofFlowingAirExtractionsamplingMethodEglish2.正压状态气体的采样特点：气体借助自己的正压进入气体采样容器。

注意事项：压力过大，应注意调整采样管旋塞，或者在采样装置与气体容器之间加装缓冲瓶。中文Features:Gasentersthegassamplingcontainerwithitsownpositivepressure.Attention:Ifthepressureistoohigh,attentionshouldbepaidtoadjustingthesamplingtubeplug,oraddingabufferbottlebetweenthesamplingdeviceandthegascontainer.2、SamplingmethodunderpositivepressureGasstate:Gaspressureismuchhigherthanatmosphericpressure;Samplingtools:samplingbottle,samplingtube,rubberbag.Eglish3.负压状态气体的采样气体状态：远低于大气压力的气体称负压气体采样方法：抽气泵减压法（负压不太高）抽空容器法（负压过高），抽空容器是0.5～3.0L容器，由优质厚壁的玻璃瓶或管瓶组成具有旋塞。中文3、SamplingmethodundernegativepressureGasstate:ThepressureofthegasismuchlowerthanatmosphericpressureSamplingmethod:flowingwaterpumpingmethod(withlownegativepressure)Vacuumcontainermethod(highnegativepressure):Thevacuumcontainerisa0.5-3.0Lcontainercomposedofhigh-qualitythickwalledglassbottlesortubebottles,witharotaryplug.Eglish负压状态气体的采样步骤：中文Samplingstepsforgasundernegativepressure:Beforesampling,useamechanicalvacuumpumptoremoveairfromthebottleortube→Thepressureinthebottleortubeshouldbereducedtobelow60-100mmHg→Closetherotaryplugandweighit;Whensampling,connectthevacuumcontainertothesamplingdevicethrougharubbertube→Thenopentheplug→Thegasissuckedintothecontainerduetonegativepressure→Closetheplug,weigh→TheweightofthegasisobtainedbymeasuringthedifferencebetweentwomeasurementsEglish项目三：煤气质量分析任务三：煤气质量分析奥氏气体分析仪的组成课程：工业分析中文Scenario3:QualityanalysisofcoalgasTask3:QualityanalysisofcoalgasCompositionofAustengasanalyzerCourse:IndustrialAnalysisEglish奥氏气体分析仪中文AustengasanalyzerEglish量气管

1、气体体积测量仪器中文eudiometer

1.Instrumentsformeasuringgasvolume(1)Doubleballtype:upperballis25

mL,lowerballis35

mL,andlowerpart

is40

mL(2)Singleballtype:upperballis30mL,lowerslenderpartis70mLdoubleballtypesingleballtype(3)Doublearmtype:with4ballsontheleftarm,eachballis20mL,anda20mLfinetubeontherightarmdoublearm

typeEglish

2、气体吸收仪器中文

2.InstrumentsforgasabsorptionbubbleabsorptionbottlecontactabsorptionbottleEglish

3、气体燃烧仪器中文

3.InstrumentsforgascombustionCombustiontubeExplosivecombustiontubeSlowburningtubeCopperoxidecombustiontubeComponentsthatsupplygasforcombustionreactionsEglish作用部分的上部接近顶端处，相向熔封有两支长约20毫米、直径1毫米、间隙约1毫米的铂丝，作为电极。铂丝的外端接电源，经过感应圈，通入一万伏以上的高压电流，使铂丝电极间隙处产生火花，引起可燃性气体爆炸燃烧。爆炸燃烧管中文

Therearetwoplatinumwireswithalengthofabout20millimeters,adiameterof1millimeter,andagapofabout1millimeterfacingeachother,whichareusedaselectrodesintheupperpartnearthetop.Theouterendoftheplatinumwireisconnectedtoapowersource,andthroughaninductioncoil,ahigh-voltagecurrentofover10000voltsisintroduced,causingsparksattheelectrodegapoftheplatinumwireandcausingexplosivecombustionofcombustiblegases.explosivecombustiontubeEglish

为上下排列的两支优质玻璃管，上部为作用部分，下部为承受部分。由承受部分底部直至作用部分上部，贯穿一支玻璃管。玻璃管的上端口外熔封有—段螺旋状铂丝，管内为铜丝导线，通过变压器及滑动电阻接电源。通入6伏的低压电流，使铂丝炽热，则可燃性气体缓慢燃烧。缓慢燃烧管中文

Theslowburningtubecontainstwohigh-qualityglasstubesarrangedinanupwardanddownwarddirection,withtheupperpartbeingtheactingpartandthelowerpartbeingthebearingpart.Aglasstuberunsfromthebottomofthesupportingparttotheupperpartoftheactingpart.Theupperendoftheglasstubeisfusedwithaspiralplatinumwire,andtheinnerpartofthetubeisacopperwirethatisconnectedtothepowersupplythroughatransformerandaslidingresistor.Whenalowvoltagecurrentof6voltsisapplied,causingtheplatinumwiretobecomehot,thecombustiblegaswillslowlyburn.slowburningtubeEglish

通常为U形石英管。低温燃烧时，也可以用石英玻璃管。管的中部长约10厘米、直径约6毫米的一段，填有棒状或粒状氧化铜。燃烧管用电炉加热，可燃性气体在管内往复通过，缓慢氧化燃烧。氧化铜燃烧管中文

Copperoxidecombustiontube

CopperoxidecombustiontubesareusuallyU-shapedquartztubes.Quartzglasstubescanalsobeusedforlow-temperaturecombustion.Asectionabout10centimeterslongand6millimetersindiameterinthemiddleofthepipeisfilledwithrodorgranularcopperoxide.Thecombustiontubeisheatedbyanelectricfurnace,andthecombustiblegasflowsbackandforthinsidethetube,slowlyoxidizingandburning.Eglish4、梳形管

梳形管是连接量气管、吸收瓶及燃烧瓶的部件。气体分析仪的旋塞，视不同用途，使用普通旋塞或三通旋塞，借助旋塞控制气体的流动路线。中文4.Combshapedtube

Acombtubeisacomponentthatconnectsagasmeasuringtube,anabsorptionbottle,andacombustionbottle.Theplugofagasanalyzercanbearegularplugorathree-wayplugdependingonitspurpose,andcanbeusedtocontroltheflowpathofthegas.Eglish项目三：煤气质量分析任务三：煤气质量分析奥氏气体分析仪分析煤气含量课程：工业分析中文Scenario3:QualityanalysisofcoalgasTask3:QualityanalysisofcoalgasContentdeterminingofcoalgasusinganAustengasanalyzerCourse:IndustrialAnalysisEglish

一、奥氏气体分析仪用吸收剂1、氢氧化钾溶液（33％）

1份质量的氢氧化钾溶解于2份质量的蒸馏水中。2、焦性没食子酸的碱性溶液称取5克焦性没食子酸，溶解于15mL水中。另称取40克氢氧化钾溶解于32mL水中。临使用时混合两种溶液于吸收瓶中。3、氯化亚铜的氨性溶液称取250克氯化铵溶解于750mL水中，加200克氯化亚铜，溶解后，迅速转移于预先装有铜丝的试剂瓶中至几乎充满。用橡皮塞塞紧(溶液应无色)。临使用前，加入密度为0.9g/mL的氨水，其量是2体积的氨水与1体积的亚铜盐混合。中文

一、AbsorbentsforAustengasanalyzers1.Potassiumhydroxidesolution(33%)

Dissolve1partofpotassiumhydroxidein2partsofdistilledwater.2.Alkalinesolutionofpyrogallicacid

Weigh5gramsofpyrogallicacidanddissolveitin15mLofwater.Dissolve40gramsofpotassiumhydroxidein32mLofwater.Mixtwosolutionsinanabsorptionbottlebeforeuse.3.Ammoniabasedsolutionofcuprouschloride

Weigh250gramsofammoniumchlorideanddissolveitin750mLofwater,add200gramsofcuprouschloride,dissolveit,andquicklytransferittoareagentbottleprefilledwithcopperwireuntilalmostfull.Usearubberstoppertoplugtightly(thesolutionshouldbecolorless).Beforeuse,addammoniasolutionwithadensityof0.9g/mL,whichisamixtureof2volumesofammoniasolutionand1volumeofcuproussalt.Eglish4、硫酸银的硫酸溶液称取4克硫酸银溶解于65mL水中，在不断搅拌下，缓缓加入浓硫酸400mL。5、封闭液量气管的封闭液，可以用水、酸或盐的水溶液、甘油或汞。封闭液不得吸收被测定的气体。一般分析可以使用盐的饱和溶液(例如含1％盐酸的氯化钠饱和溶液；含2％硫酸的硫酸钠饱和溶液)。尽管气体在盐的饱和溶液中的溶解度很小。但是，为了进一步阻止气体溶解。在使用之前，仍必须用待分析的气体饱和。封闭液中还应加少量酸碱指示剂(例如甲基红)使溶液呈红色，以便于观察并可借以及时发现碱性吸收剂的倒流事故。中文4.Sulfuricacidsolutionofsilversulfate

Weigh4gramsofsilversulfateanddissolveitin65mLofwater.Slowlyadd400mLofconcentratedsulfuricacidwhilestirringcontinuously.5.Sealingliquid

Sealingsolution,whichcanbewater,acidorsaltaqueoussolution,glycerolormercury,shallnotabsorbthegasbeingmeasured.

Ingeneralanalysis,thesealingsolutioncanbeasaturatedsolutionofsalt(suchasasaturatedsolutionofsodiumchloridecontaining1%hydrochloricacidorasaturatedsolutionofsodiumsulfatecontaining2%sulfuricacid).Althoughthesolubilityo