核心素养测评（必修第一册Unit4NaturalDisasters）

核心素养测评(40分钟42.5分)五必修第一册Unit4NaturalDisastersⅠ.阅读理解(共12小题;每小题2.5分,满分30分)A(2024·内蒙古模拟)Earthquakeforecastingisoneofthemostancientskillsknowntomankind.FromancientGreecetothepresentday,countlessscientistshavetriedtodeveloptoolstopredictearthquakes.Theirattemptsusuallyfocusedonsearchingforreliableforerunnersofforthcomingquakes.However,therearemanyreasonswhypredictingquakesissohard.“Wedon’tunderstandsomebasicphysicsofearthquakes,”saidEgill,aresearchprofessorattheCaliforniaInstituteofTechnology.Scientistshavealsoattemptedtocreatemathematicalmodelsofmovement,butpreciselypredictingearthquakeswouldrequiregreatmappingandanalysisoftheEarth’scrust.Otherchallengesincludealackofdataontheearlywarningsigns,giventhatthesewarningsignsarenotyetentirelyunderstood.Actually,realearthquakepredictionisverysimilartothediagnosisofpotentialhumanillnessesbasedonobservingandanalyzingeachpatient’ssignsandsymptoms.Asitturnsout,quakepredictionisextremelydifficult.ManysourcesshowthatearthquakeforecastingwasarecognizedscienceinancientGreece.AncientGreekslivedveryclosetonatureandwereabletodetectunusualphenomenaandforecastearthquakes.ThefirstknownforecastwasmadebyPherecydesofSyrosabout2,500yearsago:Hemadeitashescoopedwaterfromawellandnoticedthatusuallyverycleanwaterhadsuddenlybecomemuddy.Indeed,anearthquakeoccurredtwodayslater,makingPherecydesfamous.Nowadays,seismic(地震的)andremote-sensingmethodsareconsideredtohavethegreatestpotentialintermsofsolvingtheearthquakepredictionproblem.Currently,TerraSeismic,anearthquakeforecastingcompany,canidentifyaforthcomingearthquakewithahighlevelofconfidence.Generally,TerraSeismicdoesnotpromisetopredictaquakeiftheearthquake’sepicentreislocatedbeyondadepthof40km.Fortunately,suchquakesarealmostalwaysharmless,sincethequake’senergyreducesbeforereachingtheEarth’ssurface.“Scientistshavetriedeverypossiblemethodtotrytopredictearthquakes,”Bruneau,anexpertinearthquakeengineering,said.“Nobodyhasbeenabletocrackitandmakeabelievableprediction.”【语篇属性】语篇类型说明文主题语境人与自然语篇内容文章介绍了地震预报是人类古老的技能,科学家们从古至今不断尝试开发预测地震的工具,但地震预测面临诸多挑战。总体上,地震预测仍是一个难题语篇结构Para.1Thehistoricalpursuitofearthquakeforecasting.Para.2Thechallengesinearthquakeprediction.Para.3Ancientandmodernmethodsofearthquakeforecasting.Para.4Thecurrentstateofearthquakepredictionanditslimitations.【命题意图】1.Whyisearthquakeforecastingsodifficult?第二段是关于地震预报的挑战。这道题目旨在考查读者对地震预测困难原因的理解2.WhydoestheauthorgivetheexampleofPherecydes?第三段是地震预报的古今方法。这道题目考查读者对作者提供Pherecydes例子的目的的理解。作者通过这个例子来展示地震预测是一门有着悠久历史的科学3.WhatdoesBruneaumeaninParagraph4?第四段是关于地震预报的现状和局限。这道题目旨在考查读者对Bruneau在第四段中所表达意思的理解4.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?这道题目考查读者对整篇文章主旨的理解。文章主要讨论了地震预测的困难、历史、方法和现状,因此正确答案应该涵盖这些方面,指出文章的主旨是对地震预测的整体讨论1.Whyisearthquakeforecastingsodifficult?A.Somebasicphysicsofearthquakesisunknown.B.Dataontheearlywarningsignsarenotfullyunderstood.C.MappingandanalysisoftheEarth’scrustareimpossible.D.Itisthesameasthediagnosisofhumanillnesses.【解析】选A。细节理解题。根据第二段中“However,therearemanyreasonswhypredictingquakesissohard.‘Wedon’tunderstandsomebasicphysicsofearthquakes,’saidEgill(然而,预测地震如此困难的原因有很多。‘我们不了解地震的一些基本物理原理,’Egill说)”可知,地震预报如此困难是因为地震的一些基本物理原理是未知的。故选A项。2.WhydoestheauthorgivetheexampleofPherecydes?A.ToexplainwhyPherecydeswasfamous.B.ToexplainancientGreekslivedveryclosetonature.C.Toshowearthquakeforecastingisasciencewithalonghistory.D.Toshowremote-sensingmethodsarethebestsolutiontoearthquakeprediction.【解析】选C。推理判断题。根据第三段中“AncientGreekslivedveryclosetonature...makingPherecydesfamous.(古希腊人生活得非常接近自然,能够检测不寻常的现象和预测地震。已知的第一个预测是2500年前锡罗斯的毕达哥拉斯做出的:他从一口井里舀水时注意到,通常非常干净的水突然变得浑浊了。事实上,两天后发生了地震,毕达哥拉斯因此而出名。)”可推知,作者给出毕达哥拉斯成功预测地震的例子是为了说明古希腊时期就存在地震预测了,表明地震预测是一门历史悠久的科学。故选C项。3.WhatdoesBruneaumeaninParagraph4?A.TerraSeismiccanpredictanearthquake.B.Scientistshavemethodsofpredictingearthquakes.C.Somequakesareharmlessifthequake’senergyisreleased.D.Scientistshavenoreliablewaytopredictanearthquake.【解析】选D。推理判断题。根据最后一段中Bruneau所说的话“Scientistshavetriedeverypossiblemethodtotrytopredictearthquakes(科学家们已经尝试了所有可能的方法来预测地震)”和“Nobodyhasbeenabletocrackitandmakeabelievableprediction.(没有人能够破解它并做出可靠的预测。)”可推知,Bruneau认为科学家没有可靠的方法来预测地震。故选D项。4.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A.Thereasonsforearthquakeforecasting.B.Thehistoryofearthquakeforecasting.C.Themethodsofearthquakeforecasting.D.Thefutureofearthquakeforecasting.【解析】选C。主旨大意题。通读全文,尤其是第一段中“Earthquakeforecastingisoneofthemostancientskillsknowntomankind.FromancientGreecetothepresentday,countlessscientistshavetriedtodeveloptoolstopredictearthquakes.(地震预测是人类已知的最古老的技能之一。从古希腊到现在,无数的科学家试图开发预测地震的工具。)”可知,文章讨论了古代和现代的地震预报方法,包括科学家们通过寻找可靠的先兆、建立数学模型以及使用遥感方法等各种手段来预测地震的尝试。文章还涉及地震预测的局限性和挑战,例如缺乏对基本物理原理和早期预警信号的了解,以及无法预测超过一定深度的地震。因此,文章关注的是地震预测过程中涉及的方法和挑战。故选C项。B(2025·江门模拟)Scientificdiscoveryisoneofthemostcomplicatedhumanactivitiesforscientistsmustunderstandtheexistingknowledge,raisearesearchquestionanddesignandconductanexperimentinpursuitofananswer.Canthiscomplexprocessbeautomated?Lastweek,SakanaAILabsannouncedthecreationofan“AIscientist”—anartificialintelligencesystemtheyclaimcanmakescientificdiscoveriesinafullyautomatedway.Usinggenerativelargelanguagemodels(LLMs)likethosebehindChatGPTandotherAIchatbots,thesystemcanbrainstorm,selectapromisingidea,codenewalgorithms(算法),plotresults,andwriteapapersummarizingtheexperimentanditsfindings.Nowadays,alotofscienceisdoneintheopen,andalmostallscientificknowledgehasbeenwrittendownsomewhere.Millionsofscientificpapersarefreelyavailableonline.LLMstrainedwiththisdatacaneasilycapturethelanguageofscienceanditspatterns.ItisthereforeperhapsnotatallsurprisingthatagenerativeLLMcanproducesomethingthatlookslikeagoodscientificpaper—ithasabsorbedmanyexamplesthatitcancopy.WhatislesscleariswhetheranAIsystemcanproduceaninterestingscientificpaper.Crucially,goodsciencerequiresnovelty.Scientistsdon’twanttobetoldaboutthingsthatarealreadyknown.Rather,theywanttolearnnewthings,especiallynewthingsthataresignificantlydifferentfromwhatisalreadyknown.TheSakanasystemtriestoaddressnoveltyintwoways.First,it“scores”newpaperideasforsimilaritytoexistingresearch.Anythingtoosimilariscastaway.Second,Sakana’ssystemintroducesa“peerreview”step—usinganotherLLMtojudgethequalityandnoveltyofthegeneratedpaper.FeedbackismixedonSakanaAI’soutput.Somehavedescribeditasproducing“endlessscientificslop”.Eventhesystem’sownreviewofitsoutputsjudgesthepapersweakatbest.Thisislikelytoimproveasthetechnologyevolves,butthequestionofwhetherautomatedscientificpapersarevaluableremains.Isthisthekindofscientificecosystemwewant?【语篇属性】语篇类型说明文主题语境人与社会语篇内容Sakana人工智能实验室宣布了一名“人工智能科学家”的诞生,该人工智能系统声称可以完全自动化地进行科学发现,文章介绍了其语言模型的工作形式,并对其科学生态系统提出疑问语篇结构Para.1Thecomplexityofscientificdiscoveryandthepossibilityofautomation.Para.2IntroductionoftheAIscientistbySakanaAILabs.Para.3TheavailabilityofscientificknowledgeandthetrainingofLLMs.Para.4Thechallengeofnoveltyinscientificdiscovery.Para.5Sakanasystem’sapproachtoensuringnovelty.Para.6MixedfeedbackontheSakanaAI’soutputandthevalueofautomatedscientificpapers.【命题意图】5.WhatistheprimaryfunctionofAIscientistinscientificresearches?第二段是关于AI科学家的介绍。这道题目旨在考查读者对AI科学家在科学研究中的主要功能的理解6.HowdoLLMswork?第三段是关于科学知识的可用性和大型语言模型培训。这道题目考查读者对大型语言模型(LLMs)工作方式的理解7.HowdoestheSakanasystemattempttoensurenovelty?倒数第二段是关于Sakana系统试图通过两种方式解决创新问题。这道题目旨在考查读者对Sakana系统如何尝试确保新颖性的理解8.Whatmaybetheauthor’sattitudetowardsAIscientificecosystem?最后一段是作者对于自动化的科学论文价值问题的态度。这道题目考查读者对作者对AI科学生态系统态度的理解5.WhatistheprimaryfunctionofAIscientistinscientificresearches?A.Tohelpanalyzescientificdata.B.Toassistscientistsinresearches.C.Toautomatetheentirediscovery.D.Toreviewhuman-authoredpapers.【解析】选C。细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Lastweek,SakanaAILabsannouncedthecreationofan‘AIscientist’—anartificialintelligencesystemtheyclaimcanmakescientificdiscoveriesinafullyautomatedway.(上周,Sakana人工智能实验室宣布了一名‘人工智能科学家’的诞生,该人工智能系统声称可以完全自动化地进行科学发现)”可知,人工智能科学家在科学研究中的主要功能是完全自动化地进行科学发现。故选C。6.HowdoLLMswork?A.Theygraspthescientifictermsandframeworks.B.Theyconductscientificresearchesindependently.C.Theyincludemostadvancedscientificknowledge.D.Theycreatepapersthroughdirectinputfromexperts.【解析】选A。细节理解题。根据文章第三段“LLMstrainedwiththisdata...itcancopy.(使用这些数据训练的LLMs可以很容易地捕捉科学的语言及其模式。因此,生成型LLM能够写出看起来像一篇优秀科学论文的东西,这一点也不奇怪——它已经吸收了许多可以复制的例子)”可知,LLMs能通过掌握科学术语和框架模式来工作。故选A。7.HowdoestheSakanasystemattempttoensurenovelty?A.Byaddinghumanexperts’review.B.Byrulingoutsimilarpaperideas.C.Byusingunpublishedresearchdata.D.Byborrowingideasfromnewpapers.【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段“TheSakanasystem...noveltyofthegeneratedpaper.(Sakana系统试图通过两种方式解决创新问题。首先,它对新论文的想法与现有研究的相似性进行‘评分’。太相似的东西都被抛弃了。其次,Sakana的系统引入了一个‘同行评议’步骤——使用另一个LLM来判断生成论文的质量和新颖性)”可知,Sakana系统试图通过排除类似的论文观点来确保新颖。故选B。8.Whatmaybetheauthor’sattitudetowardsAIscientificecosystem?A.Unclear. B.Supportive.C.Skeptical. D.Indifferent.【解析】选C。推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Feedbackismixed...ecosystemwewant?(SakanaAI的输出反馈是混合的。一些人将其描述为产生‘无尽的科学垃圾’。即使是系统自己对其产出的审查,也会判断这些论文充其量是薄弱的。随着技术的发展,这种情况可能会有所改善,但自动化的科学论文是否有价值的问题仍然存在。这就是我们想要的科学生态系统吗)”可知,作者认为自动化的科学论文价值问题有待判断,因此,作者对于人工智能科学生态系统持有怀疑态度。故选C。C(2025·武汉模拟)YoumightnotthinkthatanAIcapableofmakingmusicwouldstimulateyouremotion,butothersthinkdifferently,particularlythosewhogatheredatMexicoCity’sSymphonyHallin2019forSchubert’sUnfinishedSymphony,whichIfinishedusingmelodiesgeneratedbyanAI.Astheorchestra(管弦乐团)finishedSchubert’soriginalworkandbeganthemusictheAIandIhadwritten,Icouldfeelthecrowd’senergyshiftfromastonishmenttoindignationandfear.TheyseemedafraidthatanAImightbeabletomakeemotionalsymphonicmusic.Youcanseetheirpoint:anAIthatmakesemotionalmusiccouldaffecttheemotionallivesofthousandsorevenmillionsofpeopleinasmall,butprofoundway,justlikeahumanmusiciandoes.Positiveandnegative,peoplereactedverystronglytoAI’ssymphonicdebut(首秀).Eventhoughmostpeopledon’tbelievethatAIcancreatesomethingenjoyable,they,atleastpartly,didenjoytheUnfinishedSymphony.Enjoymentinmusicimpliesthatthere’ssomethinginthemusicthatthelistenerconnectsto,aperceptionofsharedemotion.But,inthecaseofAImusic,anemotionsharedwithwho?AI,asofyet,hasnoemotions.Sowhatisthemeaningofmusicmadewithoutanemotionalcomposer?Theunsatisfyingansweristhatmusichasnoobjectivemeaning.Acomposercandecidehowapieceofmusicsounds,butit’sthelistenerthatdecideswhatitmeans.Nomatterhowit’screated,musicdoesn’texistinavacuum(真空)tothelistener.Themeaningweassigntomusicdependsonitscontext—howthepiececonnectstootherelementsinourlives.Withoutcontext,musicisliketheresultsofagamewhoseruleshavebeenlost.Thecontextforamusicispartofwhoyouare.Themusicisemotionaltoyoubecauseyouhavethecontexttoappreciateit.Asitcontinuestoevolve,AImusicwilldevelopitsowncontext.Certainly,it’llbedifferentfromhuman-mademusic.It’llmixexistinggenrestocreatenewones;it’llcombineinstrumentsthatwewouldn’tthinkofcombining.Itsruleswillbedifferent.I’mnowalwaysaskedthesamequestion:“Whoputtheemotioninthatmusic:you,thecomposer,ortheAI?”Butthat’snotthequestiontheyreallywanttoask,though.There’sadeeperquestionthatmostpeoplearetooafraidtoaskrightnow:“Aremyemotionssosimplethattheycanbemaneuveredbyamachine?”Inmyexperience,thiscouldbepossibleoneday.IfamodestlycapablemusicAIin2019couldstirupemotionsofanaudience,maybeAIcanhaveamorepowerfuleffectonouremotionallivesthanwe’dliketoadmit.【语篇属性】语篇类型议论文主题语境人与社会语篇内容文章主要讨论了人工智能是否能创作出富含情感的音乐的问题,论述了作者对于音乐中情感的看法语篇结构Para.1TheemotionalpotentialofAI-generatedmusic.Para.2Theaudience’smixedreactionstoAI-generatedmusic.Para.3ThecontradictoryhumanresponsetoAIinmusic.Para.4Thesubjectivityofmusicandemotion.Para.5Theroleofcontextinmusic’semotionalimpact.Para.6ThetrueconcernsaboutAIandemotionalmanipulation.Para.7ThefutureinfluenceofAIonhumanemotions.【命题意图】9.Theaudiencereactedstronglytothesymphonymainlydueto______.

第二段是关于观众对人工智能交响曲的反应。这道题目考查读者对观众对交响乐反应的理解10.Whatmighttheauthoragreewith?第四段是关于音乐和情感的主观性。这道题目考查读者对作者观点的理解11.Whatdoestheword“maneuvered”underlinedinParagraph6mostprobablymean?第六段是关于人们对人工智能和情绪操纵的真正的担心。这道题目考查读者对文中画线单词的理解12.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?全文尤其是第三段论述了作者对于音乐中情感的看法。这道题目考查读者对整篇文章主旨的理解9.Theaudiencereactedstronglytothesymphonymainlydueto______.

A.theirdoubtsaboutAI’scapabilitiesB.theiruneasinessaboutAI’sinfluenceC.theorchestra’sbrilliantpresentationofAImusicD.thelikenessbetweenAImusicandtheoriginalwork【解析】选B。推理判断题。根据第二段(当管弦乐队演奏完舒伯特的原创作品,开始演奏人工智能和我共同创作的音乐时,我能感觉到观众的情绪从惊讶转变为愤怒和恐惧。他们似乎担心人工智能可能会创作出充满情感的交响乐。你可以看到他们的观点:一个制作情感音乐的人工智能可以以一种微小但深刻的方式影响数千甚至数百万人的情感生活,就像一个人类音乐家一样。)可知,观众对交响曲反应强烈主要是因为对人工智能的影响感到不安。故选B。10.Whatmighttheauthoragreewith?A.AIposeslittleimpactonpeople’semotions.B.Musicbearsnointendedemotionalmeaning.C.AImusicwilloutperformhuman-mademusic.D.Thecontextreflectspeople’sinterpretationofmusic.【解析】选B。推理判断题。根据第四段“AI,asofyet,hasnoemotions...whatitmeans.(到目前为止,人工智能还没有情感。那么,没有情感作曲家的音乐有什么意义呢?令人不满意的答案是,音乐没有客观意义。作曲家可以决定一段音乐的声音,但听众可以决定它的意义。)”可知,作者可能会同意音乐没有预期的情感含义。故选B。11.Whatdoestheword“maneuvered”underlinedinParagraph6mostprobablymean?A.Refreshed.B.Challenged.C.Revealed. D.Directed.【解析】选D。词义猜测题。根据第二段“Youcanseetheirpoint:anAIthatmakesemotionalmusiccouldaffecttheemotionallivesofthousandsorevenmillionsofpeopleinasmall,butprofoundway,justlikeahumanmusiciandoes.(你可以看到他们的观点:一个制作情感音乐的人工智能可以以一种微小但深刻的方式影响数千甚至数百万人的情感生活,就像一个人类音乐家一样。)”以及画线词上文“Aremyemotionssosimplethattheycanbe”和后文“byamachine”可知,人工智能制作的音乐可以影响数千甚至数百万人的情感生活,所以大多数人不敢问的问题是:我的情绪是否简单到可以被机器操纵?故画线词意思是“操纵”,与D选项Directed“指示,指导”意思最接近。故选D。12.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.AreComposersToBeReplaced?B.WouldAIMusicBeaRisingTrend?C.CouldAIMakeMusicThatMovesYou?D.WastheUnfinishedSymphonySuccessful?【解析】选C。主旨大意题。根据第三段“Positiveandnegative,peoplereacted...theUnfinishedSymphony.(不管是正面还是负面,人们对AI的交响乐首演反应非常强烈。尽管大多数人不相信人工智能可以创造出令人愉快的东西,但他们(至少在一定程度上)确实喜欢《未完成的交响曲》)”并结合文章主要讨论了人工智能是否能创作出富含情感的音乐的问题,论述了作者对于音乐中情感的看法。可知,C选项“人工智能能做出打动你的音乐吗?”最符合文章标题。故选C。Ⅱ.七选五(共5小题;每小题2.5分,满分12.5分)(2024·湖南模拟)Floodscancomefrommultiplesources.Itcanbeahurricane,faileddam,oroverflowingriver.Thedisasterscanmovequickly.13It’simportanttoknowhowtokeepyourfamilyandbelongingssafeduringsuchanevent.Fullpreparationcanputyouateaseforitscoming.

Afloodissimplyaneventwherewateroverflowsanaturalareaandcoversnormallydryplaces.Ingeneral,therearetwotypes.14Thesoilintheseareascan’tabsorbalotofmoisture.Thewaterthenrapidlyrunsoffthesurfaceresultinginatorrent(激流)ofrapidlymovingwater.Riverfloodingiswhenariveroverflowsitsbanksduetoexcessive(过分的)waterandthesituationcangetworseifbarrierssuchasadamorlevee(防洪堤)breakaswell.

Afloodcanbecausedbymanythings.15Livingnexttoariver,dam,onthecoast,orinalow-lyingareaputsyouatriskforflooding.

Thereisnospecificfloodseason.16Anytimethereisalargeamountofraininashortperiod,floodingcanoccur.Man-madeandnaturaldisasterscanalsocausefloodingoutsideofthosemonths.Forexample,thecollapseofadamcancauseaflood.Anaturaldisaster,suchasatsunami,canalsocausefloodingonamassivescale.

17Usingexistingmapsandexamininglow-lyingareascandeterminehighriskareasforflooding.Moreover,floodwarningsaresentouttoareasthatcouldexperiencefloodingwhenthereisalargeamountofrainfalloverashorttime.

A.Therisingriverthreatenspeople’slives.B.Floodscanbepreventableandpredictable.C.Flashfloodsare