【答案】《Pediatric Nephrology》(浙江大学)章节期末慕课答案

【答案】《PediatricNephrology》(浙江大学)章节期末慕课答案有些题目顺序不一致，下载后按键盘ctrl+F进行搜索1.OverviewofPediatricNephrology章节测验1.单选题：Whichsegmentofthenephronisclosesttotherenalcorpuscle?

选项：

A、Distalconvolutedtubule

B、LoopofHenle

C、Proximalconvolutedtubule

D、Collectingduct

答案：【Proximalconvolutedtubule】2.单选题：Whatisthemainfunctionoftheglomerulus?

选项：

A、Reabsorptionofnutrients

B、Filtrationofblood

C、Secretionofhormones

D、Concentrationofurine

答案：【Filtrationofblood】3.单选题：Themetanephrosdevelopsfromwhichtwostructures?

选项：

A、Pronephricductandnephrotomes

B、Uretericbudandmetanephricblastema

C、MesonephrictubulesandWolffianduct

D、Intermediatemesodermandectoderm

答案：【Uretericbudandmetanephricblastema】4.单选题：2.Whichhormoneprimarilyregulatesthepermeabilityofthecollectingducttowater?

选项：

A、Aldosterone

B、Antidiuretichormone(ADH)

C、Renin

D、Cortisol

答案：【Antidiuretichormone(ADH)】5.单选题：3.Whatisthemainfunctionoftheproximalconvolutedtubule(PCT)?

选项：

A、Excretionofurea

B、Reabsorptionofglucose,ions,andwater

C、Filtrationofblood

D、Regulationofsodiumreabsorption

答案：【Reabsorptionofglucose,ions,andwater】6.单选题：1.Whichofthefollowingstructuresisresponsiblefortheinitialfiltrationofbloodinthenephron?

选项：

A、Proximalconvolutedtubule

B、Glomerulus

C、LoopofHenle

D、Collectingduct

答案：【Glomerulus】7.多选题：Whatstructuresarepartoftherenalcorpuscle?

选项：

A、Glomerulus

B、Bowman’scapsule

C、Proximalconvolutedtubule

D、LoopofHenle1

答案：【Glomerulus;Bowman’scapsule】8.多选题：Whatstructuresarepartoftherenalcorpuscle?

选项：

A、Glomerulus

B、Bowman’scapsule

C、Proximalconvolutedtubule

D、LoopofHenle1

答案：【Glomerulus;Bowman’scapsule】9.单选题：Corticalnephronsmakeup20%ofallnephronsinthekidney.

选项：

A、正确

B、错误

答案：【错误】10.单选题：Thenephronisthestructuralandfunctionalunitofthekidney.

选项：

A、正确

B、错误

答案：【正确】11.单选题：ThedescendinglimboftheLoopofHenleispermeabletowaterbutimpermeabletosodiumandchloride.

选项：

A、正确

B、错误

答案：【正确】2.DevelopmentalPhysiologyandDiseasesofKidneyinChildren章节测验1.单选题：Whichstageofkidneydevelopmentservesasthefinal,permanentkidneyinhumans?

选项：

A、Pronephros

B、Mesonephros

C、Metanephros

D、Nephrotome

答案：【Metanephros】2.单选题：Whichhormoneincreasessodiumreabsorptioninthedistalconvolutedtubule?

选项：

A、ADH

B、Aldosterone

C、Renin

D、Erythropoietin

答案：【Aldosterone】3.单选题：WhatisthemostcommondiagnosticmethodfordetectingCAKUT?

选项：

A、Bloodtests

B、Ultrasound

C、Biopsy

D、Urinalysis

答案：【Ultrasound】4.单选题：Whattriggerstheformationofthecollectingsystemandexcretoryportionsofthekidney?

选项：

A、Uretericbudandmetanephricblastemainteraction

B、Wolffianductmaturation

C、Nephrotomedifferentiation

D、Cloacaformation

答案：【Uretericbudandmetanephricblastemainteraction】5.单选题：Whatisthemostcommoncomplicationassociatedwithapelvickidney?

选项：

A、Urinarytractinfection(UTI)

B、Proteinuria

C、Highbloodpressure

D、Renalfailure

答案：【Urinarytractinfection(UTI)】6.单选题：Whichofthefollowingconditionsismostcommonlyassociatedwithcystsinboththekidneysandotherorgans,suchastheliverandpancreas?

选项：

A、Renalhypoplasia

B、Multicysticdysplastickidney(MCDK)

C、Renalagenesis

D、Horseshoekidney

答案：【Multicysticdysplastickidney(MCDK)】7.单选题：Whichofthefollowingcongenitalkidneymalformationsischaracterizedbythefusionofthelowerpolesofthekidneys,formingahorseshoeshape?

选项：

A、Renalagenesis

B、Horseshoekidney

C、Renalhypoplasia

D、Multicysticdysplastickidney(MCDK)

答案：【Horseshoekidney】8.多选题：Whatfactorscaninfluenceurinecolor?

选项：

A、Food

B、Medications

C、Hydrationstatus

D、Bloodinurine

答案：【Food;Medications;Hydrationstatus;Bloodinurine】9.多选题：Whichofthefollowingarecongenitalkidneymalformations?

选项：

A、Horseshoekidney

B、Renalagenesis

C、Pelvickidney

D、AcutePost-streptococcalGlomerulonephritis

答案：【Horseshoekidney;Renalagenesis;Pelvickidney】10.多选题：Whichofthefollowingarecomponentsofurinalysis?

选项：

A、Physicalcolorandappearance

B、Chemicalfindings

C、Microscopicfindings

D、Genetictesting

答案：【Physicalcolorandappearance;Chemicalfindings;Microscopicfindings】11.单选题：TrueorFalse:Themesonephrosisthestagewherefunctionalkidneysappearforabriefperiodduringfetaldevelopment.

选项：

A、正确

B、错误

答案：【正确】12.单选题：TheloopofHenleisresponsibleforreabsorbingsodiumandchlorideinitsascendinglimb.

选项：

A、正确

B、错误

答案：【正确】13.单选题：Corticalnephronsmakeup20%ofallnephronsinthekidney.

选项：

A、正确

B、错误

答案：【错误】3.RenalDiagnosticMethods章节测验1.单选题：Thepseudoperoxidasereactionistheprincipleforthereagentstriptest(s)for:

选项：

A、Blood

B、Nitrite

C、Specificgravity

D、Urobilinogen

答案：【Blood】2.单选题：ThenormalrangeofurinepHis:

选项：

A、4.5to6.0

B、5.0to7.0

C、4.5to8.0

D、4.5to9.0

答案：【4.5to8.0】3.单选题：Inpediatricnephrology,whichequationiscommonlyusedtoestimatetheglomerularfiltrationrate(GFR)inchildren?

选项：

A、MDRDformula

B、Cockcroft-Gaultequation

C、Schwartzformula

D、ModificationofDietinRenalDisease(MDRD)formula

答案：【Schwartzformula】4.单选题：Whichofthefollowingresultsisnottypicalofaurinespecimenfromanuncontrolleddiabetic?

选项：

A、Positiveketones

B、Positiveglucose

C、Increasedspecificgravity

D、HighpH

答案：【HighpH】5.单选题：Whichmethodisconsideredthegoldstandardformeasuringtotalproteinexcretionoveranentireday?

选项：

A、Spoturinesampleforprotein-to-creatinineratio(PCR)

B、24-hoururinecollection

C、First-morningurinesample

D、Dipsticktest

答案：【24-hoururinecollection】6.单选题：Thefindingofa2+reagentstripreactionforbloodintheurineofapatientwithseverelowerbackpaincanaidinconfirmingadiagnosisof:

选项：

A、Pyelonephritis

B、Appendicitis

C、Renalcalculi

D、Multiplemyeloma

答案：【Renalcalculi】7.多选题：WhatarepossiblecausesofelevatedBUNlevels?

选项：

A、Kidneydysfunction

B、Dehydration

C、High-proteindiet

D、Liverdisease

答案：【Kidneydysfunction;Dehydration;High-proteindiet;Liverdisease】8.多选题：Whichofthefollowingaremethodstomeasureurinaryprotein?

选项：

A、Urinedipstick

B、24-hoururinecollection

C、Protein-to-creatinineratio(Pr/Cr)

D、Bloodglucosetest

答案：【Urinedipstick;24-hoururinecollection;Protein-to-creatinineratio(Pr/Cr)】9.多选题：Whatfactorscaninfluenceurinecolor?

选项：

A、Food

B、Medications

C、Hydrationstatus

D、Bloodinurine

答案：【Food;Medications;Hydrationstatus;Bloodinurine】10.单选题：Thepresenceofglucoseinurineisalwaysabnormal.

选项：

A、正确

B、错误

答案：【错误】11.单选题：First-morningurineisthepreferredsampleforurinalysisbecauseitismoreconcentrated.

选项：

A、正确

B、错误

答案：【正确】12.单选题：Thepresenceofwhitebloodcells(WBCs)inurinewithoutcastsusuallyindicatesglomerulonephritis.

选项：

A、正确

B、错误

答案：【错误】4.ClinicalEvaluationoftheChildwithHematuria章节测验1.单选题：Whichofthefollowingtestsismostusefultodetermineifhematuriaisofglomerularornon-glomerularorigin?

选项：

A、Urineculture

B、Renalultrasound

C、Microscopicanalysisofurine

D、Bloodpressuremeasurement

答案：【Microscopicanalysisofurine】2.单选题：WhichofthefollowingisNOTtypicallyafeatureofglomerularhematuria?

选项：

A、Proteinuria

B、Dysmorphicredbloodcells

C、Redbloodcellcasts

D、Bloodclotsinurine

答案：【Bloodclotsinurine】3.单选题：A12-year-oldboypresentswithpainlessgrosshematuria.Hehasnohistoryofrecentinfectionsortrauma,andhisphysicalexaminationisnormal.Hisfatherandgrandfatherbothhaveahistoryofhematuriaandhearingloss.Whatisthemostlikelydiagnosis?

选项：

A、Alportsyndrome

B、Acutepoststreptococcalglomerulonephritis(APSGN)

C、Wilmstumor

D、Bladdercancer

答案：【Alportsyndrome】4.单选题：Whichofthefollowinglaboratoryfindingsismostlikelytobepresentinglomerularhematuria?

选项：

A、Eosinophilsinurine

B、Dysmorphicredbloodcells

C、Elevatedwhitebloodcellcountinurine

D、Bacteriainurine

答案：【Dysmorphicredbloodcells】5.单选题：Whichofthefollowingisthemostcommoncauseofgrosshematuriainchildren?

选项：

A、Wilmstumor

B、IgAnephropathy

C、Urinarytractinfection(UTI)

D、Glomerulonephritis

答案：【Urinarytractinfection(UTI)】6.单选题：Whichofthefollowingconditionsismostlikelyassociatedwiththepresenceofcola-coloredurine?

选项：

A、Bladdercancer

B、Urinarytractinfection(UTI)

C、IgAnephropathy

D、Hypercalciuria

答案：【IgAnephropathy】7.多选题：Whichtestsarepartoftheinitialevaluationforglomerularhematuria?

选项：

A、Urinalysis

B、Serumcomplementlevels(C3,C4)

C、ASOtiter

D、CTurography

答案：【Urinalysis;Serumcomplementlevels(C3,C4);ASOtiter】8.多选题：A7-year-oldhaspersistentmicroscopichematuriaandproteinuria.WhichdiagnosesshouldbeCONSIDERED?

选项：

A、IgAnephropathy

B、Alportsyndrome

C、Thinbasementmembranedisease

D、FSGS

答案：【IgAnephropathy;Alportsyndrome;Thinbasementmembranedisease;FSGS】9.多选题：Whichofthefollowingarecausesoftransienthematuriainchildren?

选项：

A、Urinarytractinfection

B、Exercise

C、IgAnephropathy

D、Fever

答案：【Urinarytractinfection;Exercise;Fever】10.单选题：Non-glomerularhematuriaistypicallyaccompaniedbydysmorphicredbloodcells.

选项：

A、正确

B、错误

答案：【错误】11.单选题：Thepresenceofglucoseinurineisalwaysabnormal.

选项：

A、正确

B、错误

答案：【错误】12.单选题：Hematuriathatisassociatedwithsignificantproteinuriaismorelikelytobeofglomerularorigin.

选项：

A、正确

B、错误

答案：【正确】5.AcutePost-streptococcalGlomerulonephritis章节测验1.单选题：A7-year-oldboyisdiagnosedwithAPSGNafterdevelopingcola-coloredurine.Hismotherstatesthathewastreatedforimpetigosixweeksago.Whichofthefollowingfindingswouldyoumostlikelyexpectinhislaboratoryresults?

选项：

A、ElevatedserumC3complementlevels

B、DecreasedantistreptolysinO(ASO)titers

C、LowserumC3complementlevels

D、IncreasedserumcreatininewithnormalC3levels

答案：【LowserumC3complementlevels】2.单选题：A14-year-oldgirlpresentswitha3-dayhistoryofdarkurine.Shehasnopainorfeverbutrecentlycompletedacourseoforalantibioticsforstreptococcalpharyngitis.Yoususpectglomerulonephritis.Whichofthefollowingsymptomsbestcharacterizestheclassictriadofglomerulonephritisinpediatricpatients?

选项：

A、Hematuria,edema,andhypertension.

B、Hematuria,hypertension,andascites.

C、Hematuria,hypertension,andoliguria.

D、Proteinuria,edema,andhypoalbuminemia.

E、Proteinuria,hypertension,andvolumeoverload.

答案：【Hematuria,edema,andhypertension.】3.单选题：A9-year-oldboywhohadcold-likesymptomsforthepastfewdaysisbroughttotheclinicbyhismotherafternoticinggrosshematuriathatmorning.Theboyhasotherwisebeenhealthy,isfullyvaccinated,andhasnoedema,hypertension,orpurpura.Urinalysisrevealscola-coloredurinewith2+proteinand2+hemoglobin.Microscopicanalysisshows50-100RBCs/HPF,noWBCs,bacteria,casts,orcrystals.Whatisthemostlikelydiagnosis?

选项：

A、IgAnephropathy

B、Acutepoststreptococcalglomerulonephritis(APSGN)

C、Lupusnephritis(LN)

D、IgAvasculitis

答案：【IgAnephropathy】4.单选题：A10-year-oldboypresentswithdark-coloredurineandswellinginhisankles.Hismothermentionsthathehadasorethroattwoweeksago.Onexamination,theboyhasperiorbitaledemaandhighbloodpressure.Whatisthemostlikelymechanismleadingtothischild’scondition?

选项：

A、Directbacterialinvasionofthekidneys

B、Immunecomplexdepositionintheglomeruli

C、Autoantibodyproductionagainstthebasementmembrane

D、Activationofthealternativecomplementpathway

答案：【Immunecomplexdepositionintheglomeruli】5.单选题：A9-year-oldgirlpresentswithgeneralizedswellinganddark-coloredurine.Shehadarecentsorethroat,andurinalysisshowsproteinuriaandhematuria.Whichofthefollowingfeaturesbestdistinguishesacutepoststreptococcalglomerulonephritis(APSGN)fromothercausesofglomerulonephritis?

选项：

A、ElevatedantistreptolysinO(ASO)titers

B、Hypertension

C、Periorbitaledema

D、NormalserumC3levels

答案：【ElevatedantistreptolysinO(ASO)titers】6.单选题：WhatarethemostcommonageandtimeframeforthedevelopmentofAcutepoststreptococcalglomerulonephritis(APSGN)?

选项：

A、2yearsoldand4weeksafterdiagnosisofimpetigo.

B、8yearsoldand1weekafteranepisodeofpharyngitis.

C、10yearsoldand4weeksafteranepisodeofpharyngitis.

D、12yearsoldand1weekafterdiagnosisofimpetigo.

E、14yearsoldand6weeksafteranepisodeofpharyngitis.

答案：【8yearsoldand1weekafteranepisodeofpharyngitis.】7.多选题：An8-year-olddevelopscola-coloredurine10daysafterimpetigo.WhichfindingssuggestPSGN?

选项：

A、LowC3complement

B、ElevatedASOtiter

C、RBCcasts

D、Nephrotic-rangeproteinuria

答案：【LowC3complement;ElevatedASOtiter;RBCcasts】8.多选题：WhichofthefollowingareclinicalmanifestationsofAPSGN?

选项：

A、Grosshematuria

B、Edema

C、Hypertension

D、Hyperglycemia

答案：【Grosshematuria;Edema;Hypertension】9.多选题：AchildwithAPSGNdevelopsBP160/110mmHgandheadaches.WhichareAPPROPRIATEinterventions?

选项：

A、IVlabetalol

B、Oralnifedipine

C、IVfurosemide

D、Hemodialysis

答案：【IVlabetalol;Oralnifedipine;IVfurosemide】10.单选题：APSGNismostcommonlycausedbyGroupAStreptococcus.

选项：

A、正确

B、错误

答案：【正确】11.单选题：HypertensiveencephalopathyisacommoncomplicationofAPSGN.

选项：

A、正确

B、错误

答案：【错误】12.单选题：ThelatentperiodforAPSGNisshorterafteraskininfectioncomparedtoathroatinfection.

选项：

A、正确

B、错误

答案：【错误】5.AcutePost-streptococcalGlomerulonephritis章节测验1.单选题：A7-year-oldboyisdiagnosedwithAPSGNafterdevelopingcola-coloredurine.Hismotherstatesthathewastreatedforimpetigosixweeksago.Whichofthefollowingfindingswouldyoumostlikelyexpectinhislaboratoryresults?

选项：

A、ElevatedserumC3complementlevels

B、DecreasedantistreptolysinO(ASO)titers

C、LowserumC3complementlevels

D、IncreasedserumcreatininewithnormalC3levels

答案：【LowserumC3complementlevels】2.单选题：A14-year-oldgirlpresentswitha3-dayhistoryofdarkurine.Shehasnopainorfeverbutrecentlycompletedacourseoforalantibioticsforstreptococcalpharyngitis.Yoususpectglomerulonephritis.Whichofthefollowingsymptomsbestcharacterizestheclassictriadofglomerulonephritisinpediatricpatients?

选项：

A、Hematuria,edema,andhypertension.

B、Hematuria,hypertension,andascites.

C、Hematuria,hypertension,andoliguria.

D、Proteinuria,edema,andhypoalbuminemia.

E、Proteinuria,hypertension,andvolumeoverload.

答案：【Hematuria,edema,andhypertension.】3.单选题：A9-year-oldboywhohadcold-likesymptomsforthepastfewdaysisbroughttotheclinicbyhismotherafternoticinggrosshematuriathatmorning.Theboyhasotherwisebeenhealthy,isfullyvaccinated,andhasnoedema,hypertension,orpurpura.Urinalysisrevealscola-coloredurinewith2+proteinand2+hemoglobin.Microscopicanalysisshows50-100RBCs/HPF,noWBCs,bacteria,casts,orcrystals.Whatisthemostlikelydiagnosis?

选项：

A、IgAnephropathy

B、Acutepoststreptococcalglomerulonephritis(APSGN)

C、Lupusnephritis(LN)

D、IgAvasculitis

答案：【IgAnephropathy】4.单选题：A10-year-oldboypresentswithdark-coloredurineandswellinginhisankles.Hismothermentionsthathehadasorethroattwoweeksago.Onexamination,theboyhasperiorbitaledemaandhighbloodpressure.Whatisthemostlikelymechanismleadingtothischild’scondition?

选项：

A、Directbacterialinvasionofthekidneys

B、Immunecomplexdepositionintheglomeruli

C、Autoantibodyproductionagainstthebasementmembrane

D、Activationofthealternativecomplementpathway

答案：【Immunecomplexdepositionintheglomeruli】5.单选题：A9-year-oldgirlpresentswithgeneralizedswellinganddark-coloredurine.Shehadarecentsorethroat,andurinalysisshowsproteinuriaandhematuria.Whichofthefollowingfeaturesbestdistinguishesacutepoststreptococcalglomerulonephritis(APSGN)fromothercausesofglomerulonephritis?

选项：

A、ElevatedantistreptolysinO(ASO)titers

B、Hypertension

C、Periorbitaledema

D、NormalserumC3levels

答案：【ElevatedantistreptolysinO(ASO)titers】6.单选题：WhatarethemostcommonageandtimeframeforthedevelopmentofAcutepoststreptococcalglomerulonephritis(APSGN)?

选项：

A、2yearsoldand4weeksafterdiagnosisofimpetigo.

B、8yearsoldand1weekafteranepisodeofpharyngitis.

C、10yearsoldand4weeksafteranepisodeofpharyngitis.

D、12yearsoldand1weekafterdiagnosisofimpetigo.

E、14yearsoldand6weeksafteranepisodeofpharyngitis.

答案：【8yearsoldand1weekafteranepisodeofpharyngitis.】7.多选题：An8-year-olddevelopscola-coloredurine10daysafterimpetigo.WhichfindingssuggestPSGN?

选项：

A、LowC3complement

B、ElevatedASOtiter

C、RBCcasts

D、Nephrotic-rangeproteinuria

答案：【LowC3complement;ElevatedASOtiter;RBCcasts】8.多选题：WhichofthefollowingareclinicalmanifestationsofAPSGN?

选项：

A、Grosshematuria

B、Edema

C、Hypertension

D、Hyperglycemia

答案：【Grosshematuria;Edema;Hypertension】9.多选题：AchildwithAPSGNdevelopsBP160/110mmHgandheadaches.WhichareAPPROPRIATEinterventions?

选项：

A、IVlabetalol

B、Oralnifedipine

C、IVfurosemide

D、Hemodialysis

答案：【IVlabetalol;Oralnifedipine;IVfurosemide】10.单选题：APSGNismostcommonlycausedbyGroupAStreptococcus.

选项：

A、正确

B、错误

答案：【正确】11.单选题：HypertensiveencephalopathyisacommoncomplicationofAPSGN.

选项：

A、正确

B、错误

答案：【错误】12.单选题：ThelatentperiodforAPSGNisshorterafteraskininfectioncomparedtoathroatinfection.

选项：

A、正确

B、错误

答案：【错误】6.NephroticSyndromeinChildren章节测验1.单选题：A5-year-oldgirlpresentswithnephroticsyndrome.Sheistreatedwithcorticosteroidsbutdevelopsgeneralizededemaandpleuraleffusion.Whichofthefollowingbestexplainsthedevelopmentofpleuraleffusioninthispatient?

选项：

A、Increasedintravascularoncoticpressure

B、Lossofalbuminintheurine

C、Intravascularvolumeoverload

D、Hyperlipidemia

答案：【Lossofalbuminintheurine】2.单选题：Whichofthefollowingisleastlikelytobeacomplicationofnephroticsyndromeinchildren?

选项：

A、Hyperlipidemia

B、Renalveinthrombosis

C、Pulmonaryembolism

D、Increasedserumcomplementlevels

答案：【Increasedserumcomplementlevels】3.单选题：A3-year-oldboywithnephroticsyndromehaspersistentedemadespitebeingonsteroidtherapyfor6weeks.Hisbloodpressureremainsnormal,andrenalfunctiontestsarewithinnormallimits.Arenalbiopsyisperformed,whichshowsfocalsegmentalglomerulosclerosis(FSGS).Whatisthenextbeststepinmanagement?

选项：

A、Switchtoimmunosuppressantssuchascyclophosphamide

B、Continuewithhigh-dosesteroids

C、Startalow-saltdiet

D、Discontinueallmedications

答案：【Switchtoimmunosuppressantssuchascyclophosphamide】4.单选题：A4-year-oldgirlisbroughttotheemergencydepartmentwithabdominalpainandgeneralizedswelling.Themotherreportsthatherchildhasbeenpassinglessurineoverthelastfewdays.Physicalexaminationrevealsperiorbitaledema,ascites,andpittingedema.Bloodtestsshowhypoalbuminemia,hyperlipidemia,andnormalrenalfunction.Whatisthemostlikelydiagnosis?

选项：

A、Focalsegmentalglomerulosclerosis(FSGS)

B、Minimalchangedisease(MCD)

C、Acutepoststreptococcalglomerulonephritis

D、IgAnephropathy

答案：【Minimalchangedisease(MCD)】5.单选题：A6-year-oldboypresentstotheclinicwithgeneralizedswellingandrecentweightgain.Hisparentsreportthathehadamildupperrespiratoryinfectiontwoweeksago.Physicalexaminationrevealsperiorbitaledemaand2+pittingedemaofthelowerextremities.Urinalysisshows4+proteinuria,andserumalbuminislow.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethemostappropriatefirst-linetreatmentforthischild?

选项：

A、Antibioticsforsecondaryinfection

B、High-doseoralsteroids

C、Renalbiopsy

D、Diureticsonly

答案：【High-doseoralsteroids】6.单选题：A5-year-oldboyisbeingtreatedwithcorticosteroidsfornephroticsyndrome.Overthepastweek,hisparentsnoticehehasdevelopedafeverandiscomplainingofabdominalpain.Onexamination,heisfebrilewithsignificanttendernessinthelowerabdomen.Whatisthemostlikelycomplicationthathasdeveloped?

选项：

A、Bacterialperitonitis

B、Renalveinthrombosis

C、Hyponatremia

D、Hypokalemia

答案：【Bacterialperitonitis】7.多选题：A5-year-oldboypresentswithperiorbitaledemaandfrothyurine.Labresultsshow:Urineprotein:4+;Serumalbumin:20g/L;Cholesterol:7.2mmol/L;Normalrenalfunction;Nohematuria.WhichcomplicationsshouldbeMONITOREDinthispatient?

选项：

A、Spontaneousbacterialperitonitis

B、Renalveinthrombosis

C、Hypertensivecrisis

D、Hypocalcemictetany

答案：【Spontaneousbacterialperitonitis;Renalveinthrombosis】8.多选题：A6-year-oldwithsteroid-sensitiveNSdevelopsfrequentrelapsesduringtapering.WhichstatementsaboutsteroiddependenceareTRUE?

选项：

A、Definedbyrelapsesduringsteroidtapering

B、Occursin>50%ofinitialresponders

C、Requiressecond-lineimmunosuppressants

D、Indicatespoorlong-termprognosis

答案：【Definedbyrelapsesduringsteroidtapering;Requiressecond-lineimmunosuppressants】9.多选题：WhichofthefollowingareriskfactorsforpoorprognosisinINS?

选项：

A、Steroidresistance

B、Age＜1year>

C、Hypertension

D、Hyperlipidemia

答案：【Steroidresistance;Age＜1year>;Hypertension】10.单选题：HypercoagulabilityinNSisduetolossofantithrombinIIIinurine.

选项：

A、正确

B、错误

答案：【正确】11.单选题：Steroid-resistantnephroticsyndrome(SRNS)isdefinedbynoremissionafter8weeksofsteroidtherapy.

选项：

A、正确

B、错误

答案：【错误】12.单选题：Minimalchangedisease(MCD)isthemostcommoncauseofINSinadults.

选项：

A、正确

B、错误

答案：【错误】7.AcuteKidneyInjury(AKI)章节测验1.单选题：InachildwithsuspectedAKI,whichofthefollowingisconsideredthemostsensitiveearlyindicatorofkidneyfunction?

选项：

A、Serumcreatinine

B、Bloodureanitrogen(BUN)

C、Urineoutput

D、Serumpotassium

答案：【Urineoutput】2.单选题：Whichofthefollowingisacauseofacutekidneyfailureduetoprerenalazotemia?

选项：

A、Excessivediuresis

B、Urinarytractobstruction

C、Radiologiccontrastmedia

D、Aminoglycosides

答案：【Excessivediuresis】3.单选题：Whatisthemostcommoncauseofacutekidneyinjury(AKI)inchildren?

选项：

A、Sepsis

B、Hypovolemia

C、Hemolyticuremicsyndrome(HUS)

D、Congenitalrenalmalformations

答案：【Hypovolemia】4.单选题：Whichofthefollowingmedicationsismostlikelytocauseacutetubularnecrosis?

选项：

A、Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

B、Acetaminophen

C、Cephalothin

D、Aminoglycosideorradioconstrast

答案：【Aminoglycosideorradioconstrast】5.单选题：Labresultsforapost-operativeoliguricpatientrevealsanincreasedBUNtocreatinineratio.Thepatienthasalowfractionalexcretionofsodium(lessthan1%).Whichofthefollowingisthemostlikelydiagnosis?

选项：

A、prerenalazotemia

B、acutetubularnecrosis

C、acuteglomerulonephritis

D、obstructiveuropathy

答案：【prerenalazotemia】6.单选题：WhichofthefollowingbestdescribestheprerenalcauseofAKIinchildren?

选项：

A、Acuteglomerulonephritis

B、Dehydration

C、Hemolyticuremicsyndrome

D、Obstructiveuropathy

答案：【Dehydration】7.多选题：A10-year-olddevelopsAKIafterNSAIDoverdose.WhichmechanismsareINVOLVED?

选项：

A、Acuteinterstitialnephritis

B、Pre-renalazotemia

C、Directtubulartoxicity

D、Glomerularinflammation

答案：【Acuteinterstitialnephritis;Pre-renalazotemia;Directtubulartoxicity】8.多选题：WhichofthefollowingarecausesofintrarenalAKI?

选项：

A、Acutetubularnecrosis

B、Glomerulonephritis

C、Ureteralobstruction

D、Interstitialnephritis

答案：【Acutetubularnecrosis;Glomerulonephritis;Interstitialnephritis】9.多选题：WhichofthefollowingarediagnosticcriteriaforAKI?

选项：

A、Serumcreatinineincrease≥0.3mg/dLin48hours

B、Urineoutput＜0mLkghforhours>

C、Hypernatremia>145mEq/L

D、Proteinuria>1g/day

答案：【Serumcreatinineincrease≥0.3mg/dLin48hours;Urineoutput＜0mLkghforhours>】10.单选题：Hyperkalemiaisalife-threateningcomplicationofAKI.

选项：

A、正确

B、错误

答案：【正确】11.单选题：PostrenalAKIiscausedbyobstructionofurineflow.

选项：

A、正确

B、错误

答案：【正确】12.单选题：MannitolisaproventherapyforAKIprevention.

选项：

A、正确

B、错误

答案：【错误】期末考试期末考试1.单选题：Whatisthenormalcolorrangeofurine?

选项：

A、Colorlesstopaleyellow

B、Paleyellowtodeepamber

C、Redtobrown

D、Greentoblue

答案：【Paleyellowtodeepamber】2.单选题：Whichhormoneincreasessodiumreabsorptioninthedistalconvolutedtubule?

选项：

A、ADH

B、Aldosterone

C、Renin

D、Erythropoietin

答案：【Aldosterone】3.单选题：Themetanephrosdevelopsfromwhichtwostructures?

选项：

A、Pronephricductandnephrotomes

B、Uretericbudandmetanephricblastema

C、MesonephrictubulesandWolffianduct

D、Intermediatemesodermandectoderm

答案：【Uretericbudandmetanephricblastema】4.单选题：A5-year-oldhaspersistentmicroscopichematuriaandhypercalciuria.TheMOSTLIKELYdiagnosisis:

选项：

A、IgAnephropathy

B、Nutcrackersyndrome

C、Alportsyndrome

D、FSGS

答案：【Nutcrackersyndrome】5.单选题：Whichofthefollowingisanabsolutecontraindicationforakidneybiopsy?

选项：

A、Mildhypertension

B、Urinarytractinfection

C、Uncontrolledseverehypertension

D、Obesity

答案：【Uncontrolledseverehypertension】6.单选题：Whichimagingstudyismostcommonlyusedtoevaluatestructuralabnormalitiesinnon-glomerularhematuria?

选项：

A、X-ray

B、Renalultrasound

C、PETscan

D、Angiography

答案：【Renalultrasound】7.单选题：A3-year-oldpresentswithNSandrenal