北京市西城区高三下学期一模英语试题

西城区高三统一测试试卷英语第一部分：知识运用（共两节，30分）第一节（共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分）阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。AfterGlendaandRaphaelSavitzmovedtoNewton,Boston,theywerewarmlyweledbytheirnewneighbors,whogreetedthemwithhomemadecookiesandcasseroles.Theyquicklygotusedtothe___1___neighborhoodandfeltanimmediatesenseof___2___.Soonafter,theyhadababy,Samantha,butdiscoveredshewasborndeaf.Althoughtheneighborswereexcitedtomeetthenewbaby,theywerealsoawareofthe___3___theSavitzfamilywouldface.JillMcNeil,oneoftheneighbors,suggestedthattheyalllearnsignlanguagetogethertohelpSamanthamunicate.Jill,whogrewupinatightknit(紧密团结)munity,believedinthepowerofhelpingeachother,___4___whenitcametochildren.Overfewmonths,thegroupof18neighborsworkedhardtolearnthebasicsigns,allwhilekeepingtheirplana___5___.TheywantedtosurprisetheSavitzfamilywiththeirnew___6___tomunicate.Whenthebigmomentcame,theSavitzfamilywasdeeplymoved.GlendaandRaphaelwereamazedbytheefforttheirneighborshad___7___learninganewlanguagejusttomunicatewiththeirdaughter.Itwasaverytouchingandmeaningfulmomentforthefamily.Theyfeltincredibly___8___.AsSamanthagrew,theneighborskeptincludingherineverything,makingsureshenever___9___leftout.ThesupportfromthemunitymadealastingimpactontheSavitzfamily,showinghowneighborscanetogethertomakeareal____10____ineachother’slives.1.A.friendly B.peaceful C.quiet D.convenient2.A.belonging B.relief C.hope D.freedom3.A.truth B.choices C.challenges D.threat4.A.naturally B.especially C.immediately D.similarly5.A.priority B.dream C.goal D.secret6.A.media B.technology C.ability D.opportunity7.A.drawnon B.backedup C.reliedon D.putin8.A.proud B.grateful C.relaxed D.satisfied9.A.felt B.looked C.remained D.turned10.A.point B.living C.difference D.mitment【答案】1.A2.A3.C4.B5.D6.C7.D8.B9.A10.C【解析】【导语】本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲的是Savitz一家搬到波士顿后受到新邻居的热烈欢迎，当邻居知道他们的宝宝是聋的以后，努力学习手语以便于和这个宝宝交流的暖心故事。【1题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他们很快就适应了这个友好的社区，并立刻有了归属感。A.friendly友好的；B.peaceful平静的；C.quiet安静的；D.convenient方便的。根据上文“theywerewarmlyweledbytheirnewneighbors”可知，这个社区很友好。故选A。【2题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：他们很快就适应了这个友好的社区，并立刻有了归属感。A.belonging归属感；B.relief缓解；C.hope希望；D.freedom自由。根据上文“theywerewarmlyweledbytheirnewneighbors”可知，这个社区邻居的友好让他们有了归属感。故选A。【3题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：虽然邻居们很高兴见到这个新宝宝，但他们也意识到Savitz一家将面临的挑战。A.truth真相；B.choices选择；C.challenges挑战；D.threat威胁。根据上文“discoveredshewasborndeaf”可知，那个宝宝天生是聋的，所以Savitz一家将面临挑战。故选C。【4题详解】考查副词词义辨析。句意：Jill在一个关系紧密的社区长大，她相信互相帮助的力量，尤其是在孩子们身上。A.naturally自然地；B.especially尤其；C.immediately立刻；D.similarly相似地。根据下文“whenitcametochildren”可知，Jill相信互相帮助的力量，尤其是在孩子们身上。故选B。【5题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：在接下来的几个月里，这个由18个邻居组成的小组努力学习基本的手语，同时对他们的计划保密。A.priority优先事项；B.dream梦；C.goal目标；D.secret秘密。根据下文“TheywantedtosurprisetheSavitzfamily”可知，邻居们把这个计划保密。故选D。【6题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：他们想用新的沟通能力给Savitz一家一个惊喜。A.media媒体；B.technology技术；C.ability能力；D.opportunity机会。根据上文“learnthebasicsigns”可知，邻居学习手语，这是一种新的沟通能力。故选C。【7题详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：Glenda和Raphael对邻居们为了和女儿交流而学习一门新语言所付出的努力感到惊讶。A.drawnon利用，借鉴；B.backedup支持；C.reliedon依靠；D.putin投入。根据上一段“thegroupof18neighborsworkedhardtolearnthebasicsigns”可知，那些邻居为了和Savitz的女儿沟通而努力学习手语，空格处意为“投入”。故选D。【8题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他们感到无比感激。A.proud骄傲的；B.grateful感激的；C.relaxed放松的；D.satisfied满意的。根据上文“learninganewlanguagejusttomunicatewiththeirdaughter”可知，邻居为了和自己的女儿沟通而学习新的语言，这让Savitz一家感激。故选B。【9题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：随着Samantha成长，邻居们一直让她参与所有的事情，确保她不会感到被冷落。A.felt感觉；B.looked看；C.remained保持；D.turned转向。根据上文“theneighborskeptincludingherineverything”可知，邻居们确保Samantha不会感到被冷落。故选A。【10题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：社区的支持对Savitz一家产生了持久的影响，表明邻居们可以团结起来，真正改变彼此的生活。A.point点；B.living生计；C.difference不同；D.mitment忠诚。根据上文“madealastingimpactontheSavitzfamily”可知，邻居们可以团结起来，真正改变彼此的生活，makeadifference意为“产生影响”。故选C。第二节（共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。请在答题卡指定区域作答。A阅读下列短文，根据短文内容或括号内所给词的恰当形式填空。Lastsummer,Ijoinedamunitygardenprojectinmyneighborhood.Atfirst,Iwasnervousaboutworkingwith_____11_____(stranger),buteveryonewaswelingandenthusiastic.Ilearnedhowtoplantvegetablesandcareforflowers.Inautumn,wehadabigharvestanddecidedtodonatethefreshproducetoalocalfoodbank.Ineverexpectedthatoursmalleffortscouldcreatesuchaneffect.ThesurprisecamewhenIreceivedathankyouletterfromafamily_____12_____benefitedfromourdonations.Itmademerealizehowpowerful_____13_____(kind)canbe!【答案】11.strangers12.whothat13.kindness【解析】【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者从事社区花园项目，学会了如何种菜和养花，还得到了他人的感谢信。【11题详解】考查名词复数。句意：起初，我对和陌生人一起工作感到紧张，但每个人都很热情好客。前文没有冠词，表示数量大于一用复数形式。故填strangers。【12题详解】考查定语从句。句意：让我惊喜的是，我收到了一封感谢信，来自一个受益于我们捐款的家庭。此处引导限定性定语从句，先行词是family，指人，关系词在从句作主语，应用关系代词who或that引导。故填who或that。【13题详解】考查名词。句意：这让我意识到善良的力量是多么强大！此处作从句的主语，应用名词kindness，不可数。故填kindness。B阅读下列短文，根据短文内容或括号内所给词的恰当形式填空。TsinghuaUniversityplanstoincreaseitsundergraduateenrollment(本科招生人数)____14____about150in2025andestablishanewundergraduateschoolfocusedonbiningartificialintelligence(AI)withvariousfieldsofstudy.Thenewschool____15____(make)useofTsinghua’sstrengths,____16____(highlight)AI’sroleineducationandresearch.It____17____(aim)toexploreAIdrivenlearningmodelsanddevelopstudentswithdiverseskills,asolidunderstandingofAIandcreativethinking.【答案】14.by15.willmake16.highlighting17.aims【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了清华大学的将要成立新的本科学院，专注于将人工智能与各个研究领域相结合。【14题详解】考查介词。句意：清华大学计划在2025年将本科招生人数增加约150人，并建立一所新的本科学院，专注于将人工智能（AI）与各个研究领域相结合。短语increaseby表示“增加了……”。故填by。【15题详解】考查时态。句意：新学院将利用清华大学的优势，突出人工智能在教育和研究中的作用。此处动作发生在将来，用一般将来时。故填willmake。【16题详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：新学院将利用清华大学的优势，突出人工智能在教育和研究中的作用。此处highlight与上文句子构成主动关系，故用现在分词作状语，故填highlighting。【17题详解】考查时态。句意：它旨在探索人工智能驱动的学习模式，培养具有多样化技能、对人工智能有扎实理解和创造性思维的学生。陈述事实用一般现在时，主语为it，谓语用三单形式。故填aims。C阅读下列短文，根据短文内容或括号内所给词的恰当形式填空。Ata200megawatt(兆瓦)windfarminHengshui,Hebei,theworld’slargesttonnagewheeledcrane(起重机),theXCA4000,pleteditsfirstliftinMarch2024.It____18____(lift)a130metrictonnacelle,a40tonhubandthree95meterlongbladesweighing28tonseach,toaheightof162metersforassembly(组装)onthetower.TheXCA4000hasaselfdevelopedcontrolsystemandtechnologies____19____(ensure)safetyduringoperation.Withmorethanadozensensors____20____(distribute)inthefacility,itcandetectandaddresspotentialsafetydangersinrealtime.【答案】18.lifted19.toensure20.distributed【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了世界上最大的吨位轮式起重机XCA4000的情况。【18题详解】考查时态。句意：它将一个130吨的机舱，一个40吨的轮毂和三个95米长的叶片（每个重28吨）提升到162米的高度，以便在塔上组装。发生在过去用一般过去时。故填lifted。【19题详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：XCA4000具有自主开发的控制系统和技术，确保运行安全。此处ensure作目的状语，用不定式。故填toensure。【20题详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：在设施中分布了十多个传感器，可以实时检测和解决潜在的安全隐患。此处distribute与sensors构成被动关系，故用过去分词作宾补。故填distributed。第二部分：阅读理解（共两节，38分）第一节（共14小题；每小题2分，共28分）AIntoday’sfastpaceddigitalworld,manyofusstrugglewithdistractionandburnout.It’schallengingtostayfocusedandproductivewithconstantinterruptionsandthepressuretomanagemultipletasks.Thereforewebringtoyou—TheSukhaapp.Sukhaisaproductivityboostingfocusappthathelpsyoupletetasksmoreefficientlybyprovidingtoolsthatpromotefocusandmunitysupport.Thisproductivitysoftwaresilencesdistractions(干扰),playsfocusmusic,andstartsapomodorotimer(番茄计时器)withjustaclick.Sukhaensuresyoustayontrackandfinishyourworkfaster.FeaturesofSukhaPhoneDistractionElimination(消除)Silencedistractionsandcreateabestworkenvironmenttoensureyoustayfocusedonthetaskathand,minimizinginterruptionsandincreasingefficiency.imeyoupickupyoursmartphone,thescreenwillautomaticallystartflashingtokeepyouawayfromit.FocusMusic●Offersaselectionoffocusmusictracksthathelpyougetintotheflowandmaintainyourconcentrationforlongerperiods.munityIntegration●Workalongsidefriendsandpeoplearoundtheworld.●Feelpartofasupportivemunitybyseeingothersworkinginrealtime,providingmotivationandreducingthesenseofisolation(孤立).SukhaVSOtherProductivityAppsTherearemanyotherproductivityapps.Theyarealsosimpleandeasytouseandsetup.Whilethesetypesoftoolsofferdifferentfeatures,theytendtoworkinisolation.However,Sukhatakesauniqueapproach.WithSukha,yourneedsaremetinoneplace.Youcanintegrateotherappsintotheplatform.Forexample,byaddingyourCalendar,youensurethatyou’reontimeforanyupingonlinemeetings.Productivityisn’tlimitedtotheplatformbuendstointegratedapps.Youhaveapletesystemtoworksmarter.Thisdoesn’thappenelsewherebutwithinSukha.SukhaPricingWeareexcitedtoannouncethatSukhanowoffersa14dayfreetrialforallnewusers.Aftertheconclusionofyour14daytrial,youwillbeautomaticallymovedtotheBasicPlanatnocost.However,ifyouwishtocontinuewiththeProSubscription,youneedtopay$10permonth.IfyouhaveanyquestionsregardingtheSukhaProSubscriptionorthe14daytrialversion,pleasedonothesitatetogetintouchwithoursupportteamat.So,whatareyouwaitingfor?21.WhatistheaimofSukha?A.Tocreatefocusmusic. B.Toproducenovelideas.C.Toenhanceworkingefficiency. D.Touniteawholemunity.22.WhatisuniquetoSukha?A.It’seasytouseandsetup. B.Itprovidesdifferentfeatures.C.Itcanminimizeinterruptions. D.Itworkstogetherwithotherapps.23.HowwillSukhachargeusersafterthetrialperiod?A.Userswillcontinuetohaveaccesstoallfeaturesforfree.B.Userswillbechargedaonetimefeeof10afterthetrial.C.Userswillbecharged10permonthfortheProSubscription.D.UserswillautomaticallybemovedtotheProSubscriptionatnocost.【答案】21.C22.D23.C【解析】【导语】这是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了一款提高工作效率的应用程序Sukha的情况。【21题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段“Sukhaisaproductivityboostingfocusappthathelpsyoupletetasksmoreefficientlybyprovidingtoolsthatpromotefocusandmunitysupport.(Sukha是一款提高工作效率的专注应用程序，通过提供促进专注和社区支持的工具，帮助你更有效地完成任务)”可知，Sukha的目的是提高工作效率。故选C。【22题详解】细节理解题。根据倒数第三段“WithSukha,yourneedsaremetinoneplace.Youcanintegrateotherappsintotheplatform.(有了Sukha，你的需求在一个地方得到满足。你可以将其他应用程序集成到平台中)”可知，特别之处是Sukha与其他应用程序一起工作。故选D。【23题详解】细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“However,ifyouwishtocontinuewiththeProSubscription,youneedtopay$10permonth.(但是，如果你希望继续使用Pro订阅，则需要每月支付10美元)”可知，试用期结束后，用户将收取每月10美元的专业订阅费用。故选C。BUdayBhatia’senthusiasmfortechnologybeganinchildhood.Hisinterestwasawakenedwhenhereceivedadrone(无人机)inthefourthgrade,stimulatingacuriosityabouthowmachineswork.By14,hehadtaughthimselfputerscienceandcreatedhisfirstvideogameonRoblox.However,Uday’spassionwasn’tlimitedtocodingandgadgets—hewasdeeplyawareofsocietalissues.Duringthepandemic,hedevelopedFindOurTutor,anetutoringplatformtohelpstudentscontinuelearningremotely.At16,Uday,aspartofamentorshipprogram,visitedBichpurivillageinUttarPradeshanddiscoveredacriticalproblem:thevillagersfacedsixtoeighthourlongpoweroutages.“WhenIlearnedthatchildrenwereusingflashlightsandkerosenelampstostudy,Iwantedtofindasolution,”herecalls.HisresearchrevealedthatwhilemostvillagesinIndiahadbeenelectrified,unreliablepowersupplyremainedacontinuingissueinmanyruralareas,withsomestateslikeRajasthanandUttarakhandenduringpowercutslasting10to12hoursaday.Determinedtohelp,Udayspensixmonthslearningfrominstructionalvideosandgatheringsecondhandponents.Heworkedinhisterrace(屋顶)workshop,experimentingwithdifferentdesignsuntilhedevelopedtheSmartOutageGuard(OG),alowcostbackuplightbulb(灯泡)withalithiumionbattery.Thebulb,pricedatRs250,abouthalfthecostofotheroptions,featuresdynamiclumentechnologyandpulsewidthmodulation,whichallowsuserstoadjustthebrightness.Thisfeaendsthebulb’silluminationcapacitytoupto10hours,dependingonthebrightnesslevel.SinceitslaunchinMay2022,SmartOGbulbshavereached10,000homesacrosseightstates.UdayalsofoundedUdayElectric,aforprofitventurethatcollaborateswithdistributors,NGOs,retailers,andCSRprogramstoprovideaffordablelightingtosemielectrifiedruralareas.Fornonelectrifiedregions,hedevelopedtheGlowGrid,asolarpoweredlamp,launchedthismonth.Uday’sinnovationshaveearnedhimseveralawards,includingthe2023DianaLegacyAward.Hislongtermgoalistoprovidelowcostenergytoeveryhome,andhe’sjustgettingstarted.24.UdayBhatia’sexperienceinBichpurivillageinfluencedhimto________.A.developaninterestinputerscience B.createalowcost,backupbasedlightbulbC.launchanetutoringplatformforstudents D.studypowersupplysystemsinothervillages25.WhatdoweknowaboutUday’sinventions?A.Theymakeenergyeasiertoaccess. B.Theybringinnovationtoglobalmarkets.C.Theyfocusonsustainableenergysolutions. D.Theyprovideaffordablelightingforruralareas.26.WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesUdayBhatia?A.Innovativeandmercial. B.Determinedandsociallyaware.C.Creativeandenvironmentallyconscious. D.Technologicallyskilledandpetitive.【答案】24.B25.D26.B【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了乌代·巴蒂亚开发了低成本的锂离子电池备用灯泡，为农村地区提供负担得起的照明。【24题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段“Heworkedinhisterrace(屋顶)workshop,experimentingwithdifferentdesignsuntilhedevelopedtheSmartOutageGuard(OG),alowcostbackuplightbulb(灯泡)withalithiumionbattery.(他在自己的露台工作室里工作，尝试不同的设计，直到他开发出了一种低成本的锂离子电池备用灯泡SmartOutageGuard。)”可知，乌代·巴蒂亚在比奇普里村的经历影响了他创造出一种低成本的备用灯泡。故选B。【25题详解】细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“UdayalsofoundedUdayElectric,aforprofitventurethatcollaborateswithdistributors,NGOs,retailers,andCSRprogramstoprovideaffordablelightingtosemielectrifiedruralareas.(乌代还成立了UdayElectric，这是一家营利性企业，与分销商、非政府组织、零售商和企业社会责任项目合作，为半电气化的农村地区提供负担得起的照明。)”可知，乌代的发明为农村地区提供负担得起的照明。故选D。【26题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段“Determinedtohelp,Udayspensixmonthslearningfrominstructionalvideosandgatheringsecondhandponents.(决心提供帮助，乌代在接下来的六个月里从教学视频中学习，并收集二手部件。)”以及倒数第二段“UdayalsofoundedUdayElectric,aforprofitventurethatcollaborateswithdistributors,NGOs,retailers,andCSRprogramstoprovideaffordablelightingtosemielectrifiedruralareas.(乌代还成立了UdayElectric，这是一家营利性企业，与分销商、非政府组织、零售商和企业社会责任项目合作，为半电气化的农村地区提供负担得起的照明。)”可知，乌代·巴蒂亚有决心和社会意识。故选B。CRecently,IattendedapublictalkbysomeonewhoseviewsI“knew”Iwouldoppose.Andyet,Iwent.Ilistened,askedquestions,andgavemytime.Whilemycorevaluesweren’ttransformedinthosetwohours,Ilearnedsomethingandleftwithadeeperappreciationfortheplexityofotherperspectives.Inthisweeknightactivity,Iwasactivelytryingtotackle“beliefism,”adivisivephenomenoninwhichsurroundingyourselfwithpeoplewhoshareyourviewsleadstodiscriminationagainstthosewhodisagree.Inthisway,beliefismdeepensdivisionandreinforcespolarization—buildingwallsinsteadofbridges.Indeed,beliefismiswidespreadinmodernsociety.Asignificantpartoftheproblemoriginatesfromthefactthatweliveinaworldthatisbothphysicallyandvirtuallydivided.Werarelyinteractwithpeoplefromotherwalksoflife.Socialmediaalgorithmsstokethefiresofdivision,lockingusintoechochambersthatreinforceourpreexistingbeliefsandshutdowndebate.Ultimately,wheremanyforcesaredrivingusapart,wemustthink—whatcanwedotounpackdivisionandrestoreconnection?Wecanbeginbytryingtounderstandthepsychologyofbeliefism,whichatitscoreisaformofbias—amentalshortcutinwhichwecategorisepeopleaccordingtosinglecharacteristicsorgeneralisingassumptions.Indeed,inaworldthatisinfinitelyplex,ourmindsusethesebiasestosimplifyandmakesenseoftheworld.Thethingis,whenweseeothersonlythroughtheperspectiveoftheirpoliticalorsocialbeliefs,wereduceandflattenthemtoasingledimension.Further,whenpeoplefeeltheyaredismissedordisregardedonlyfortheirbeliefs,theyareleftfeelingisolatedandmisunderstood.Secondly,wecanunderstandthetendencyforbeliefismaspartofourevolutionary(进化的)desiretoestablishamunityorgroup.Theproblemisthatwhilethisinstinct(本能)mayhaveonceservedevolutionarypurposes,today,itblocksmeaningfuldialogueandcooperation.Indeed,researchshowsthatoveringbeliefismhasbenefits.Whenweweleavarietyofideasandperspectives,weareabletooveregroupthinkandmakebetterdecisionsandjudgements.What’smore,lessbeliefistpeoplearegenerallyhappier,havingstronger,morefulfillingrelationshipsandbroaderhorizons.Luckily,thereareanumberofrelevant,researchbackedpsychologicaltechniquesthathelpbuildtoleranceandbreakbias.Wemightexerciseindividuation,seeingpeopleasdiversesidedindividualsandbreakingawayfromreductivewaysofthinking.Wecanpracticeperspectivetaking,buildingempathy(同理心)bysteppingintosomeoneelse’sshoesandtryingtoseetheworldthroughtheireyes.Ultimately,thewayforwardisnotthroughdivisions,butthrougharecognitionofoursharedhumanity.Remindyourselfthateachpersonexistsattheintersectionofmanyidentities,experiences,andbeliefs.Challengeyourselftopracticeempathy,andrememberthatnooneiswhollydefinedbytheworstthingtheyhavesaidordone.27.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“stoke”inParagraph3probablymean?A.Fuel. B.Keep. C.Put. D.Contain.28.Whatcanweknowaboutbeliefismfromthepassage?A.Socialmediaalgorithmsmainlycontributetoitswidespread.B.Humanevolutionprovesitsharminestablishinggroupthink.CItreflectsoursimplifiedwayofunderstandingthesurroundingworld.D.Itleadsustomakeassumptionsaboutothers’politicalorsocialbeliefs.29.Whichofthefollowingwouldbemosteffectiveinfightingbeliefism?A.Facilitatinginteractionsbetweenpeoplefromdifferentmunities.B.Creatingalistofacceptablebeliefsforeachmunitytofollow.C.Askingpeopletowriteabouttheirexperiencesofbeingisolated.D.Stressingconflictinsteadofcooperationbetweendifferentbeliefs.30.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.BeyondUsandThem B.TheRootsofBeliefismC.TheHarmofSocialDivision D.AttheCrossroadofFaith【答案】27A28.C29.A30.A【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了作者对于信仰主义的看法以及如何摆脱这种思想。【27题详解】词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“Asignificantpartoftheproblemoriginatesfromthefactthatweliveinaworldthatisbothphysicallyandvirtuallydivided.Werarelyinteractwithpeoplefromotherwalksoflife.(这个问题的很大一部分源于我们生活在一个物理上和虚拟上都是分裂的世界。我们很少与各行各业的人打交道)”以及后文“lockingusintoechochambersthatreinforceourpreexistingbeliefsandshutdowndebate(把我们锁在回音室里，强化了我们已有的信念，关闭了辩论)”可知，社交媒体算法点燃了分裂之火，把我们锁在回音室里，强化了我们已有的信念，关闭了辩论。故划线词意思是“点燃”，故选A。【28题详解】细节理解题。根据第五段“Indeed,inaworldthatisinfinitelyplex,ourmindsusethesebiasestosimplifyandmakesenseoftheworld.(事实上，在一个无限复杂的世界里，我们的大脑利用这些偏见来简化和理解这个世界)”可知，信仰反映了我们理解周围世界的简化方式。故选C。【29题详解】细节理解题。根据倒数第三段“Whenweweleavarietyofideasandperspectives,weareabletooveregroupthinkandmakebetterdecisionsandjudgements.What’smore,lessbeliefistpeoplearegenerallyhappier,havingstronger,morefulfillingrelationshipsandbroaderhorizons.(当我们欢迎各种各样的想法和观点时，我们就能克服群体思维，做出更好的决定和判断。更重要的是，信仰主义者较少通常更快乐，拥有更牢固、更充实的人际关系和更广阔的视野)”可知，促进来自不同社区的人之间的互动对对抗信仰主义是最有效的。故选A。【30题详解】主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Ultimately,thewayforwardisnotthroughdivisions,butthrougharecognitionofoursharedhumanity.Remindyourselfthateachpersonexistsattheintersectionofmanyidentities,experiences,andbeliefs.Challengeyourselftopracticeempathy,andrememberthatnooneiswhollydefinedbytheworstthingtheyhavesaidordone.(最终，前进的道路不是通过分裂，而是通过认识到我们共同的人性。提醒自己，每个人都存在于许多身份、经历和信仰的交叉点上。挑战自己，练习同理心，记住，没有人完全被他们说过或做过的最糟糕的事情所定义)”以及文章主要介绍了作者对于信仰主义的看法以及如何摆脱这种思想，可知，A选项“超越我们和他们”最符合文章标题。故选A。DGenetic(基因)variationiswhatallowsaspeciestoadaptasclimatechanges,newdiseasesarise,andnovelenemieseonthescene.AslightlydifferentgeneticmakeupcanensureatleastsomeindividualswillstilldoOKintimesofcrisis.Butjustasthenumberofspeciesisdecliningworldwide,so,too,isthegeneticdiversitywithinmanyspecies.Until2022,governmentsfocusedprimarilyonpreventingspeciesfromdisappearing.Thatyear,however,whenupdatingtheUnitedNations’sConventiononBiologicalDiversitytreaty(条约),participatingcountriesagreedtostarttolookatgeneticdiversityaswell.Thefirststeptowardslowingthetrendisunderstandingit.ConservationbiologistCatherineGruéberfromtheUniversityofSydneyandmanycolleaguesgathered882paperswrittenbetween1985and2019thattrackeddiversitychangeswithin628individualspeciesbyanalyzingtheirDNAatatleasttwotimepoints.Theteamusedplexstatisticalanalysestomakethedataparable,enablingthemtoidentifytrendsandcorrelatelossofgeneticdiversitywithfloods,habitatdestruction,orotherdisturbances.Theyalsotrackedwhathappenedinthefaceofvariousconservationmeasures,suchaslegallyprotectingaspeciesorsettingasideandprotectinghabitat.Twothirdsofthepopulationsanalyzedexhibitedadeclineindiversity,Gruéberandhercolleaguesreport.Thatincludedspeciesalreadyknowntobeatrisk,butitalsoincludedmoremonspecies.Theimplicationisthatthosespeciesmaybelessabletobouncebackthanexpectedduringenvironmentalchange,saysAliciaMasterttaYanes,aconservationgeneticist.Someconservationefforts,suchasecologicalrestorationorreducingpests(害虫),didn’thelpmuch,theanalysisfound.Butcertainactionsdidseemtohelp,suchaseffortstoexpandandprotecthabitat,introducenewindividualstodecliningpopulations,orconnecttwoisolatedpopulations.“Itwasprettyimpressivethattheywereabletotrackwhathumandisturbancesandconservationactionshaddone,”saysMoisésAlonso,anevolutionarygeneticistwhoauthoredapreprintlastyearindicatingthatprotectingexistinghabitatwon’tbeenoughtopreventgeneticdiversitylossesformanyspecies.“Weneededsomethinglikethis,”hesays.Conservationscientistsemphasizetheimportanceofcontinuingtomonitorpopulations.ButDNAmethodsaren’talwayspractical,somenote.“Itisrelativelyhardandexpensivetomeasuregeneticdiversitydirectly,”MasterttaYanessays.Togetaroundthat,MasterttaYanesandotherspublishedapaperinEcologyLetterslastyearthatusedproxy(代替物)measures,suchaspopulationsize,toevaluategeneticdiversityin919species.Themethod,whichonlyrequiredabout3hoursofworkperspecies,indicatedthat58%ofthespecieshavepopulationsthataretoosmalltomaintaintheirgeneticdiversity.Thefactthatthesedifferentapproachesfounddecliningdiversity“makesbothresultsmoreconvincing,”MasterttaYanessays.“Finally,geneticdiversityisgettingtheattentionitdeserves.”31.WhatisParagraph3mainlyabout?A.ChallengesofcollectingDNAdatafordiversityresearch.B.Findingsongeneticdiversitychangesoverthepast30years.C.Researchmethodsappliedtotrackgeneticdiversitychanges.D.Impactsofhumandisturbancesondiversityofdifferentspecies.32.WhatcanbelearnedfromGrueber’sstudy?A.Habiensionandpopulationmanagementpreservediversity.B.Thediversityofmonspeciestendstodeclinemoreseverely.C.Atriskspeciesbetterresisttheimpactofenvironmentalchanges.D.Ecosystemrecoveryandpestcontroldrivepopulationrise.33.MasterttaYanesholdsthatDNAmethods________.A.willsoonbereplacedbyproxymeasuresB.lackpracticalityduetotheircostsandplexityC.maygetinthewayofmonitoringspeciespopulationsD.requirealargepopulationsizetoachievehighaccuracy34.Whatisthepurposeofthispassage?A.Toidentifymoreeffectivemethodsappliedingeneresearch.B.ToadvocateforusingDNAmethodsexclusivelyinconservationefforts.C.Towarnpeopleofthethreatposedbyenvironmentalchangesonspecies.D.Todrawpeople’sattentiontoeffectivemeasuresagainstlossofdiversity.【答案】31.C32.A33.B34.D【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了研究发现许多物种内部的遗传多样性也在减少，介绍了研究开展的经过以及发现。【31题详解】主旨大意题。根据第三段“Thefirststeptowardslowingthetrendisunderstandingit.ConservationbiologistCatherineGruéberfromtheUniversityofSydneyandmanycolleaguesgathered882paperswrittenbetween1985and2019thattrackeddiversitychangeswithin628individualspeciesbyanalyzingtheirDNAatatleasttwotimepoints.Theteamusedplexstatisticalanalysestomakethedataparable,enablingthemtoidentifytrendsandcorrelatelossofgeneticdiversitywithfloods,habitatdestruction,orotherdisturbances.Theyalsotrackedwhathappenedinthefaceofvariousconservationmeasures,suchaslegallyprotectingaspeciesorsettingasideandprotectinghabitat.(减缓这一趋势的第一步是理解它。悉尼大学的保护生物学家凯瑟琳·格鲁姆萨伯和许多同事收集了1985年至2019年期间撰写的882篇论文，通过分析至少两个时间点的628个物种的DNA，追踪了它们的多样性变化。研究小组使用复杂的统计分析使数据具有可比性，使他们能够确定趋势，并将遗传多样性的丧失与洪水、栖息地破坏或其他干扰联系起来。他们还追踪了在面对各种保护措施时发生的情况，比如法律保护一个物种或留出和保护栖息地)”可知，第三段的主要内容是用于追踪遗传多样性变化的研究方法。故选C。【32题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段“Theteamusedplexstatisticalanalysestomakethedataparable,enablingthemtoidentifytrendsandcorrelatelossofgeneticdiversitywithfloods,habitatdestruction,orotherdisturbances.Theyalsotrackedwhathappenedinthefaceofvariousconservationmeasures,suchaslegallyprotectingaspeciesorsettingasideandprotectinghabitat.(研究小组使用复杂的统计分析使数据具有可比性，使他们能够确定趋势，并将遗传多样性的丧失与洪水、栖息地破坏或其他干扰联系起来。他们还追踪了在面对各种保护措施时发生的情况，比如法律保护一个物种或留出和保护栖息地)”以及第四段“Twothirdsofthepopulationsanalyzedexhibitedadeclineindiversity,Gruéberandhercolleaguesreport.(格鲁曼和她的同事们报告说，三分之二的被分析数量表现出多样性的下降)”可知，研究告诉我们栖息地扩展和数量管理保护多样性。故选A。【33题详解】细节理解题。根据最后一段“Themethod,whichonlyrequiredabout3hoursofworkperspecies,indicatedthat58%ofthespecieshavepopulationsthataretoosmalltomaintaintheirgeneticdiversity.Thefactthatthesedifferentapproachesfounddecliningdiversity“makesbothresultsmoreconvincing,”MasterttaYanessays.“Finally,geneticdiversityisgettingtheattentionitdeserves.”(该方法只需要每个物种3小时的工作，表明58%的物种种群太小，无法维持其遗传多样性。这两种不同的方法都发现了多样性的下降，这一事实“使两种结果都更有说服力，”马斯特塔扬斯说。“最终，基因多样性得到了应有的关注。”)”可知，MasterttaYanes认为，由于成本和复杂性，DNA方法缺乏实用性。故选B。【34题详解】推理判断题。根据第一段“Genetic(基因的)variationiswhatallowsaspeciestoadaptasclimatechanges,newdiseasesarise,andnovelenemieseonthescene.Aslightlydifferentgeneticmakeupcanensureatleastsomeindividualswillstilldo