普通化学术语中英文对照表

固体sold

液体liquid

普通化学术语中英气体gaseous

溶液aqueous

配平balance

文对照表化学计量学stoichiometry

酸acid

碱base/alkali(referstosolublebases)

原子atomadj.atomic盐salt

原了•核nucleus酸式盐acidsalt

质子proton离子方程式ionicequation

中子neutron结晶水waterofcrystallisation

电子electron(abbr.e)水合的hydrated

离子ion[aian]无水的anhydrous

阳离子cation滴定titration

阴离子anion指示剂indicator

分子molecular[me'lekjalal氧化数oxidationnumber

单质element氧化还原反应redoxreaction

化合物compound氧化反应oxidationreaction

纯净物puresubstance/chemicalsubstance还原反应reductionreaction

混合物mixture歧化反应disproportionationreaction

相对原子质量relativeatomicmass(abbr.Ar)归中反应

相对分子质量comproportionation(symproportionation)

relativemolecularmass(abbr.Mr)reaction

化学式量relativeformulamass氧化剂oxidisingagent

物质的量amountofsubstance还原齐reducingagent

阿伏加德罗常数电子层(壳)(electron)shell

Avogadroconstantfabbr.NA)电离能ionisationenergy(abbr.I.E.)

摩尔mole第二，第三等电离能

摩尔质量molarmassfirst,second,third,etc.ionisationenergy(abbr.

实验式/最简式/经验式empiricalformula1st,2nd,3rd,etc.I.E.)

气体摩尔体积molarvolume电子亲和能

阿伏加德罗定律Avogadro'sLawelectronaffinityenergy(abbr.A.E.)

溶液solution屏蔽效应electronicshielding(screening)

溶解dissolve原了,轨道atomicorbital

浓度concentration电子云electroncloud

质量/体积分数mass/volumeconcentration电子亚层sub-shell

浓缩concentrate能层layer

稀释dilute能级energylevel

蒸储distillation电子排布electronconfiguration

萃取extraction电子云宜叠shelloverlap

化学反应方程式chemicalequation洪特规则Hund'srule

反应物reactant泡利原理Pauliexclusionprinciple

生成物product基态groundstate

激发态excitedstate原子序数protonnumber

跃迁transition同位素isotope['ais9taop]

手性chirality[kai-]核素nuclide['nju:klaid]

化学键chemicalbond同量异位素isobar['aiS9(a)ba:]

键长bondlength金属metal

健级bondorder非金属nonmetal

键角bondangle碱金属alkalimetal

键能bondenthalpies碱土金属alkalineearthmetal

离子键ionicbond卤素halogen

供体donor稀有气体noblegas

受体acceptor元素周期律periodictrends

静电吸引electrostaticattraction活泼active

巨型离子结构giantionics:ructure稳定noble

共价键covalent[k9o'veilant]bond分解反应decompositionreaction

巨型共价结构giantcovalentstructure彳名合反应combination(synthesis)reaction

共用电子对sharedpair/bcndingpair取代反应displacementreaction

孤对电子lonepair/non-bondingpair复分解反应

。键。-bondsaltmetathesistme'taeOesis]reaction/double

TI键冗-bondreplacement(displacement)reaction

6键6-bond沉淀precipitation[pn,sipi'teij(a)n]

极性共价键polarbond官'能团functionalgroup

非极性共价键non-polarbond碳氢化合物/煌hydrocarbon

配位键饱和点saturatedhydrocarbon

dipolarbond/dativecovalentbond/coordinat不饱和炒unsaturatedhydrocarbon

ebond脂肪置aliphaticLceh'fsetik]hydrocarbon

电负性electronegativity脂环烧alicyclic['saiklik;Jhrdrocarbon

极性polarity同系物homologous[hD'mDleg9s]series

偶极子dipole异构现象isomerism['aisamarizam]

分子间作用力intermolecularforces同分异构体isomeride[ai'somsraid]

氢键hydrogenbond同素异形体allotropy/allotropism

范德华力vanderWaaTsforce分子式molecularformula

色散力dispersionforce通式generalformula

诱导力inductionforce结构式displayedformula

取向力结构简式structuralformula

orientationforce/dipole-dipoleforce键线式skeletalformula

金属键metallicbond均裂homolyticfission

离域delocalisation[di:Jaukalai'zeifn]异裂heterolyticfission

延展性malleability[.maehd'bihti]亲核试剂nucleophile('njukliafail]

可锻性ductility[dAk'tilati]亲电子试剂electrophile

导电性electricalconductivity力口成反应additionreaction

合金alloy加水加成hydrationreaction

元素周期表thePeriodicTable加成聚合反应additionpolymerisation

周期period聚合物polymer

族group单体monomer

链节repeatunit平均键熔averagebondenthalpy

缩合聚合反应condensationreaction盖斯定律Hess'law

缩聚物condensationpolymer有效碰撞理论collisiontheory

取代反应substitutionreaction反应速图rateofreaction/reactionrate

脱水dehydration反J行动刀学reactionkinetics

水解hydrolysis催化剂catalyst

卤代反应halogenationreaction催化作月catalysis酶enzyme['enzaim]

酯IE.反应esterificationreaction波尔兹曼分布律theBoltzmanndistribution

亲核取代nucleophilicsubstitution化学平衡(chemical)equilibrium[i:kwi'-]

消去反应eliminationreaction可逆反应reversiblereaction

裂化反应cracking(reaction)动态平衡dynamicequilibrium

石油分播fractionaldistillation平衡常数chemicalequilibriumconstant

燃烧combustion浓度幕concentrationpower

发酵fermentation平衡移动shiftofequilibriumstate

氟氯煌chlorofluorocarbons吉布斯自由能Gibbsfreeenergy(abbr.AG)

产率percentageyield阿累尼乌斯方程

原子利用率atomeconomytheArrhenius[9'ri:ni9s]Equation

红外光谱学infraredspectroscopy自发反应spontaneoustsponteinias]reaction

质谱分析massspectroscopy端entropy(abbr.AS)

光谱spectrum温室效应greenhouseeffect

挥发性volatility吸附作月adsorption

冷凝回流reflux绿色化学greenchemistry

反应机理reactionmechanism溶解度solubility

能量守恒定律lawofconservationofenergy离子反应ionicreaction

热力学thermodynamic[9a:msudai-]电离ionisation

烯enthalpy(abbr.H)[en'Qaelpi]电解质electrolyte

焰变enthalpychange(abbrAH)电离T：衡ionisationequilibrium

标准燧standardenthalpychange(abbr.AH0)电离常数ionisationconstant

标准反应焰离子积ion-productconstant

standardenthalpychange(abbr.AHrO)氢离子浓度指数

燃烧热heatofcombustionhydrogenionconcentration(abbr.pHfromFr

标准燃烧焰enchpotentield'hydrogdne)

standardenthalpychangeofcombustion(abbr溶解平衡

.AHcG)dissolutionequilibrium[diS9'lu:J(a)n]ekwi

标准生成焰溶度积solubilityproduct

standardenthalpychangeofformation(abbr.原电池galvanic(voltaic)cell[gael'vaenik]

△Hf0)盐桥saltbridge

放热反应exothermic[eks9u'-]reaction吸热电极electrode

反应endothermicreaction正极/阳极anode

热化学方程负极/阴极cathode

式thermochemical[0s:m0u'-]equation标准电极电势

活化能activationenergy(abbe.Ea)standardelectrodepotential(abbr.EO)

比热容specificheatcapacity干电池drycell

键给bondenthalpy一次电池primarycell(battery)

二次电池/蓄电池锌zinc(abbr.Zn)[zirjk]

secondarycell/storagebattery碑arsenic(abbr.As)['oisanik]

充电charge澳bromine(abbr.Br)['brsumiin]

放电discharge银silveriabbr.Ag)['silva]

燃料电池fuelcell锡tin(abbr.Sn)[tin]

电解electrolysis碘iodine(abbr.I)

电解池/电解槽electrolyticcell总xenon(abbr.Xe)['zenon]

电镀galvanisationbgaelvanai'zeijan]钢barium(abbr.Ba)['beariam]

电偶腐蚀/电化腐蚀galvaniccorrosion钙tungsten(abbr.W)[tArjstan]

分子空间构型moleculargeometries钳platinum(abbr.Pt)['plaetinam]

杂化hybrid金gold(abbr.Au)[gauld]

轨道orbital汞mercury(abbr.Hg)['maikjuri]

晶格lattice铅lead(abbr.Pb)[led]

晶体crystal

常见单质

晶胞crystalstructure

堆积作用sedimentation^sediman'teifan]氢气、氮气、氧气、氟气、氯气、液滨、固

态碘的名称同元素名称

常见元素

金刚石diamond['daiemend]

氢hydrogen(abbr.H)['haidradsan]石墨graphite['graefait]

氮heliumfabbr.He)['hi:liem]臭氧ozone['auzaun]

锂lithium(abbr.Li)['liBiam]红磷redphosphorus

硼boron(abbr.B)['borron]白磷whitephosphorus

碳carbon(abbr.C)[ka:ban]

常见根离子(commonradicals)

氮nitrogen(abbr.N)('naitradsan]

氧oxygenfabbr.0)[bksidsan]氢化的hydride['haidraid]

®fluorinefabbr.F)['fluariin]硼酸boric(acid)adj.borate['bozreit]

乐neon(abbr.Ne)['ni:on]碳化的carbide['ka:baid]

钠sodium(abbr.Na)['saudiam]碳酸carbonic[kai'bomk](acid)adj.

镁magnesium(abbr.Mg)carbonate

铝aluminum(abbr.Al)[,aela'miniam]碳酸氢根bicarbonate/hydrogencarbonate

硅silicon(abbr.Si)['silikan]氮化的nitride['naitraid]

磷phosphorus(abbr.P)['fosfarss]叠氮化的azide['aezaid]

硫sulfur(abbr.S)['sAlfa]硝酸nitric(acid)adj.nitrate

氯chlorine(abbr.Cl)['kb:ri:n]亚硝酸nitrous['naitras](acid)adj.nitrite

氢argon(abbr.Ar)['a:gDn]氧化的oxide[bksaid]

例।potassium(abbr.K)[pa'taesiam]二氧化的dioxide[dai-'J

钙calcium(abbr.Ca)[kaelsism]三氧化的trioxide[trai'Dksaid]

钛titanium(abbr.Ti)[tai'teiniam]过氧根peroxy(radical)adj.

辂chromium(abbr.Cr)['kraumjsm]peroxide[pa'oksaid]

锦manganese(abbr.Mn)[m«r]g3ni:z]超氧化的superoxide[sjupa'oksaid]

铁iron(abbr.Fe)['aisn]氢氧根hydroxyKhai'droksil](radical)adj.

钻cobaltfabbr.Co)[kau'b3：lt]hydroxide

银nickel(abbr.Ni)['nikal]水合氢离子hydronium

铜copper(abbr.Cu)['kops]氟化的fluoride

偏铝酸氮化镁magnesiumnitride

meta-aluminic[meta'aeljuminik](acid)adj.四氧化三铁iron(IIJII)oxide

meta-aluminate[a'ljurmmeit]二氟(E氧oxygendifluoride

四羟基合铝酸氯化氢hydrogenchloride

hydroxyl-aluminic[hai'drDksil-'](acid)氯化亚铁iron(ll)chloride/ferrouschloride

硅酸silicic['silisik](acid)adj.silicate氯化铁iron(lll)chloride/ferricchloride

磷酸phosphoric(acid)adj.phosphate氯化亚锡tin(ll)chloride/stannouschloride

磷酸二氢根dihydrogenphosphate四羟基合铝酸钠sodiumaluminate

磷酸氢根hydrogenphosphate磷酸二氢晅内monosodiumphosphate

硫化的sulfide磷酸氢二钠disodiumphosphate

硫氢根氯化铁ammoniumchloride

bisulphide/sulphanide/hydrogensulphide硫氢化钠/硫氢酸钠sodiumhydrosulphide

硫酸sulphuric(acid)adj.sulphate

系统命名法(chemicalnomenclature)

硫酸氢根bisulphate/hydrogensulphate

亚硫酸sulphurous(acid)adj.sulphite一monc-

亚硫酸氢根bisulphite/hydrogensulphite二di-

硫代硫酸根thiosulphate[Oaisu-']三tri-

焦硫酸根persulphate[pa:-1]四tetra-

氯化的chloride['kbraid]五penta-

氢氯酸/盐酸hydrochloric(acid)六hexa-

高氯酸perchloric(acid)adi.perchlorate七hepta-

氯酸chloric(acid)adj.chlorateAocta-

亚氯酸chlorous(acid)adj.chlorite九nona-

次氯酸hypochlorous(acid)adj.hypochlorite十deca-

漠化的bromide烷器alkane(preffixalkyl-,suffix-ane)

氢澳酸、高澳酸、澳酸、亚澳酸、次溟酸名甲meth-

称参见氯,碘化的iodide['aiadaid]乙eth-

氢碘酸、高碘酸、碘酸、亚碘酸、次碘酸名丙prop-

称参见氯卤化的halideJ'but-

钱根ammonium[e'mauniam]戊pent-

高镒酸根permanganate己hex-

钵酸根manganate鼠根cyanide['sainaid]庚hept-

硫偏.根thiocyanate[Baiausaianeit]辛oct-

铭酸根chromate壬non-

重铝酸根dichromate癸dec-

d—undec-

常见无机化合物

十二dodec-

(commoninorganiccompounds)十三tridec-

氢化钠十四tefadec-

sodiumhydride十五pentadec-

氨ammonia/azane[a-']卜六hexadec-

硅烷silanefsi-]十七heptadec-

磷化氢phosphine十八octadec-

硫化氢hydrogensulphide十九nonadec-

二十eicos-andamide(preffixcarbamoyl-andamido-,suff

三十triacont-ix-amideand-carboxamideoraccordingtop

四十tetracont-ositionofNatomwithpre/suffix-N-)

五十prntacont-飒基amino

正构型normal-(n-)酰胺基amido

异构型iso-(i-)

新构型neo-(n-)磺酸

聚poly-sulphonic(acid)adj.sulphonate(preffixsulpho

烷基alkyl^suffix-sulphonicacid)

甲基methyl(abbr.Me)晴nitrile(preffixcyano-,suffix-nitrile)

乙基ethyl(abbr.Et)酚phenol/carbolicacid

丙基propylfabbr.Pr)

常见有机化合物

环烷危

cycloalkane(preffix-cyclo,suffix-ane)(commonorganiccompounds)

烯煌alkene(preffixalkenyl-,suffix-ene)酚酉Kphenolphthalein(abbr.Hln/phph)

二烯点allene(suffix-adiene)[finolfGeilizn]

环烯危石蕊litmus

cycloalkene(preffixcyclo-,suffix-ene)澳酚蓝bromophenoblue

怏燃alkyne(preffixalkynyl-,suffix-yne)百里酚蓝thymolblue

顺式异构preffixcis-(Z-)甲基橙methylorange

反式异构preffixtrans-(E-)龙胆紫gentianviolet

苯基phenyl(abbr.Ph)氯仿chloroform

(preffixphenyl-,suffix-benzene)异戊二烯isoprene

茉基benzylfabbr.Bn)月桂烯myrcene[mair'si:n]

(preffixbenzyl-,suffix-toluene)聚乙烯polythene

醇alcohol(preffixhydroxy-suffix-ol)聚氯乙烯poly(chloroethene)(abbr.PVC)

带囱索的化合物halogens聚内烯polypropylene

(preffixfluoro-,chloro-,bromo-,etc.)聚四氟乙烯/特氟龙

酮ketone(preffixoxo,suffix-one)poly(tetrafluoroethene)/teflon(abbr.PTF)

酸aldehyde(preffixoxo-,suffix-alornot晴纶orlon

includedincarbonchainpreffixformyl-,suffix二甲醛methoxymethane

-carbaldehyde)苯酚phenol

按酸carboxylic[ka:b3k'silik](acid)adj.乙酸乙酯methylpropanoate

carboxylate(suffix-oicacidi甲酸/蚁酸methanoicacid/formicacid

竣基carboxyl(preffixcarboxyl-,suffix乙酸/醋骏ethanoicacid/aceticacid

-oicacidormultiplegroups乙二酸/草酸oxalicacidadj.oxalate

suffix-diztri,tetracarbonylacid)丙酸/初油酸propanoicacid/propionicacid

乙酸根carboxylradical(abbr.Ac)丁酸/酪酸butanoicacid/butyricacid

酸ether(suffix-aneand-oxy)软脂酸/棕桐

脂酸

ester(preffixR-oxycarbonyl-zhexadecanoicacid/palmiticacid

suffix-oicacid/-oate)硬脂酸octadecanoicacid/stearicacid

胺和酰胺硬脂酸钠sodiumstearate

aminefpreffixamino-,suffix-amineoraccordi柠檬酸citricacid

ngtopositionofNatomwithpre/suffix-N-)柠檬酸钠sodiumcitrate

乳酸lacticacid丙酸/初油酸propanoicacid/propionicacid

乳酸钠sodiumlactate丁酸/酪骏butanoicacid/butyricacid

葡萄糖酸gluconicacidadj.gluconate软脂酸/棕桐酸

氨基酸aminoacidhexadecanoicacid/palmiticacid

葡萄糖glucose硬脂酸octadecanoicacid/stearicacid

果糖fructose硬脂酸钠sodiumstearate

半乳糖galactose柠檬酸citricacid

核糖ribose