高三英语一轮复习-名词冠词讲义

2024届高三上期英语加强第二讲

名词

考点1名词的数

一、可数名词

1.单数名词变为复数名词的规则变化

情况方法例词

student-*students,teacher-*teachers,

一般情况加一S

doctor-*doctors,table-*tables

以一S,-X,glass-glasses,dish-*dishes,

-ch,加一esbox-*boxes,watch-*watches；但stomach复数形

-sh结尾式直接加s

以“辅音字母family-*families,baby-*babies,

变y为i再加一cs

+y”结尾army-*armies,body-*bodies

thief-*________,wife_*_______,

knife-*_______,shelf-*________,

life-*_________,leaf-*_________

以一f或一fb大都变f或能为v,再加一es

self-*_________,wolf-*_________.

结尾少数加一s

belief-*_________

proof-*________,roof-*______，

chief-*_________,chef-*_________,

radio—radios,video-*videos,

通常加一szoo-*zoos,tobacco-*tobaccos,

以一0结尾

有的加一入hci。一_______,pulalu—________,

tomato_*__________

child-*________,

man-*________,

toothf______,

自身有特殊

foot-*___,

变化的名词

mouse-*______，

phenomenon-*_______,

medium-*

Chinese,sheep,deer,

单复数同形

series,means,species

Practice:

Afbw(month)ago,three(man),whowere(hero),caughtfour(thief)

becausetheyhadsome(potato)andsomebamboosfrom2(farm),where

500(sheep),200(deer),and100(ox)and1,000(goose)wereraised.

二、不可数名词

1.常见的不可数名词

单词词义单词词义

家具行李

信息建议

乐趣新闻；消息

进步设备

知识消息

工作天气

象名词的具体化

具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用。这就是抽象名词的

具体化。

抽象名词具体化

success成功asuccess一个（件）成功的人或事

failure失败afailure一个（件）失败的人或事

surprise惊讶asurprise一件令人惊讶的事情

pleasure乐意apleasure一件乐事

honour荣誉anhonour件引以为荣的事

r考点2名词所有格

情况构成示例

表示有生命的名词的所有

在词尾加S”theboy'sbag,men'srooms

格时

若名词已有复数词尾S只在词尾加theworkers5struggle

如果两个名词并列，且分

别加S”,则表示“分John'sandMary'srooms

别有……”：若只有后一（两间）：JohnandMary's

个名词加S”，则表示room（一间）

两个“共有”。

省略格：在表示店铺、教

atthedoctor's在诊所；at

堂、诊所的名称或某人的

mysister's在我姐姐（妹

家时，名词所有格的后面

妹）的家

常省略它所修饰的名词。

atwentyminutes,walk,a

表示时间、距离、长度、在词尾加“'S”来表示

tenmiles,journey,two

重量、价值、国家、城市所属关系，意为“……

pounds'weight,ten

等无生命名词的所有格的”

dollars7worth

amapofChina,theendof

of属格：无生命的名词的thisterm,thecapitalofour

所有格用Of结构country,thecolourofthe

flowers

afriendofmyfather^,

双重所有格of+名词S”结构

worksofLuXun's

厂考点3派生名词

1.动词转化成名词

后缀例词

-ion/-tion/conclude__________admitpermit_______

-sion/-ationdecide-*___________invite-*__________explain-*______

teach-*teacher老师direct-*director导演

—er/-or

conduct-*conductor指挥；售票员survive

punish->punishment惩罚achicvc-achicvcmcnt功绩；成就

—ment

argue-*treat-*treatment治疗

-ance/appear-*________出现；外貌guide—guidance指引；指导

—enceexistf存在;生活prefer-*preference偏爱

—ure/fail一________失败；倒闭pressfpressure压力

—turedepartfdeparture离开；出发mix—_混合；混合物

-inghear—hearing听力，听觉begin-*beginning开始

-yrecover-*_________恢复，痊愈discover_______发现

choose-*_______选择vary—________多样化；种类

其他

tend-*tendency趋向，趋势

后缀例词

-agcshortfshortage不足，短缺

efficient-*efficiency效率；fluent-*___________流利，流畅

-cy

accurate-*准确性private-*privacy私密

-domGeef自由wise—wisdom明智：智慧

-encedifferent—difference差异silent-*silence沉默

weak—weakness虚弱；弱点kind-*kindness仁慈，友好

—ness

careless—粗心大意rich-*门chness富有；丰富

strong-_________力气；优势long-*_________长度

—th

warm-*warmth温暖；热情grow-*growth成长

honest->__________诚实difficult-*difiiculty困难

—y/—ty/

safe-*_________安全cruel--cruelty残忍

—ity

disable—disability缺陷；伤残responsible——_责任

单句语法填空

1.(2022-柳州模拟)Whentheywerefreefromwork,theyinvitedustolocaleventsandletusknowofan

interesting(pctc),togetherwiththestorybehindit.

2.(2022•成都模拟)1'ma(science)whostudiesanimalssuckasapesandmonkeys.

3.(2022-石家庄模拟)Althoughtheyareseenaspanionsandpartofthefamilytoday,ChinaandWestern

countrieshavedifferentcultural(belief)aboutdogs.

【规律方法】

1.根据修饰词确定名词的单复数形式

(1)不定冠词a,an后用名词单数形式；

⑵有these,those,several,many,all,both,apairof,avarietyof,different或数词等修饰时名词用复

数形式；

(3)名词前有oneof,among时用名词复数形式。

There'snodenyingthatdifterentjudgeshavedifferent(approach)tothesecases.Idecidedto

labeloneofmysmall(pinsc)»whichIactuallyhadwillimethatday

withhernamc>alongwithsomecashinsideandanencouragingnote.

2.根据谓语动词确弟名词的单复数形式

名词作主语时，如果一般现在时的谓语动词是动词原形或are,要考虑用名词的复数形式。

Whiletherearcamazingstoriesofinstanttransformation,fbrmostofus,the(change)arc

gradualandrequirealotofeffortandwork,likecleaningupapollutedriver.

3.根据常识和句意确定名词的单复数形式

表示两个(或两个以上)的可数名词及并列名词时，名词需用复数形二3

ItthinksthatChinglishmayhurtpeople'sabilitytospeakstandardEnglishandmakeithardfbrthemto

municatewith(foreigner)

冠词

冠词是语法填空题的常考点，经常考查不定冠词a,an和定冠词the的基本用法和固定搭配。解答

冠词类题目时，首先需要明确设空处是表示特指还是泛指，如果是前者用the,后者则需要再判断用a

还是an。短文改错中的冠词类题目，除了判断是表示特指还是泛指外，还需要注意单数可数名词前必

须有冠词。同时对常见的固定搭配中的冠词也要熟练掌握。

(一)考点练悟(用冠词填空)

WhenIwalkeddown1.ThirdAvenue,as2.rule,Iusedtolookintothewindowsof

3.oldshopthatsoldoldandbeautifulthings.SinceIoftentookmywalkaftertheclosingtime,Icupped

myhandsagainst4.windowstoget5.smalllookatthetreasuresinside.

Somethingslookedasiftheyhadnotbeennoticedfor6.longtime,butIknewtheirbeautywas

stilltherebeneaththeirownsurface.1eventhoughttheywere7.mostbcautitiilthatIhadeverseen.

ThatwashowIfeltaboutoldpeople,too.Iknewtheirvalue,andithurtmewhenothersmissedit.Iwasraised

bymygrandmotherandgiven8.deepsenseofthevalueofexperience.Taughttobehavewell,my

sisterandIrespectedotherpeople,regardlessoftheirageorcolor.Mygrandmotherwaslovedbyall

9.peoplearoundher.Shewasknowntobe10.wiseandkindwoman,whowasabletodo

thingswelleveninherlastyears.

Oldpeopleshouldbetreatedasfinegold.Theymaybegraduallytarnished(失去光泽)byage,butthey

canbepolishedwithrespect.Youmightbesurprisedbytheirbrightandshiningqualities.

(二)快捷技法

思考趋向——如何确定填冠词

如果空格后有名词(短语)而且二者搭配在一起表示泛指或特指含义，或者有序数词、最高级、表示

特指意义的比较级等形式，那么空格处一般是填冠词。

解题规则一如何确定填什么冠词

1.不定冠词a/an的常考点

(1)表示泛指,相当于“acertain”。(如题3,6,10)

⑵表示类指，指某类中的“任何一个2

(3)表示量指，但数的概念没有。ne强烈。

(4)表示“每股，相当于per,用于价格、速度、频率等表达中。

(5)考查固定搭配中的不定冠词。(如题2,6)

⑹和具有某些特征、状态或情感的抽象名词连用表示具体的概念。(如题5,8)

2.定冠词the的常考点

⑴特指某人或某物。(如题4,9)

(2)用于最高级或序数词前或由only,very,same等修饰的名词前。(如题1,7)

(3)和形容词、过去分词连用，表示一类人或事物。

(4)用在“逢十”的年代前，表示“在某世纪几十年代”。

(5)定冠词常用在一些固定搭配中。

一、不定冠词a/an

MyfriendLindaisanhonestgirl'studyinginauniversity'.Weareofanage2,webothlikemilkandwe

drinkacupofmilkaday.Sowethinkacowisveryusefiil.

不定冠词的用法

①表示泛指“某个当说话人第•次提及某人、某物时通常用不定冠词；在读音以辅音音素开头的单

词前用a.在读音以元音音素开头的单词前用an。

②表示“同一”。

③表示“一”这个数量，但数的概念没有。ne强烈。

④表示“每一”，相当于per。

⑤表示“一类”事物。__________________________________________________________________________

二、定冠词the

MrSmithisateacherfromtheUnitedStates.HewasthefirstforeignteacherIhadmet.Inthe1990s,

heandhiswifeweretravelingalongtheYangtzeRiverwhenashipwrcckcd.TheSmithscameuptohelp

theinjuredandsavedaboybycatchinghimbythearm.Theboy'sparentssaidtheywerethekindest

peopleintheworld.Theywouldrememberthecouple11forever.

定冠词的用法

①用于普通名词构成的专有名词之前。

②用于序数词之前。

③用在世纪前或用在逢十的年代前，后者表示“在某世纪几十年代”。

④用于江河湖海山岛前。

⑤用在表示姓氏的复数名词之前，表示“一家人”或“夫妻俩”。

⑥用在形容词或分词前，表示某一类人或物。

⑦摸/打/抓(等表动作的词)+sb.+介词+the+身体部位。

⑧用于形容词或副词的最高级前。

⑨用在世界上独一无二的事物前。

⑩表示上文已经提到过的人或事物。____________________________________________________________

三、零冠词

Whenlearningthatteachersarebadlyneededinremotedistricts',Lilyvolunteeredtoteachinaremote

place.LocalpeoplehavemadeherheadmasteroftheschoolsinceherarrivalandsheteachesChinese，

maths,andEnglishherselffromspringtowinter1andfromMondaytoSunday1.Onweekends,she

teachesthemtoplayvolleyballandchess.Whenshefindsmanychildrenattendingschoolwithouthaving

lunch”,sheraisesmoneyibrthechildren'smeals.______________________________________________

零冠词常用的几种情况

①表泛指的复数名词或不可数名词前。②表示头衔和职务的名词作表语、同位语或补足语时。

③表示语言、学科的名词前不用冠词。④季节、月份、日期、星期、节假日前不用冠词。

⑤球类运动、棋类游戏的名词前不用冠词。⑥一日三餐前一般不加冠词。_________________________

随堂练习

题组一冠词的基本用法

I.单句填空

1.AlsoknownastheSnowDragon,theicebreakercarryingaresearchteamsetsailfromShanghaionNov.2

lastyear,beginningcountry's35thAntarcticexpedition.

2.1fsnotallthathardtobuildanadvancedandlargevocabulary.Likemanythingsinlimit'songoing

process.

3.Chaplinlikedideaofworkinginthefilmindustrybecauseitwouldmeananewlife.

4.Threebecamepoliticalleaders;threebecamedoctors;themostfamousgraduatebecameuniversity

teacherandwasresponsiblefbrtheintroductionofmodernteachingmethodsinhiscountry.

题组二冠词的习惯用法

I.单句填空

1.Thesoundofthecardiedawayindistance.

2.Eatingchocolateonceinwhilemakesiteasierfbryoutoresisteatingitallthetime.

3.Beaversbuildthemselvescurioushutstolivein,andquitefrequentlygreatnumberofthesehutsare

placedclosetogether.

4.A1Iofsudden,astudentrushedinandpushedheraside.

题组三综合填空

①Aftera147daycliffhanger,Hollywood'sscreenwritersdeservedahappyendingintheirbattle____1

thestudiobossesandtheyseemtohavegotit.TheWritersGuildofAmerica(WGA)hassecured

“2____(meaning)gainsandprotections“____3____,fbrinstance,minimumbasicfeesandresidual

copyrightpayments.Thequestioniswhyittooksolongtogetan4(accept)offeronthetabic.

Theproblemfbrwritersisthatutheviewinglandscape'*5(change)radicallysincethetwosideslast

clashedin2007.Backthen,theirabsencewas“keenlyfelf,byaudiences;____6____thenetworkswere“starved

ofproduct”,therewere“gapingholcs,,inschedules.TheriseofstreamingandcatchupTV,however,has

createdsomuchcontentacrossmultipleplatforms____7viewersweren'taffected-enablingemployers

8____(hold)outlonger.

Writers,inshort,becamevictimsoftheirown^incredibleoutput*.Ultimately,evena“hugelibraryof

content"won'tlastfbrever,____9thestudiosrealised.Hollywoodwasdicingwithitsmostvital

modity.44_10writers,thereisnostory.Thereisnoscript.^^

[TheWeekUK(Septemher,30)]

②It'stheoneprivilegeliberalsignore.Childrenofmarriedparentshavebetteroutesonaveragethan

____1insingleparenthouseholds.

Nearly30percentofAmericanchildrennowlivewithonlyoneparentornone—morethaninanyother

country2_trackssuchdata—andtheyarcfallingbehind.3(parc)withtheirtwoparentpeers,

they'relesslikelytofinishhighschool.morelikelytobeesingleparents____4(them),anduptofive

timesmorelikelytospendchildhoodin____5(poor).Liberalshavebeen“reluctanttoacknowledge^^this

strongconnectionbetweenfamilybreakdown_6poverty“fbrfear7____todosowouldbe

patronizingorracist,^^Butthedepressingtruthisthatthe“collapseofmarriage“isdisproportionatelyhurting

childrenofcolor:Only38percentofBlackchildrenlivewithmarriedparents.The“twoparentprivilege^^is

real.

Weshouldabsolutelydomore8____(lift)childrenoutofpoverty.Butnogovernmentprogramcan

replicatethebenefitsoftwoparents^^withtwicethetimeandenergy.Thi