第二节　非谓语动词

第二节非谓语动词考点1非谓语动词的形式及句法功能种类时态主动被动主语宾语宾补表语定语状语不定式一般式todotobedone√√√√√√进行式tobedoing×完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone动名词一般式doingbeingdone√√×√√×完成式havingdonehavingbeendone

分词现在分词一般式doingbeingdone××√√√√完成式havingdonehavingbeendone××√√√√过去分词一般式

done(vt.)××√√√√1.主动形式与被动形式非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间往往存在主谓或动宾关系：与逻辑主语之间存在主谓关系时，用主动形式；与逻辑主语之间存在动宾关系时，用被动形式。Lastnight,thereweremillionsofpeoplewatchingtheopeningceremonyliveonTV.昨天晚上，有几百万人观看了开幕式的电视直播。Themeetingtobeheldtomorrowisofgreatimportance.明天举行的会议非常重要。2.时间先后关系根据它与谓语动词表示的动作之间的时间先后关系定时态。(1)非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后或同时发生，用非谓语动词的一般式。Icouldn’tdomyhomeworkwithallthatnoisegoingon.由于噪音不断，我没法做作业。(2)非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，用非谓语动词的完成式。Havingmadepowderfromtherocks，thentheyfoundabrightpinkcolor.从岩石中提炼出粉末后，他们发现了一种明亮的粉红色。1.现在分词作状语考点2非谓语动词作状语现在分词作状语，常表原因、伴随、时间、结果等，与句子主语之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系。Hisparentsdied,leavinghimanorphan.他的父母去世了，他成了孤儿。非谓语作状语时，其逻辑主语通常要与句子的主语保持一致。

2.过去分词作状语过去分词作状语，分词与句子主语之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系。Seriouslyinjured,shehastobesenttohospitalatonce.她受了重伤，必须马上送往医院。[点拨]

部分过去分词作状语时不表示被动，也不表示完成，而表示一种状态。常见的词和短语有：located,seated,hidden,lost/absorbed/buriedin,dressedin,tiredof,facedwith。Facedwithnumerouschallenges,thegovernmentisconfidentthatShanghaiwillvanquishCOVID-19.尽管面对诸多挑战，政府对上海战胜冠状病毒充满信心。

3.不定式作状语(1)作目的状语，意为“为了；以便”。Toenjoytheconvenienceofdigitalpayment,manyseniorcitizensstartedtousesmartphones.为了享受数字支付的便利，许多老年人开始使用智能手机。(2)作结果状语，常用于onlytodo结构中。Anxiously,shetookthedressoutofthepackageandtriediton，onlytofinditdidn’tfit.她焦急地从包裹里拿出那件衣服试穿，却发现不合身。[点拨]

动词不定式作结果状语时，常表示意想不到的结果；而现在分词作结果状语时，常表示自然而然的结果。

(3)作原因状语，常用于“主语＋系动词＋形容词＋todo”结构中。这类形容词有：happy,lucky,glad，sorry，anxious，proud，disappointed，angry，surprised，ready，delighted，clever，foolish，pleased，fortunate，right等。Hewasdelightedtoseethat,withthenation’shelp,HongKong’sdailyinfectionsdroppedlastweektoabouthalfoftheirpeak.他高兴地看到，在国家的帮助下，香港上周的每日感染病例已降至峰值水平的一半左右。[点拨]

在“主语＋系动词＋形容词＋todo”结构中，句子的主语和不定式构成逻辑上的被动关系，而不定式通常用主动形式表示被动意义。在此结构中，不定式中的动词必须是及物动词；若为不及物动词，则要在其后加上适当的介词，使之构成及物动词短语。

①(2023·大连一模)____________(address)theproblems,YanimprovedDai’spapermakingtechnology,thussavingproductiontimeandreducinglaborcosts.②(2023·萍乡二模)Thebreadissmearedwithhoney,____________(symbolize)thewishforasweetyear.③Beforethemannedmission,theTianzhou-4roboticcargospaceshipwillliftoffinMay____________(transport)supplies,experimentalmaterialsandfueltotheTiangongstation.④____________(compare)withtoday’sbestsupercomputers,Jiuzhangcancalculate100，000billiontimesfaster.⑤Musichasnoobviousadaptivefunction，________(make)scientistswhostudymusicwonderwhatforcesoriginallygaverisetoit.单句语法填空

ToaddresssymbolizingtotransportComparedmaking1.现在分词作定语，表主动、正在进行；若表示被动且正在发生的动作用beingdone结构。考点3非谓语动词作定语Chinesetea-drinkingculturehasalonghistorydatingbacktomorethan1，000yearsago.中国的饮茶文化有着悠久的历史，可以追溯到1000多年前。2.过去分词作定语，表示被动、完成。Theuniversityisknownforitslanguageandculturecoursesintendedforinternationalstudents.这所大学以其为国际学生开设的语言和文化课程而闻名。Thegardenerissweepingupfallenleavesinthepark.园丁正在清扫公园里的落叶。[点拨]

作定语的不及物动词的分词形式有doing和done两种。doing表示正在进行；done表示已经完成。

3.不定式作定语，表示动作尚未发生。Iwaswatchingtheclockallthroughthemeeting,asIhadatraintocatch.我在会议期间一直看表，因为我要赶火车。4.动名词作定语，表示被修饰词的某种用途，在意义上相当于“名词＋for＋doing”，此时动名词常置于被修饰词的前面。

NoflyingmachinewillflyfromNewYorktoParis.没有飞行器会从纽约飞到巴黎。

5.由序数词，theonly,thelast,thenext或形容词最高级修饰的名词常用不定式作定语。 Heisalwaysthefirsttobearhardshipsandthelasttoenjoycomforts.

他总是吃苦在前，享受在后。6.被修饰词是抽象名词时，常用不定式作定语。常见的这类名词有：ability,chance,idea,hope,wish,fact,excuse,promise,attempt,way等。 ItisachancetospeedupregionalprogresstowardachievingtheSustainableDevelopmentGoals.

这是一个加速实现可持续发展目标的区域进展的机会。

①Duringtheexhibition,someotherdisplays____________(focus)onthetheme“WildChina&BeautifulLand”willbedisplayedintheWaterCube.②TheMid-autumnFestivalisaharvestfestival____________(observe)onthe15thdayofthe8thmonthoftheChineselunarcalendar.③AftertheTiangong’scompletionaroundtheendofthisyear,itwillhavethreepillarsections—acoremodulelinkedwithtwolargespacelabs，__________(weigh)around70tons.④Theyalsotestedthesafetyofsupportingequipment,includingChina’sdomestically____________(produce)spacesuit.⑤WangYapingisexpectedtobecomethefirstChinesewoman____________(conduct)aspacewalk.单句语法填空

focusingobservedweighingproducedtoconduct1.只能跟不定式作宾语的动词(短语)考点4非谓语动词作宾语(1)三个希望两答应(hope，wish，expect，agree，promise)(2)两个要求莫拒绝(demand，ask，refuse)(3)设法学会做决定(manage，learn，decide/determine)(4)不要假装在选择(pretend，choose/select)(5)打算提出俩计划(intend，offer，plan，mean)(6)申请失败负担起(apply，fail，afford)(7)准备愿望又碰巧(prepare，desire，happen)(8)此外，happen，threaten，can’twait等也要用不定式作宾语Ihavedecidedtostudyengineering.我已经决定学工程学。[点拨]

allow，permit，advise后需加动名词作宾语，但如果后面有名词或代词作宾语，则用不定式作宾补，即allow/permit/advisedoing/sbtodosth。2.只能跟动名词作宾语的动词(短语)(1)喜欢考虑不避免(enjoy，consider，escape，avoid)(2)不禁放弃太冒险(cannothelp，giveup，risk)(3)感激承认不否认(appreciate，admit，deny)(4)介意想象莫推延(mind，imagine，delay，putoff)(5)允许完成是期望(allow/permit，finish，lookforwardto)(6)建议继续勤操练(suggest，goon，practise)(7)致力原谅要坚持(bedevotedto，excuse，insiston)(8)继续成功不错过(keepon，succeedin，miss)Iavoidedmentioningthesubjectincaseheshouldbeoffended.我避开提及这个话题，以免冒犯他。[点拨]

动词want，need，require作“需要”讲时，其后要用动词-ing形式的主动形式或不定式的被动形式作宾语。与此用法相同的动词还有deserve(值得)。①Thesmokeandthefireandallthatstuffstartedcoming.Itstartedburningmyeyesand____________(hurt)mythroat,butIwasstilltryingtogethimout.②ForWinston,thatwouldhavemeant____________(approach)thewoman.③Theguidedogbeingdenied____________(board)isjustthetipoftheiceberg,comparedtothevariousdifficultiesfacedbythecountry’svisuallyimpairedpopulationeverydaywhentheyleavetheirhome.④Atonepoint,someoneoffered____________(trade)meanalcoholicbeverage(饮料)andagoldenfeatheredheaddressformycamera.单句语法填空

hurtingapproachingboardingtotrade1.不定式作宾语补足语考点5非谓语动词作补足语(1)带to的不定式作宾语补足语常见的有：ask,invite,want,encourage,wish,expect,beg,request,require,advise,order,force,cause,allow,permit,forbid,warn,remind,teach,send,callon,waitfor,wouldlike/love/prefer等表示劝请、要求类动词。Ifweexpectpeopletogiveupthehabitofdriving，wemustgivethemanalternativetheycanrelyon.如果我们期望人们放弃开车的习惯，我们必须给他们一个可以依赖的替代品。(2)不带to的不定式作宾语补足语常用动词(主动语态中)有：使役动词(make，let，have)；感官动词(see，watch，observe，hear，notice)。[点拨]

(1)有些动词，如think，consider，believe，suppose，feel，find，understand等后常用tobe作宾补或主补。Chinesepeopleareconsideredtobethemosthard-workingpeopleintheworld.中国人被认为是世界上最勤劳的人民。(2)在sbbesaid/believed/known/reported/considered/thought＋todo/tohavedone结构中，用不定式作主语补足语。ThepresidentwasreportedtohavevisitedChina.据报道，那位总统已经访问了中国。2.现在分词作宾语补足语表示主动、进行。常用现在分词作宾语补足语的有：feel,find,hear,notice,observe,see,watch,get,have,keep,leave,send,set,listento,lookat等。IheardtheclockstrikingeightwhenIwokeupthismorning.今天早上醒来时，我听见钟敲了八下。AfterIarrivedinAmerica,Ifoundmyselflivinginacompletelyforeignculture.当我到达美国后，我发现自己生活在一个完全陌生的文化中。3.过去分词作宾语补足语表示被动、完成。常用过去分词作宾语补足语的有：have,make,get,find,see,notice,watch,hear,feel,want,like等。Ifoundmyselfcarriedouttoseabyastrongwind.我发现我被一阵强风刮到海上去了。4.用于with复合结构with＋宾语＋doing(表示主动且进行)/done(表示被动且完成)/todo(表示将来)。Hesatthere，withhiseyeslookingatthesky.他坐在那里，眼睛看着天空。Withhismindconcentratedonhiswork,hedidn’tnoticemyappearance.他专心于工作，没有注意到我的外表。Withmuchworktodothisafternoon,Jacklefthurriedly.由于今天下午还有很多工作要做，杰克匆匆忙忙地离开了。

5.常用不定式作主语补足语的句型Sb/Sthbesaid/believed/known/supposed/reported/considered/found/thought＋todo/tohavedone/tobedone/tohavebeendone＋其他。Heissaidtohavegoneabroad.＝Itissaidthathehasgoneabroad.据说他出国了。Heatisconsideredtobeaformofenergy.热能被认为是一种能量形式。You’resupposedtopaythebillbyFriday.你应该在星期五前付账。①Then,Ireachedformydaughter’shandandaskedher____________(take)awalkinthefield.②SomehowIforcedmyfinger____________(press)thebutton.③DuringtheQindynasty，tokeeptheenemyoutofhisempire，EmperorQinShihuanghadallwalls____________(join)up.④Hewasalsoseen________________(wave)the11-year-oldoffattheschoolgateasshewalkedintothebuilding.⑤Instead,oneactivist,dressedinafull-bodymonkeysuit,hadarrivedwithasign____________(praise)thefilmmakers.单句语法填空

totaketopressjoinedwavingpraising1.不定式作主语和表语考点6非谓语动词作主语和表语(1)不定式作主语时，可以直接放在句首，谓语动词常常用单数。Toenteragooduniversityforfurtherstudyismygoalnow.进入一所好大学深造是我现在的目标。(2)不定式作主语时常置于句末，用it作形式主语放在句首。It’srudetoturnyourbacktoyourteacherandrefusetoanswer.背对着老师，拒绝回答问题是不礼貌的。(3)不定式作表语，主语往往是dream，goal，aim，purpose，plan等表示意向、打算、计划的词。Mydreamistobecomeadoctoraftermygraduationfromuniversity.我的梦想是大学毕业后当一名医生。

2.动名词作主语和表语(1)动名词(短语)作主语时，可以直接放在句首，谓语动词常常用单数。TakingpartintheEnglishspeechcompetitionisahelpfulwaytolearnEnglish.参加英语演讲比赛是学习英语的一种很有帮助的方法。(2)有时用it作形式主语，常用于Itis/wasawaste(of...)/nouse/nogooddoingsth结构中。It’snousearguingwithhimaboutthequestion,forhewon’tchangehismind.和他争论这个问题是没有用的，因为他是不会改变主意的。(3)动名词作表语时相当于名词，用于解释主语的内容，表语和主语常常可以互换位置。Myjobiscleaningthehousethreetimesaweek.(Cleaningthehousethreetimesaweekismyjob.)我的工作是每星期打扫三次房子。

3.过去分词作表语过去分词作表语时位于系动词之后，多用于表示主语的状态或状况，所体现的是形容词的特征。Iampleasedwiththeresultoftheexperiment.我对实验结果很满意。Thecupisbroken.(强调杯子的状态)杯子破了。①RobertOwensfelt____________(defeat)andhelplessonSundayashewaitedinLouisiana’scapitalcity.②TheartofChinesecalligraphyseems__________(fade)awaygradually.③Thelakeappears_______________(cover)asmuchas80squaremiles.④____________(map)thedistributionofcavespeciescouldactasadditionalevidenceforresearchersinvestigatingpastclimateconditions.⑤Ittookyearsofwork____________(reduce)theindustrialpollutionandcleanthewater.单句语法填空

defeatedtobefadingtohavecoveredMappingtoreduce【解题指导】【典例1】

DuringtheMid-AutumnFestival，familymembersoftengathertogether________(share)ameal，admirethemoonandenjoymooncakes.

答案

toshare

[句意：在中秋节期间，家庭成员常常欢聚一堂，享受大餐、赏月并品尝月饼。分析句子结构可知，句子为简单句，且谓语动词为gather，故空处应填非谓语动词；再根据句意可知，此处应用不定式作目的状语。]【典例2】

Jimhasretired，buthestillremembersthehappytime________(spend)withhisstudents.

答案

spent

[句意：吉姆已经退休，但他仍记得与学生们一起度过的快乐时光。根据句意并分析句子结构可知，thehappytime与spend是逻辑上的动宾关系，且此处表示一个已完成的动作，所以用过去分词短语作后置定语。]Ⅰ.单句语法填空1.(2023·大连一模)Therearenetsfor____________(dry)paperalloverthevillageandinsidevillagers’houses.2.(2023·如东高级中学模拟)Asexercise,taichichuanisdesigned____________(provide)relaxationintheprocessofbody-conditioningexercise.3.(2023·深圳一模)Thebirdstakethe____________(collect)trashtospecialbinswheretheycanreceivebirdfoodinexchangeforputtingawaythelitter.【达标检测】dryingtoprovidecollected4.(2022·萍乡二模)Awholefish____________(eat)ontheeveofthelunarnewyearrepresentsawishforabundancetocome.5.(2023·茂名二模)____________(support)bythespecialspaceoftheWaterCubeandtouristgatheringareas,thebrilliantTaoistcultureisvividlydisplayedinthreedimensions.6.(2023·雅礼中学一模)AlthoughChinahasthemostthird-partypaymentaccountsintheworld,itisnotthefirstcountry____________(seek)acashlesssociety.7.(2023·衡水二模)Thissystemincludessixcamerastodetectholes,rocks,orothermaterials,__________(inform)thefarmerwhenanissueneedstobeaddressed.eatenSupportedtoseekinforming8.(2023·昆明一模)YellowwasanotherobviouscolorinoldBeijing，____________(stand)forthepowerofemperor.9.(2023·重庆模拟)Italsowishes________________(reflect)Chineseintellectuals’strongdesiretoservethecountryanditspeople.10.(2022·柳州三模)Olethoughthistoysneededanewname,sohechosethename“Lego”，________(mean)“playwell”inDanish.standingtoreflectmeaningⅡ.语法与写作1.Osmanwenttoanswerthephone，_____________________________________.

奥斯曼去接电话，却发现比尔站在外面。2.Thatafternoon,thethreeofuswentforawalkintheforest,collectingdifferentleavesand__________________________________________________________.

那天下午，我们三个人去森林里散步，收集不同的树叶，享受友谊和陪伴的乐趣。3.Astrongtorrent，_________________________________________________，

washedoverJoeandnearlyswallowedhim.

一股急流，加上骤雨，冲向乔，几乎要把他吞没。

onlytofindBillstandingoutsideenjoyingthepleasureoffriendshipandcompanionshipcoupledwiththeshoweringrain4.Atthatmoment,Jacknoticedatear_____________________________________.

就在那一刻，杰克注意到祖父眼角流下了一滴眼泪。5._________________________________________andopenthecardoorforhim,Macjumpedoffhisbicycleandrushedintothecarwithoutanyhesitation.

看到保罗友好地向他招手，并为他打开车门，马克毫不犹豫地跳下自行车，冲进了车里。6.Thenheinchedtowardtheholeandstretchedouttoseizethechild’shands，__