09Contract-Law-何家弘法律英语配套课件全文

2026/9/7法律英语1LessonNineContractLaw2026/9/7法律英语2ContractDefinitionAcontractisbasicallyanagreementbetweentwoormorepeoplewhichcreatesanobligationtodo,ornotdo,something.Theagreementcreatesalegalrelationshipofrightsandduties.Iftheagreementisbroken,thenthelawprovidescertainremedies.

2026/9/7法律英语3ThreeFactorsTherearethreefactorsnecessarytocreateacontract:

1)anoffer,2)acceptance,and3)consideration.Onepartymakesanoffer,thesecondpartymust

accepttheofferandtheremustbeconsiderationexchanged.Considerationhastobesomethingofvalue.2026/9/7法律英语6BackgroundUniformCommercialCodeConsumerProtectionStatutesLaborLawInsuranceLaw涉及合同问题2026/9/7法律英语7美国合同法由法律保证执行强制执行的限度法律补救方法Expectationdamages

预期赔偿金Agreeduponremedies

补救协议Equitablerelief

衡平救济2026/9/7法律英语8TEXTContract——anagreementbetweentwoormorepersons.Notmerelyasharedbelief不仅仅是共有的想法Acommonunderstandingastosomething而且是对某些未来将要进行的事项有共同的理解2026/9/7法律英语9ContractDocumentThesetofpapersinwhichsuchagreementissetforth.文件——陈述契约的一系列文件。2026/9/7法律英语10ForlawyersContract----anagreementthathaslegaleffect.合同是具有法律效力的契约。Itcreatesobligationsforwhichsomesortoflegalenforcementwillbeavailableifperformanceisnotforthcomingaspromised.它设立了当不按约履行时,便可由某种法律强制手段保证实施的义务。

2026/9/7法律英语11Threeelementsinatransaction

——contract1.Theagreement-in-fact

事实协议2.Theagreement-in-written

书面协议3.Thesetofrightsandduties……一系列权利与义务2026/9/7法律英语12THEWAYS

订立协议和执行协议的方法Theroleoflawyersandjudges1.Increatingcontracts在制定合同中的作用;2.indecidingdisputesthatmayarisewithrespecttotheirperformance在裁决履行合同时可能出现争议时的作用;3.infashioningappropriateremediesfortheirbreach在形成对其违约的适当补救时的作用2026/9/7法律英语13PropertyAgreatofthingaresusceptible"ownership”Tangible有形的Intangible无形的2026/9/7法律英语14RingbulldozerGonewiththewindTheEmpireStateBuilding2026/9/7法律英语15Rights国家保护该"所有人”使用、享受乃至耗费该物的权利，将所有其他人排除在这种权利之外。

UseEnjoyConsumeExclusion2026/9/7法律英语16Realproperty不动产Landbuildings动产——personalproperty2026/9/7法律英语17/realproperty:allland,structures,firmlyattachedandintegratedequipment,anythinggrowingontheland,andall"interests"intheproperty.personalproperty(personalty):

movableassets(things,includinganimals)whicharenotrealproperty,moneyorinvestments.2026/9/7法律英语18Lesstangibleproperty

不太有形的资产Copyrights版权Patents专利权Sharesofcorporatestock公司股权Negotiableinstruments票据权2026/9/7法律英语19Anysocialthat……RecognizespropertyrightsAlsoaddressthequestionofhowitshouldrespondwhensomeoneviolatesthoserights2026/9/7法律英语20Evensocietiesthatdonotpermitprivateownershipofwealthtothedegreethatoursdoesarelikelytorecognizethepersonalrightsofindividualstobefreefromcertainkindsofconduct…即使是那些对财产私有权的许可没有达到我们这种程序的社会,也会承认个人的人身权利不受某种行为的侵犯。

2026/9/7法律英语21certainkindsofconduct给人造成身体伤害其他对个人自由或尊严的侵犯InflictionofphysicalinjuryOtherinterferenceswithfreedomordignity2026/9/7法律英语22Criminallawvs.tortlawCriminallawfocusesinthoseviolationsofpersonalandpropertyrightsthatsocietydeemsseriousenoughtobedeterredbythethreatofseverepunishmentfortheircommissionTortlawconsiderswhatremedyshouldbemadetotheindividualssoinjured2026/9/7法律英语23CriminallawtortlawoverlapTreason

判国罪Taxevasion

偷税罪Slander

诽谤2026/9/7法律英语24OwnershipofpropertyIncludetherighttouseandconsumethethingowned所有权包括对属于自己的物品使用和耗费的权利bemoretotheadvantageoftheownertotransfertherightoftheownershiptosomeotherpersoninexchangeforsomethingelseofvalue有时所有者以所有权与其他人交换有价值的东西可能更有利。2026/9/7法律英语252026/9/7法律英语26Agreementsforexchangearethemeansbywhichsomeresourcesareassembledandputtoproductiveuse.交换的契约是将一些资源组合起来,使之得到有效利用的手段。2026/9/7法律英语27Someagreementforexchangecallfortheimmediateandsimultaneousexchangeofmoneyforgoodsandservices.有效交换契约要求现金与货物、服务的立即和同时交换。2026/9/7法律英语28Exchangeofsignificantsize

涉及到大额交易时Boththeplanningandperformance

tobespreadoveraconsiderableperiodoftime交易的计划和履行都要经历相当长的时间。2026/9/7法律英语29ThelawofcontractsLegalmechanismforprotectingtheexpectationsthatarisefromthemakingofagreementsforthefutureexchangeofvarioustypesofperformance.合同法是保护预期的法律机制,该预期产生于就未来交易各类履行而制定的契约。

转让财产提供服务支付货币2026/9/7法律英语30Legalproblemsdonotalwaysfitneatlyintothepigeonholesthatlegaltheoristshavecreated.法律问题不可能总是与法理学家所创立的分类完全相符。Frequentlytheyraiseissuesinvolvingmorethanonebodyoflaw.法律问题往往涉及到不止一部法律。2026/9/7法律英语31"fraud”conduct

欺诈行为LeaseagreementsbetweenlandlordandtenantPropertylawContractlawAbreachofcontractAtort2026/9/7法律英语32ThewebofthelawMaynotbequiteseamless法律之网可能并非结实无缝Theyarenotironcladandunchanging法律并非打不破和不可改变。2026/9/7法律英语33Source/authority

法律渊源Primarysource

首要法源Secondarysource

次要法源以前的司法判决

成文法

法令劝导性法源法学家的解释

美国法学会的《法律注释汇编》2026/9/7法律英语34首要法源2026/9/7法律英语35次要法源2026/9/7法律英语36WhatareRestatementsoftheLaw

法律注释汇编Restatementsaresecondarysourcesthatseekto"restate"thelegalrulesthatconstitutethecommonlawinaparticulararea.

TheyarewrittenbytheAmericanLawInstitute(ALI),aprestigiouslegalorganizationcomposedofnotedprofessors,judgesandlawyers.TheALIhascompletedRestatementsin15areasof

lawincluding

Torts,Contracts,Property,ConflictofLaws,ForeignRelationsLaw,andProductsLiability.2026/9/7法律英语37ContractlawCommonlaw

Judge-madelaw法官定法Rulesdistilledfromacompositeofcourtdecisionsinpriorcases.从以前案件的各种法官判决意见中抽取出来的规则2026/9/7法律英语38Technicaljargon专业术语FullofstrangewordsFamiliarwordswithunfamiliarorspecializedmeaningAssumpsit

口头约定Quantummeruit

按合理价格给付Consideration

对价Offer

要约2026/9/7法律英语39Judicialsystemofdecision-making司法决策体制Staredecisis遵从前例adherencetopastdecisions(Precedents)Apriordecisionwithfactssufficientlysimilartothecase"subjudice”,thatthecourtfeelsobligedtofollowitandtorenderasimilardecision.以前案例的事实与尚未判决的案件事实非常相似，法院认为有义务按照前例做出类似的判决。

2026/9/7法律英语40StaredecisisLatinfor"tostandbythingsdecided."Staredecisisisessentiallythedoctrineofprecedent.Courtscitetostaredecisiswhenanissuehasbeenpreviouslybroughttothecourtandarulingalreadyissued.Generally,courtswilladheretothepreviousruling,thoughthisisnotuniversallytrue.2026/9/7法律英语412026/9/7法律英语42从两个方面证明以判例法为主要依据的法律制度的合法性1.Offersahighdegreeofpredictabilityofdecision…提高了判决的可预见性程度……2.Putsareinonthenatureproclivityofjudgestodecidecasesonthebasisof

prejudice,

personalemotion,or

otherimproperfactors.限制法官在案件判决时以偏见、个人情感或其他不恰当因素为基础的自然癖好。2026/9/7法律英语43ThecharacteristicofasystemWhichmaysometimesbeavirtue,sometimesadefect,ofbeingstaticandconservative,generallyorientedtowardpreservationofthestatusquo.遵从前例的制度的特征是静止和守旧,总体上趋向于保持现状,这有时是优点,有时是缺点。

2026/9/7法律英语44BlindadherenceWhenacommonlawjudgeconcludesthatblindadherencetoprecedentwouldproduceanunjustresultinthecasepresentedfordecision.普通法法官盲目坚持判例,也会导致对当前案例判决的不公正结果。

2026/9/7法律英语45避免的方法:Aprecedentisconsideredtobe"binding”onacourtonlyifitwasdecidedbythatsamecourtorbyanappellatecourtofhigherrankinthesamejurisdiction.同一个管辖区的相同法院或其上级巡回法院作出的先例判决才有约束力。Otherprecedentsarebe"persuasive”.其他判例只具有劝导性。

2026/9/7法律英语46AprecedentIfaprecedentofthelattertypeisinfactunpersuasive,thejudgeisfreetodisregardit.如果后一种类型的判例实际上没有劝导性,法官可以忽视该判例。

2026/9/7法律英语47Iftheprecedentisnotmerelypersuasive,butbinding,itcannotsimplybeignored.Itmay,however,beavoided.如果判例不仅有劝导性而且有约束力,那么该判例不能简单地被忽视,但却可以被回避。

Aprecedent2026/9/7法律英语48Ifthefactsofthepresentcasedonotincludeafactthatappearstohavebeennecessary("material”)totheearlierdecision,thecourtmay"distinguish”theprecedent,renderadifferentdecision.如果以前判决不包含对当前案例有实质必要影响的事实，那么法院可以"区别”前例，提出不同的判决。

Aprecedent2026/9/7法律英语49Iftheearlierprecedentisindeedbinding,butisdifficultorimpossibletodistinguish,thereisoneotherwaytoavoiditseffect.如果比较早的判例确实有约束力,但是难以或无法区别,有一个其他方法避免其效力。

Aprecedent2026/9/7法律英语50Ifthecourtofdecisionistheonethatcreatedtheprecedent(orisahighercourt),itcansimply"overrule”theearlydecision.如果判决的法院与作出先例的法院相同，或者比作出先例的法院等级高，它可以"推翻”以前的判决。Aprecedent2026/9/7法律英语51Overruling–relativelydrasticactionIsusuallyreservedforinstancesinwhichthecourtfeelsthattheruleestablishedbytheearlierprecedentwasillconceivedattheoutsetorithasbeenoutmodedbythelaterdevelopments.推翻前例是个比较激烈的行为,一般在法院觉得以前的判例一开始就设计错误时或者随着以后的发展该判例不合时宜时才采用。

2026/9/7法律英语52ContractlawHistorically,ascommonlaw普通法Ratherthanstatute制定法Exception:"statuteoffrauds”"欺诈条例”是个例外Requirescertaincontractstobeevidencedbyasignedwriting

该条例要求某些合同是书面合同。2026/9/7法律英语53StatuteoffraudsLawineverystatewhichrequiresthatcertaindocumentsbeinwriting,suchasrealpropertytitlesandtransfers(conveyances),leasesformorethanayear,willsandsometypesofcontracts.TheoriginalstatutewasenactedinEnglandin1677topreventfraudulenttitleclaims.2026/9/7法律英语54StatuteoffraudsThestatuteoffraudshasitselfbecomesooverlaidbycourtdecisionsthatithasmoreofqualityofcommonlawthanofamodernstatute.该欺诈条例本身已添加了如此多的法官判决意见,以至于它具有的普通法的品质已经超过其现代制定法的品质。

2026/9/7法律英语55ContractlawEssentiallyacommonlawsystem,exceptbeaffectedbyaremarkablemodernstatute,theUniformCommercialCode.除非受到著名的现代制定法

——统一商法典的影响,合同法至今还保留着普通法体系。

2026/9/7法律英语56Whenacourtdecidedacasegovernedbyastatute,itsreasoningdiffersfromthatusedwhencommonlawprinciplesareapplied.当法院依照制定法判案时,法院的推论与采用普通法原则时是不同的。

2026/9/7法律英语57StatuteAnycourt,eventhehighestcourtofthejurisdiction,isboundtofollowtheprovisionsofavalidstatutethatapplytothedisputebeforeit.所有法院甚至最高法院都要依据有效的制定法条款规定来处理提交到它面前的争议。2026/9/7法律英语58FundamentalpoliticaltenetThelegislaturehasultimatelawmakingpowersolongasitsactswithintheboundsofitsconstitutionalauthority.社会基本政治原则:只要在宪法授权的范围之内，立法机关有最终的立法权。

Modify

修改Eliminate

废除2026/9/7法律英语59对制定法文字有不同的解释Courtsseektoascertainthelegislature’spurposeinenactingit,inordertoadoptaconstructionthatwillbesteffectuatethatpurpose.法院试图确定立法机关的意图,以便采用能最好地实现该意图的解释。

Legislativehistory2026/9/7法律英语60AmericanLawInstituteFormedin1923.Preparationandpromulgationofwhatpurportedtobeaccurateandauthoritativesummariesoftherulesofcommonlawinvariousfields美国法律协会准备和发布各领域精确的权威的普通法规则汇编。Restatement

注释汇编2026/9/7法律英语61AmericanLawInstituteTheAmericanLawInstitute(ALI)wasestablishedin1923todefine,summarize,orrestateexistingcommonlaw.Between1923and1944,Restatementswereadoptedfor

thelawofagency,conflictoflaws,contracts,judgments,property,restitution,security,torts,andtrusts.2026/9/7法律英语62TheRestatementofContracts合同法注释汇编Thefirstandmostsuccessful"restatement”AcceptanceandusebythebenchandbarAdoptedbyALIin1932.2026/9/7法律英语63TheRestatementConsistsof"black-letter”statementsofthe"generalrule”关于"一般规则”的"黑体字”陈述Supportedwithatleastsomecommentaryandillustration

至少有几个注释和例证作补充Don’thavetheforceoflaw没有法律效力2026/9/7法律英语64TheRestatementsSecondaryauthority次要法源Remarkablypersuasive非常有说服力AcourtoftenjustifyitsdecisionbysimplycitingandquotingTheRestatements’ruleonagivenpoint.法院经常通过援引和引用注释汇编的原则来证明自己在某一案例中判决的正确性。2026/9/7法律英语65In1962,ALIbegantopreparearevisedofitsRestatementTheRestatement(second)ofcontractswasadoptedin1979.与第一版比,第二版更强调多样化和灵活性,建议要给予法官更多的自由裁决权。Afreerreinforjudicialdiscretion2026/9/7法律英语66Haveclearlyhadapowerfuleffectinshapingjudicialviewsofwhatthecommonlawofcontractoughttobe.合同法注释汇编在有关合同的普通法应该是怎么样的这一司法观念形成方面有强力的作用。TheRestatementofContracts2026/9/7法律英语67SecondaryauthorityPublishedarticle