2021-2025年全国高英语分类训练：阅读理解议论文（原卷版）

考点1人与自我类议论文

【2021新课标I卷】

Popularizationhasinsomecaseschangedtheoriginalmeanirgofemotional（情感的）intelligence.Many

peoplenowmisunderstandemotionalintelligenceasalmosteverythingdesirableinaperson'smakeupthatcannot

bemeasuredbyanIQtest,suchascharacter,motivation,confidence,mentalstability,optimismand“peopleskills.^^

Researchhasshownthatemotionalskillsmaycontributetosomeofthesequalities,butmostofthemmovefar

beyondskill-basedemotionalintelligence.

Weprefertodescribeemotionalintelligenceasaspecificsetofskillsthatcanbeusedfbreithergoodorbad

purposes.Theabilitytoaccuratelyunderstandhowothersarefeelingmaybeusedbyadoctortofindhowbestto

helpherpatients,whileacheatermightuseittocontrolpotentialvictims.Beingemotionallyintelligentdoesnot

necessarilymakeoneamoralperson.

Althoughpopularbeliefsregardingemotionalintelligencerunftiraheadofwhatresearchcanreasonably

support,theoveralleffectsofthepublicityhavebeenmorebeneficialthanharmful.Themostpositiveaspectofthis

popularizationisanewandmuchneededemphasis（重视）onemotionbyemployers,educatorsandothers

interestedinpromotingsocialwell-being.Thepopularizationofemotionalintelligencehashelpedboththepublic

andresearchersre-evaluatethefiinctionalityofemotionsandhowtheyservepeopleadaptivelyineverydaylife.

Althoughthecontinuingpopularappealofemotionalintelligenceisdesirable,wehopethatsuchattentionwill

exciteagreaterinterestinthescientificandscholarlystudyofemotion.Itisourhopethatincoiningdecades,

advancesinsciencewilloffernewperspectives（视角）fromwhichtostudyhowpeoplemanagetheirlives.

Emotionalintelligence,withitsfbcusonbothheadandheart,mayservetopointusintherightdirection.

32.Whatisacommonmisunderstandingofemotionalintelligence?

A.ItcanbemeasuredbyanIQtest.B.Ithelpstoexerciseaperson'smind.

C.Itincludesasetofemotionalskills.D.Itreferstoaperson*spositivequalities.

33.Whydoestheauthormention“doctor”and“cheater"inparagraph2?

A.Toexplainarule.B.Toclarifyaconcept.

C.Topresentafact.D.Tomakeaprediction.

34.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetothepopularizationofemotionalintelligence?

A.Favorable.B.Intolerant.C.Doubtful.D.Unclear.

35.Whatdoesthelastparagraphmainlytalkaboutconcerningemotionalintelligence?

A.Itsappealtothepublic.B.Expectationsfbrftiturestudies.

C.Itspracticalapplication.D.Scientistswithnewperspectives.

【2021全国甲卷】

Whoisagenius?Thisquestionhasgreatlyinterestedhumankindforcenturies.

Let'sstateclearly:Einsteinwasagenius.Hisfaceisalmosttheinternationalsymbolforgenius.Butwewant

togobeyondonemanandexplorethenatureofgeniusitself.Whyisitthatsomepeoplearesomuchmore

intelligentorcreativethantherestofus?Andwhoarcthey?

Inthesciencesandarts,thosepraisedasgeniusesweremostoftenwhitemen,ofEuropeanorigin.Perhapsthis

isnotasurprise.It'ssaidthathistoryiswrittenbythevictors,andthosevictorssetthestandardsforadmissionto

thegeniusclub.Whencontributionsweremadebygeniusesoutsidetheclub-women,orpeopleofadifferent

colororbelief-theywereunacknowledgedandrejectedbyothers.

AstudyrecentlypublishedbySciencefoundthatasyoungasagesix,girlsarelesslikelythanboystosaythat

membersoftheirgender（性另U）are"really,reallysmart.^^Evenworse,thestudyfoundthatgirlsactonthatbelief:

Aroundagesixtheystarttoavoidactivitiessaidtobeforchildrenwhoare“really,reallysmart."Canourplanet

affordtohaveanygreatthinkersbecomediscouragedandgiveup?Itdoesn'ttakeageniustoknowtheanswer:

absolutelynot.

Here'sthegoodnews.Inawiredworldwithconstantglobalcommunication,we'reallpositionedtoseeflashes

ofgeniuswherevertheyappear.Andthemorewelook,themorewewillsecthatsocialfactors（因素）likegender,

race,andclassdonotdeterminetheappearanceofgenius.Asawritersays,fiiturcgeniusescomefromthosewith

^intelligence,creativity,perseverance（毅力），andsimplegoodfortune,whoareabletochangetheworld.”

32.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofvictors'standardsfbrjoiningthegeniusclub?

A.They'reunfair.B.They'reconservative.

C.They'reobjective.D.They*restrict.

33.WhatcanweinferaboutgirlsfromthestudyinScience?

A.Theythinkthemselvessmart.

B.Theylookuptogreatthinkers.

C.Theyseegenderdifferencesearlierthanboys.

D.Theyarelikelytobeinfluencedbysocialbeliefs

34.Whyarcmoregeniusesknowntothepublic?

A.Improvedglobalcommunication.

B.Lessdiscriminationagainstwomen.

C.Acceptanceofvictors'concepts.

D.Changesinpeople'ssocialpositions.

35.Whatisthebesttitlefbrthetext?

A.GeniusesThinkAlike

B.GeniusTakesManyForms

C.GeniusandIntelligence

D.GeniusandLuck

[2021天津卷】

Thereissomethingtobesaidfbrbeingageneralist,evenifyouareaspecialist.Knowingalittleaboutalotof

thingsthatinterestyoucanaddtotherichnessofawhole,well-livedlife.

Societypushesustospecialize,tobecomeexperts.Thisrequirescommitmenttoaparticularoccupation,

branchofstudyorresearch.Thedrawbacktobeingspecialistsiswcoftencometoknowmoreandmoreaboutless

andless.Thereisagreatdealofpressuretomasterone'sfield.Youmaypursuetraining,degrees,orincreasing

levelsofresponsibilityatwork.Thenyoudiscoverthepressureofhavingtokeepup.

Somepeopleseemwillingtoworkaroundtheclockintheirnarrowspecialty.Butsuchcomniimientcanalso

weakenasenseoffreedom.ThesespecialistscouldworkattheofYiceuntilteneachnight,thenlookbackand

realizetheywouldhavelovedtohavegonehomeandenjoyedthesweetnessoftheirfamilyandfriends,ortraveled

toexcitingplaces,meetinginterestingpeople.Masteringonethingtotheexclusion（排除）ofotherscanhold

backyourtruespirit.

Generalists,ontheotherhand,knowalotaboutawiderangeofsubjectsandviewthewholewithallits

connections.Theyarcpeopleofability,talent,andenthusiasmwhocanbringtheirbroadperspective（视角）into

specificfieldsofexpertise（专长）.Thedoctorwhoisalsoapoetandphilosopherisasuperiordoctor,onewhocan

givesomuchmoretohispatientsthanjustgoodmedicalskills.

Thingsareconnected.Letyourexpertiseinonefieldfuelyourpassionsinallrelatedareas.Someofyour

interestsmaynotappeartobeconnectedbut,onceyouexploretheirdepths,youdiscoverthattheyare.Myeditor

Tori,whoisalsoawriter,haseditedseveralhisto^books.ShehasdecidedtostudyChinesehistory.Fascinatedby

thestructuralbeautyoftheForbiddenCityasapainter,sheisequallyinterestedtolearnmoreaboutChinese

philosophy."Idon'tknowwhereitwilllead,butI'mexcitedI'monthispursuit."

Theseexpansionsintonewworldshelpusbygivingusnewperspectives.Webegintoseethe

interconnectednessofonethingtoanotherinallaspectsofourlife,ofourselvesandtheuniverse.Developbroad,

generalknowledgeandexperience.Theuniverseisallyourstoexploreandenjoy.

51.Tobecomeaspecialist,onemayhaveto.

A.narrowhisrangeofknowledgeB.avoidresponsibilitiesatwork

C.knowmoreaboutthesocietyD.broadenhisperspectiveonlife

52.ThespecialistsmentionedinParagraph3tendto.

A.treasuretheirfreedomB.travelaroundtheworld

C.spendmosttimeworkingD.enjoymeetingfunnypeople

53.Accordingtotheauthor,asuperiordoctorisonewho.

A.isfullyawareofhistalentandabilityB.isapurespecialistinmedicine

C.shouldlovepoetryandphilosophyD.bringsknowledgeofotherfieldstowork

54.WhatdoestheauthorintendtoshowwiththeexampleofToni?

A.Passionalonedoesnotensureaperson'ssuccess.

B.In-depthexplorationmakesdiscoveriespossible.

C.Everyonehasachancetosucceedintheirpursuit.

D.Seeminglyunrelatedinterestsarcinawayconnected.

55.Whatcouldbethebesttitlefbrthepassage?

A.BeMoreaGeneralistThanaSpecialist

B.SpecialistorGeneralist:HardtoDecide

C.TurnaGeneralistintoaSpecialist

D.WaystoBecomeaGeneralist

【2019天津卷】

WouldyouBETonthefiitureofthisman?Heis53yearsold.Mostofhisadultlifehasbeenalosingstruggle

againstdebtandmisfortune.Awarinjuryhasmadehislefthandstopfiinctioning,andhehasoftenbeeninprison.

Drivenbyheaven-knows-whatmotives,hedeterminestowriteabook.

Thebookturnsouttobeonethathasappealedtotheworldfbrmorethan350years.Thatformerprisonerwas

Cenantes,andthebookwasDon（《堂吉诃德》）.Andthestoryposesaninterestingquestion:whydosome

peoplediscovernewvitalityandcreativitytotheendoftheirdays,whileothersgotoseedlongbefore?

We'veallknownpeoplewhorunoutofsteambeforetheyreachlife'shalfvvaymark.I'mnottalkingabout

thosewhoftiiltogettothetop.Wecan'tallgetthere.I'mtalkingaboutpeoplewhohavestoppedlearningon

growingbecausetheyhaveadoptedthefixedattitudesandopinionsthatalltoooftencomewithpassingyears.

Mostofus,infact,progressivelynarrowthevarietyofourlives.Wesucceedinourfieldofspecializationand

thenbecometrappedinit.Nothingsurprisesus.Weloseoursenseofwonder.But,ifwearewillingtoleani,the

opportunitiesareeverywhere.

Thethingswelearninmaturityseldominvolveinformationandskills.Welearntobearwiththethingswe

can'tchange.Welearntoavoidself-pity.Welearnthathowevermuchwetrytoplease,somepeoplearenever

goingtoloveus-anideathattroublesatfirstbutiseventuallyrelaxing.

Withhighmotivationandenthusiasm,wecankeeponlearning.Thenwewillknowhowimportantitisto

havemeaninginourlife.IIowever,wecanachievemeaningonlyifwehavemadeacommitmenttosomething

largerthanourownlittlecgos（自我）,whethertolovedones,tofollowhumans,towork,ortosomemoralconcept.

Manyofusequate（视等同J）“commitment“withsuch“caring“occupationsasteachingandnursing.

Butdoinganyordinaryjobaswellasonecanisinitselfanadmirablecommitment.Peoplewhoworktowardsuch

excellence-whethertheyarcdrivingatruck,orrunningastore一maketheworldbetterjustbybeingthekindof

peopletheyare.They'velearnedlifersmostvaluablelesson.

51.ThepassagestartswiththestoryofCervantestoshowthat.

A.lossoffreedomstimulatesone,screativity

B.ageisnotabarriertoachievingone'sgoal

C.miseryinspiresamantofightagainsthisfate

D.disabilitycannotstopaman'spursuitofsuccess

52.WhatdoestheunderlinedpartinParagraph3probablymean?

A.Endone'sstrugglefbrliberty.

B.Wasteone'senergytakingrisks.

C.Misstheopportunitytosucceed.

D.Losetheinteresttocontinuelearning.

53.WhatcouldbeinferredfromParagraph4?

A.Thosewhodaretotryoftengetthemselvestrapped.

B.Thosewhotendtothinkbackcanhardlygoahead.

C.Opportunityfavorsthosewithacuriousmind.

D.Opportunityawaitsthosewithacautiousmind.

54.WhatdoestheauthorintendtotellusinParagraph5?

A.Atoughmancantoleratesuflering.

B.Awisemancanlivewithoutself-pity.

C.Amanshouldtrytosatisfypeoplearoundhim.

D.Amanshouldlearnsuitablewaystodealwithlife.

55.Whatistheauthor'spurposeinwritingthepassage?

A.Toprovideguidanceonleadingameaningfuladultlife.

B.Tostresstheneedofshoulderingresponsibilitiesatwork.

C.Tostatetheimportanceofgeneratingmotivationfbrlearning.

D.Tosuggestawayofpursuingexcellenceinourlifelongcareer.

考点2人与社会类议论文

【2025全国一卷】

Whilesafetyimprovementsmighthavebeenmadetoourstreetsinrecentyears,transportstudiesalsoshow

declinesinpedestrian（彳亍人）mobility,especiallyamongyoungchildren.Manyparentssaythere'stoomuchtraffic

ontheroadsfbrtheirchildrentowalksafelytoschool,sotheypackthemintothecarinstead.

DutchauthorsThaliaVerkadeandMarcoteBrommelstroetarebotheredbyfactslikethese.Intheirnewbook

Movement:HowtoTakeBackOurStreetsandTransformOurLives,theycallfbrarethinkofourstreetsandthe

roletheyplayinourlives.

Lifeoncitystreetsstartedtochangedecadesago.Wholeneighbourhoodsweredestroyedtomakewayfbr

newroadnetworksandkidshadtoplayelsewhere.Somecommunitiesfoughtback.Mostfamously,aCanadian

journalistwhohadmovedherfamilytoManhattanintheearly1950sledacampaigntostopthedestructionofher

localpark.Describingheralamiatitsproposedreplacementwithanexpressway,JaneJacobscalledonhermayor

（市长）tochampion“NewYorkasadecentplacetolive,andnotjuslrushthrough."Similarcampaignsoccurredin

Australiainthelate1960sand1970saswell.

Althoughthesecampaignswerewidespread,therealityisthatthemajorityofthewesterncitieswere

completelyredesignedaroundtheneedsofthemotorcar.Thenumberofcarsonroadshasbeenincreasingrapidly.

InAustraliawenowhaveovertwentymillioncarsfbrjustovertwenty-sixmillionpeople,amongthehighestrate

ofcarownershipintheworld.

Weinvestalotinroadsthathelpusrushthrough,butwefailtoaccountfbrthetruecosts.Dowereally

recognisewhatitcostsusasasocietywhenchildrencan'tmovesafelyaroundourcommunities?Theauthorsof

Movementhaveitright:it'stimeto:hinkdifferentlyaboutthatstreetoutsideyourfrontdoor.

28.Whatphenomenondoestheauthorpointoutinparagraph1?

A.Carsoftengetstuckontheroad.B.Trafficaccidentsoccurfrequently.

C.Peoplewalklessanddrivemore.D.Pedestriansfailtofollowtherules.

29.WhatweretheCanadianjournalistandothercampaignerstryingtodo?

A.Keeptheircitieslivable.B.Promoteculturaldiversity.

C.Helptheneedyfamilies.D.Makeexpresswaysaccessible.

30.WhatcanbeinferredaboutthecampaignsinAustraliainthelate1960sand1970s?

A.Theyboostedthesalesofcars.B.Theyturnedoutlargelyineffective.

CTheywongovernmentsupport.DTheyadvocatedbuildingnewparks

31.Whatcanbeasuitabletitlefbrthetext?

A.WhytheRush?B.WhafsNext?

C.WheretoStay?D.WhotoBlame?

[2025浙江I月卷】

Asnewtechnologiestakeonincreasinglyhumanlikequalities,there'sbeenapushtomakethemgenderless.

“Peoplearcstereotyping（形成刻板印象）theirgenderedobjectsinverytraditionalways,“saysAshleyMartin,a

Stanfordassociateprofessoroforganizationalbehavior.Removinggenderfromthepicturealtogetherseemslikea

simplewaytofixthis.YetasMartinhasfoundinherwork,genderisoneofthefundamentalwayspeopleform

connectionswithobjects,particularlythosedesignedwithhumancharacteristics.

Inherstudy,Martinaskedpanicipantstoratetheirattachmenttomale,female,andgenderlessversionsofa

digitalvoiceassistantandasclf^drivingcarknownas"Miuu."Itwasfoundthatgenderincreasedusers'feelingsof

attachmenttothesedevicesandtheirinterestinpurchasingthem.Forexample,participantssaidtheywouldbeless

likelytobuyagenderlessvoiceassistantthanversionswithmaleorfemalevoices.

Whilegenderingaproductmaybegoodmarketing,itmayalsostrengthenoutdatedorharmfulideasabout

pov/erandidentity.Thestereotypescommonlyassociatedwithmer,suchascompetitivenessanddominance,are

morevaluedthanthoseassociatedwithwomen.Thesequalities,in:urn,arcmappedontoproductsthathavebeen

assignedagender.

Martin'sstudyalsofoundthatcreatingagenderlessobjectwasdifficult.Forinstance,ifanobject'snamewas

meanttosoundgenderless,likeMiuu,participantswouldstillassignagendertoit-theywouldassumeMiuuwas

a“he”or"she.”

Martinseesasilverlining,hov/ever:Shebelievesthatanthropomorphism（拟人化）“providesanopportunity

tochangestereotypes/'Whenwomenareputintopositionsofleadershiplikerunningcompanies,itreduces

negativestereotypesaboutwomen.Similarly,anthropomorphizedproductscouldbecreatedtotakeon

stereotype-inconsistentroles-amalerobotthatassistswithnursingorafemalerobotthathelpsdocalculations,fbr

instance.

32.Whatisthepurposeofmakingnewtechnologiesgenderless?

A.Toreducestereotypes.B.Tomeetpublicdemand.

C.Tocutproductioncosts.D.Toencouragecompetition.

33.Whatweretheparticipantsprobablyaskedtodointhestudy?

A.Designaproduct.B.Respondtoasurvey.

C.Workasassistants.D.Takealanguagetest.

34.WhyisitdiiTiculttocreategenderlessobjects?

A.Theycannotbemass-produced.B.Namingthemisachallengingtask.

C.Peopleassumetheyareunreliable.D.Genderisrootedinpeople'smind.

35.Whatdoesthelastparagraphmainlytalkabout?

A.Thequalityofgenderlessproducts.B.Theupsideofgenderingaproduct.

C.Themeaningofanthropomorphism.D.Thestereotypesofmenandwomen

[2024新课标I卷】

Iscomprehensionthesamewhetherapersonreadsatextonscreenoronpaper?Andarelisteningtoand

viewingcontentaseffectiveasreadingthewrittenwordwhencoveringthesamematerial?Theanswerstoboth

questionsarcoften“no."Thereasonsrelatetoavarietyoffactors,includingreducedconcentration,an

entertainmentmindset（心态）andaTendencytomultitaskwhileconsumingdigitalcontent.

Whenreadingtextsofseveralhundredwordsormore,learningisgenerallymoresuccessfulwhenit'son

paperthanonscreen.Alargeamountofresearchconfirmsthisfinding.Thebenefitsofprintreadingparticularly

shinethroughwhenexperimentersmovefromposingsimpletasks-likeidentifyingthemainideainareading

passage-toonesthatrequirementalabstraction-suchasdrawinginferencesfromatext.

Thedifferencesbetweenprintanddigitalreadingresultsarcpartlyrelatedtopaper'sphysicalproperties.With

paper,thereisaliterallayingonofhands,alongwiththevisualgeographyofdistinctpages.Peopleoftenlinktheir

memoryofwhatthey'vereadtohowfarintothebookitwasorwhereitwasonthepage.

Butequallyimportantisthementalaspect.Readingresearchershaveproposedatheorycalled"shallowing

hypothesis（假说）Accordingtothistheory,peopleapproachdigitaltextswithamindsetsuitedtosocialmedia,

whichareoftennotsoserious,anddevotelessmentaleffortthanwhentheyarereadingprint.

Audio（音频）andvideocanfeelmoreengagingthantext,andsouniversityteachersincreasinglyturntothese

technologies-say,assigninganonlinetalkinsteadofanarticlebythesameperson.However,psychologistshave

demonstratedthatwhenadultsreadnewsstories,theyremembermoreofthecontentthaniftheylistentoorview

identicalpieces.

Digitaltexts,audioandvideoallhaveeducationalroles,especiallywhenprovidingresourcesnotavailablein

print.However,formaximizinglearningwherementalfocusandreflectionarecalledfor,educatorsshouldn't

assumeallmediaarethesame,evenwhentheycontainidenticalwords.

28.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase4tshinethrough“inparagraph2mean?

A.Seemunlikelytolast.B.Seemhardtoexplain.

C.Becomereadytouse.D.Becomeeasytonotice.

29.Whatdoestheshallowinghypothesisassume?

A.Readerstreatdigitaltextslightly.

B.Digitaltextsarcsimplertounderstand.

C.Peopleselectdigitaltextsrandomly.

D.Digitaltextsarcsuitableforsocialmedia.

30.Whyareaudioandvideoincreasinglyusedbyuniversityteachers?

A.Theycanholdstudents'attention.

B.Theyaremoreconvenienttoprepare.

C.Theyhelpdevelopadvancedskills.

D.Theyaremoreinformativethantext.

31.Whatdoestheauthorimplyinthelastparagraph?

A.Studentsshouldapplymultiplelearningtechniques.

RTeachersshouldproducetheirownteachingmaterial

C.Printtextscannotbeentirelyreplacedineducation.

D.Educationoutsidetheclassroomcannotbeignored.

【2024全国甲卷】

“Ididn'tliketheending,M1saidtomyfavoritecollegeprofessor.Itwasmyjunioryearofundergraduate,and

IwasdoinganindependentstudyonVictorianliterature.IhadjustfinishedreadingTheMillontheFlossby

GeorgeEliot,andIwasheartbrokenwiththeending.Prof.Gracie,withallhispatience,askedmetothinkaboutit

beyondwhetherIlikeditornot.HesuggestedIthinkaboutthedifferencebetweenendingsthatIwantedfbrthe

charactersandendingsthatwererightfbrthecharacters,endingsthatsatisfiedthestoryeveniftheydidn'thavea

tracitionallypositiveoutcome.Ofcourse,IwouldhavepreferredadifferentendingfbrTomandMaggieTulliver,

buttheendingtheygotdidmakethemostsenseforthem.

Thiswasanahamomentfbrme,andIneverthoughtaboutendingsthesamewayagain.Fromthenon,ifI

wantedtoreadanendingguaranteedtobehappy,I'dpickupaloveromance.IfIwantedanendingIcouldn't

guess,I'dpickupamystery（悬疑小说）.OnewhereIkindofknewwhatwasgoingtohappen,historicalfiction.

Choosingwhattoreadbecameeasier.

Butwritingtheend—that'shard.It,shardforwritersbecauseendingscarrysomuchweightwithreaders.You

havetobalancecreatinganendingthat'sunpredictable,butdoesn'tseemtocomefromnowhere,onethatfits

what'srightforthecharacters.

That'swhythisissue（期）ofWriter'sDigestaimstohelpyoufigureouthowtowritethebestendingfbr

whateverkindofwritingyou'redoing.Ifit'sshortstories,PeterMountfordbreaksdownsixtechniquesyoucantry

toseewhichonehelpsyoustickthelanding.ElizabethSimsanalyzesthefinalchaptersoffivegreatnovelstosee

whatkeypointstheyincludeandhowyoucanadaptthemfbryourwork.

Thisissuewon'ttellyouwhatyourendingshouldbe-that'suptoyouandthestoryyou'retelling-buit

mightprovidewhatyouneedtoget:here.

32.WhydidtheauthorgotoProf.Gracie?

A.Todiscussanovel.B.Tosubmitabookreport.

C.Toarguefbrawriter.D.Toaskfbrareadinglist.

33.WhatdidtheauthorrealizeafterseeingGracie?

A.Writingisamatterofpersonalpreferences.

B.Readersareoftenearnedawaybycharacter.

C.Eachtypeofliteraturehasitsuniqueend.

D.Astorywhichbeginswellwillendwell.

34.Whatisexpectedofagoodending?

AItsatisfiesreaders'taste.B.Itfitswiththestorydevelopment.

C.Itisusuallypositive.D.Itisopenfbrimagination.

35.WhydoestheauthormentionPeterMountfordandElizabethSims?

A.Togiveexamplesofgreatnovelists.B.Tostressthethemeofthisissue.

C.Toencouragewritingfbrthemagazine.D.Torecommendtheirnewbooks.

【2023全国乙卷】

Ifyouwanttotellthehistoryofthewholeworld,ahistorythatdoesnotprivilegeonepartofhumanity,you

cannotdoitthroughtextsalone,becauseonlysomeoftheworldhaseverhadtexts,whilemostoftheworld,fbr

mostofthetime,hasnot.Writingisoneofhumanity'slaterachievements,anduntilfairlyrecentlyevenmany

literate（有文字的）societiesrecordedtheirconcernsnotonlyinwritingbutinthings.

Ideallyahistorywouldbringtogethertextsandobjects,andsomechaptersofthisbookarcabletodojustthat,

butinmanycaseswesimplycan't.Theclearestexampleofthisbetweenliterateandnon-literatehistoryisperhaps

thefirstconflict,atBotanyBay,betweenCaptainCook'svoyageandtheAustralianAboriginals.FromtheEnglish

side,wehavescientificreportsandthecaptain'srecordofthatterribleday.FromtheAustralianside,wehaveonly

awoodenshield（盾）droppedbyamaninflightafterhisfirstexperienceofgunshot.Ifwewanttoreconstructwhat

wasactuallygoingonthatday,theshieldmustbequestionedandinterpretedasdeeplyandstrictlyasthewritten

reports.

Inadditiontotheproblemofmiscomprehensionfrombo:hsides,therearevictoriesaccidentallyor

deliberatelytwisted,especiallywhenonlythevictorsknowhowtowrite.Thosewhoarconthelosingsideoften

haveonlytheirthingstotelltheirstories.TheCaribbeanTaino,theAustralianAboriginals,theAfricanpeopleof

BeninandtheIncas,allofwhomappearinthisbook,canspeaktousnowoftheirpastachievementsmost

pov/erfullythroughtheobjectstheymade:ahistorytoldthroughthingsgivesthembackavoice.Whenweconsider

contact（联系）betweenliterateandnon-literatesocietiessuchasthese,allourfirst-handaccountsarenecessarily

twisted,onlyonehalfofadialogue.Ifwearetofindtheotherhalfofthatconversation,wehavetoreadnotjustthe

texts,buttheobjects.

32.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?

A.Howpasteventsshouldbepresented.B.Whathumanityisconcernedabout.

C.Whetherfactsspeaklouder