动力传动技术难点分析外文文献翻译、中英文翻译

附录APowertransmissiontechnologydifficultyanalysis1AndpowersystemworkingcharacteristicsElectricvehiclehastheadvantagesmainlyinthefollowingaspects:(1)Comparedwiththesamekindofcarengineemissionreduction.(2)Themotorasauxiliarypower,tomaketheenginecanplayingoodconditions,theefficiencyofworkandthroughtherecyclingbrakingenergy,improvethevehicle'sfueleconomy.(3)Bydecreaseengineloadreducesthenoise.(4)Transformedatpresentonlygasstations,doesnotneedtoinvestinnewfuelloading.2,Planetrowthecharacteristicofstructureseries(1)Theengineisalwaysinthebestconditiondrivinggenerators,sohighefficiency,energysavingeffect,havecertainemissions,reducepollutionandlow;(2)Installedtheengine-generator,flowingenergyfeedtothetractionmotor,comparedwiththeelectriccartripmileageimprovedsignificantly;(3)Controlsystemfunction,structureissimple,especiallytheoperationcontrolonlygeneratoraccordingtothestoragebatterycharginganddischargingstatedecidedtopowerorstopped.3.Selectionstrategy3.1AmotorvehiclesinChinaforthedevelopmentofhasjuststarted,tospeedupthedevelopmentofthehybridproductsinChina,theresearchanduseforreferenceforeignresultsisverynecessary.Powersystemselectioninhybriddevelopinginapositionofimportance.Becauseofthedifferentcontrolstrategyisbasedonahybriddrivesystemformakingandoptimization.Cansaypowersystemstructuretypesoftheoptiontodecidethehybridofresearchanddevelopment,therelationshipbetweenkeydevelopmentprogressandproductthelevel,isthemostimportantofHEVdevelopmentandthekeystep.Sothedevelopmentmustbeindeepresearchofcarefulanalysisandweightheadvantagesanddisadvantages,andonthebasisofthestructureofthepowersystemtypemakediscreetchoice.Inthedevelopmentofcomprehensivecoordinationperformanceshouldbeadvanced,technicalcomplexityandcostsandmaintenancecost,accordingtotherelationshipbetweentheuseofcarsconditionsandtheirtechnicalconditions,choosetomeettheperformanceofbothmustbeadvanced,andnotbeyondthecurrenttechnologyconditions,andthepriceandmaintenancecostsformarketacceptabletothepowersystemtype.Therefore,itisnecessarytoconsiderthefollowingfactors:(1)Motordrivepowersystembasedonparticularconditioncommonlycarryonthedesign.Thisisbecausemostofthepowersystemismoresensitivetoworkingconditions,differentoperatingconditionsoftheperformancedifferenceisverybig,onlyinspecificconditionstobefullylowoilconsumption,lowemissionadvantages.(2)Differenttypesofhybriddifferencesbetweenperformanceisveryclear,intheselectionofthepowersystemmustbecausedbythedifferencebetweenperformancetostructuresufficientattention.Ifdemandishighforaccelerationperformance,itisnecessarytochooseequippedwiththestructureofpeakpowerregulatortype;Iftheeconomytoohard,tandem,wecannotbetherightchoice.(3)Thetechnicalconditions,inadditiontodevelopingtheconditionsandpoweroutside,stillincludeindustrialbase.StressedbecauseofsomecommonindustrialbaseofpowersysteminChina,thecomponentsoftheproductlevelcannotmeettherequirementsorstillcannotproduction.Intheactualproductdevelopmentwillalwayshaveacertainschedule,ifthetechnologyconditionscannotbe,itwillbedifficulttoguaranteeforachievingthedevelopmentplan.Necessarytoexploreforhistechnicalconditionsespeciallyindustrialbaseofhybridstructuretypes,advocatestructureinnovation.(4)Openpowersystemistopointtotheneedtofurtherdevelopthespace.Productperformanceisagraduallyperfectprocess,thesamedevelopmentworkmightnotonepacereachsthedesignatedposition,alsoneedtohavebeentheperfect.Inthespecificdevelopmentworkshouldbefollowedfromthesimpletothecomplex,fromeasytodifficulttrainofthought,tochoosethetechnicalconditionsofthelowrequiredappropriatesimplestructure,development.(5)Thestructureofthepowersystemofhybridcostimpact,thisisbecausedifferenttypesofpowersystemforthekindsofcomponents,thequantityandtheperformancerequirementsthedifferenceisverybig.Andthekindsofcomponents,thequantityandtheperformanceindexistheeffectofthemainfactorsofhybridcosts.Selectionshouldalsoconsidertheuseandmaintenancecosts,themorecomplexstructure,thehigherfailurerate,useandmaintenancecostishigher.PriceandmaintenanceexpensesdirectlyrelatedtotheindustrializationofHEV,ifcan'tindustrialization,canprovidethenecessaryforfurtherdevelopmentofthecapital,itwillbedifficulttopromoteandraisingtheleveloftechnologytoimprovetheperformanceof.Infact,thefineperformancebutbecausethepricetoohightocommercialization,andevenforcedtogiveupthedevelopmentofHEVexamplesnotrarelyseen,weshouldnotrepeatit.Inviewofourcountryatpresentthecity'sairpollutionproblemsandoilshortagesareveryserious,andthetechnologicalbasisofweak,preferencehybridsystemshouldberelativelysimplestructure,applicabletogeneralcitymodeofthestructureandtheworkingconditionbetweenthecitiesseriesofparallelstructure,andtobusesandcarsasakeydevelopmenttargets.Ita:ahybridcarenginestartingonandoff,makefrequentdrivingsystemandaccessories(suchasairconditioningandpowersteering,etc)ofpowermanagementiscomplicated,soneedadvanceddetectionandcontrolsystem;TheexistingtoheatengineprimarilyhybridunitinthefuelintoYouYongGongatthesametime,needstoimprovetheefficiencyofconversion,andalsotomeetstrictemissionstandard.Second:energystoragedevice(battery)tohavehigherthanpower,tomeetthecaracceleratedandclimbingtotheneedofhighpowerwhen;Atthesametime,energystoragedevicemustuseheatcontrolmanagement,wanttohavehigherthanenergy,longservicelifeandlowproductioncost.Third:mustreducethesizeofthepowerelectronicsdevice,reducethequalityandreduceproductioncost.Its4:needtobuildamoreadvanceddrivingsystemmathematicalmodel(includingstaticanddynamic),isthisthecomputersimulationandanalysisofthefoundation.Its5:makeperfecthybridcarsofrelevantstandardsandregulations,forhybridcars,whichlaidthefoundationofthemarket.3.2ElectricdrivesystemandcaraccessoriesTomakeahybridcarofthepower,economy,comfort,safetyandconveniencetoconsumerscanacceptablelevel,theremustbeefficientandeconomicpowerdrivesystemandcaraccessories.However,thesystemofsomecomponentsinthetraditionalcarwithoutacorrespondingparts,soneedtodevelopmentdesign.Indevelopmentatthesametime,wanttoconsiderthesystemsynthesisperformance,costsandmaintenanceperformance.1)Motorinahybridcar,motoristheroleofthegeneratororenergystoragedeviceprovideelectricalenergyintomechanicalenergyisusedtodrivethewheels.Andthetraditionalautomobiledifferentis,motorspeedcanprovideinfull,andenginetorquemustbetowaituntil"mad"canonlyoutputloadedwithtorque.Thismakeshybridcarshaveexcellentstartingandacceleratingperformance.Inaddition,usedforahybridcarmotormusthavegoodcontrollabilityandfaulttolerance,andlownoise,highefficiency,andisnotsensitivetothevoltagefluctuationsandperformance.Usedforahybridcarmotortypehasacinductionmotor,permanentmagnetmotorandswitchedreluctancemotor.Atpresentthetypicalisacinductionmotor,butthiskindofmotorarebornisdifficulttosolvethecontradictionbetweenpowerandefficiency.Therefore,weneedtostudyoutcanbeusedforhybridcars,havehigherefficiencyandpowerdensityofpermanentmagnetmotor,switchedreluctancemotor,andotheradvancedmotor,toreplacecurrentuseofacinductionmotor.Atthesametimeforthemotorcontrolmethodandthecoolingsystemresearchalsoshouldgofurther.2)Regenerativebraking,thiskindofhybridcarscanrecyclebrakingenergyconsumptionpartof.Whenahybridcarbrake,motor,generator,usingcarsintothekineticenergytoproduceelectricity,andcanbestoredinbatteryinitforlater.Inhybridcars,therearemanyformofenergycanbeusedastheregenerativebrakingenergystoragedevice,suchashigh-speedflywheel,supercapacitor,elasticdeviceandallkindsofthermalsystem,etc.Ofcourse,thetraditionalfrictionbrakingisnecessary,soyouneedtoconsiderhowtotwosetsofbrakingequipmentreasonableuse,reasonable,andtheproblemsofcontrol.Braking,theelectroniccontrolsystemoftheregenerativebrakingandfrictionbrakingsystematthesametime,thebrakingperformancewillbeimproved.3)Caraccessories,anystyleofcartogetconsumersandallmustconsiderthecarcomfort.Theautomobileair-conditioningaccessoriescanimprovethecarofcomfort,butenergyuseisverybig,ifnotreducetheload,theywillbefortheautomobilefueleconomyhaveahugeimpact.So,whetherinthecaratthesametime,improvethecomforttoimprovefueleconomyisatpresenttoinnovationofresearch.Traditionalbusattachmentssystemontheenginedesign,notforhybridcarsdrivesystem.Forexample,thetraditionalautomobileaccessories(suchasaircondition,powersteering,etc)bytheenginedrive,butbecausethehybridcarenginesarenotalwayswork,needtodesignandproductioncantheindependentpoweredaccessories.Belikeagain,becauseahybridcarenginefrequentlystartingandclose,makeitsdrivesystemandaccessoriesforthepowermanagementcomplicated,needtohaveamoreadvancedmonitoringandcontrolsystem.3.3AhybridcarsimulationtechnologyIntheresearchanddevelopmentofahybridcarcomponentsandchoosethebeststructure,needtodesignandmakercanquicklyreduceresearchscope,findtechnicalbreakthrough.Technicalschemeselectionstages,inthesystemthechoice,canrelyonefficientmodelingtoolscomputer,throughthealternateuseofcandidatesubsystemssimulation,soastofindthebestsolutions.Computermodelsforeachcandidatesubsystemprovidesadetailedspecificationsanddesignparameters,andconvenienttothedesigner'swork,butalsotomakemodelfordesigningandmanufacturingengineeringtargetandplan.Now,theresponsibleforelectriccarsandhybridvehiclesstandardsandregulationsistheorganizationoftheinternationalelectrotechnicalcommission(IEC),theinternationalorganizationforstandardization(ISO),theAmericanautoengineersassociation(SAE),etc.Forourcountry,becauseofhybridcarsarealreadyintheexperimentalstage,andallthestandardsworkshouldbegincorresponding.ForfuturewillappearDuoZhongdrivingcarcoexistence,carstandardswillalsoneedtoconsiderthetraditionalautomobile,hybridcarsandpureelectricvehiclethecomparabilitybetweenuniversalityand.附录B动力传动技术难点分析1、动力系统工作特点动力汽车所具备的优点主要表现在以下几个方面：(1)与同类发动机车型相比,排放降低。(2)由于以电动机作为辅助动力，使发动机能够在发挥良好效率的工况下工作，并且通过回收制动能量，提高了整车的燃料经济性。(3)通过减小发动机负荷降低了噪声。(4)只需改造目前的加油站，不必重新投资建设新的燃料供应站。2、行星排串联式结构的特点(1)发动机总是在最佳工况下驱动发电机，因此效率高，有一定节能效果，排放亦低，减少了污染；(2)安装了发动机—发电机组，源源不断地将电能输送给牵引电机，与电动汽车相比行驶里程有显著的提高；(3)控制系统功能、结构比较简单，特别是发电机运行的控制只需根据蓄电池充放电状态决定发电或停止。3.选型策略3.1我国一电机为动力汽车的研制开发才刚刚起步，为加快我国混合动力产品的开发,研究和借鉴国外的成果是十分必要的。动力系统选型在混合动力开发中处于重要的地位。因为控制策略是根据不同的混合动力驱动系统进行制定和优化。可以说动力系统结构型式的选择决定了混合动力研究开发的重点,关系着开发的进度和产品的水平，是HEV开发中首要的和关键的一步。因此研究开发时必须在深入调研、仔细分析和权衡利弊的基础上,对动力系统的结构类型作出慎重的选择。在开发中应综合协调性能先进性、技术复杂性和成本及维护费用之间的关系,根据车辆的使用条件和自己的技术条件，选择既能够满足一定的性能先进性，又不超出目前技术条件，并且价格与维护费用能为市场所接受的动力系统结构类型。为此需要考虑以下因素：(1)电机传动动力系统一般基于特定工况进行设计。这是因为多数动力系统对工况比较敏感,不同工况性能差别很大,只有在特定的工况下才能充分发挥低油耗、低排放的优点。(2)不同类型的混合动力之间性能差异十分明显,在选型时必须对由动力系统结构引发的性能差异给予充分关注。如果对加速性能要求高，就有必要选择配有峰值功率调节器的结构型式；如果对经济性要求苛刻，串联式就难以成为合适的选择。(3)所谓技术条件,除研究开发的条件和力量外,还包括工业基础。强调工业基础是因为对一些常见的动力系统的部件,我国的产品水平还不能满足需要或尚无法生产。进行实际的产品开发总会有一定的进度要求，如果技术条件无法保证，就难以实现预定开发目标。有必要探索适合自己技术条件尤其是工业基础的混合动力结构型式，提倡结构创新。(4)开放性是指动力系统需要进一步完善的空间。产品性能是一个逐步完善的过程，同样开发工作也不可能一步到位，也需要进行不断的完善。在具体开发工作中应该遵循由简单到复杂、由易到难的思路，先选择对技术条件要求较低、适当简单的结构进行开发。(5)动力系统的结构对混合动力成本影响很大，这是因为不同类型的动力系统对部件的种类、数量和性能要求差别很大。而部件的种类、数量和性能指标是影响混合动力成本的主要因素。选型时还应考虑使用、维护费用，结构越复杂，故障率越高，使用和维护费用也越高。价格和使用维护费用直接关系到HEV的产业化，如果不能产业化，就不能为进一步开发提供必要的资金，也就难以促进技术水平的提高和性能的改善。事实上，性能优良但因价格过高而无法商业化、甚至被迫放弃的HEV开发实例并不鲜见，我们不应重蹈覆辙。鉴于我国目前城市空气污染问题和石油短缺问题都十分严重,而且技术基础较为薄弱的情况,优先选择的混合动力系统应为结构相对简单,适用于普通城市工况的串联式结构和城市间工况的并联式结构,并以公共汽车和轿车作为重点开发对象。其一:混合动力汽车发动机频繁起动和关闭,使驱动系统和附件(如空调和动力转向等)的电能管理变得复杂,因此需要先进的检测和控制系统;现有的以热力发动机为主的混合动力单元在将燃油转化为有用功的同时,需要提高转化效率,同时还要满足严格的排放标准。其二:能量存储装置(电池)要具有较高的比功率,以满足汽车加速和爬坡时对大功率的需要;同时,能量存储装置必须采用热能控制管理,要有较高的比能量、较长的使用寿命和低廉的制造成本。其三:必须减小电力电子器件的尺寸,减轻质量和降低制造成本。其四:需要建立更先进的驱动系统数学模型(包括静态的和动态的),