第三讲　主旨大意题-不被“浮云”遮眼

第三讲主旨大意题——不被“浮云”遮眼主旨大意题是阅读理解中考生失分较多的题型，因其既考查略读领会大意能力，也对归纳概括能力要求高。该题型无明显解题依据，需抽取提炼关键词、主题句加工概括，故切勿草率作答，需读完读通文章再判定，建议放到最后做。此类题型可分为三大类，即标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落大意题。题型一标题归纳题——文章主线定标题标题归纳题要求在理解文章的基础上，结合文章的体裁和结构，从所给选项中选出适合文章的标题。注意最佳标题的特点：精准性强，不改变原文的意义和感情色彩；覆盖性强，能概括全文并体现文章的主旨。知答题方略明命题方式1.Whichisthemostsuitabletitleforthetext？2.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext？3.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage？4.Whichofthefollowingcanserveasthebesttitleforthepassage？[典例1](2025·全国二卷阅读C)WhenSonjaDetrinidadopenedheronlineshopsellinghouseplants,shedidn'thavehighhopesforit.Buttheoppositehappened:Shewasflooded,shippingout1，200ordersinJuneof2020alone.Inthepastyear,Detrinidadsentoutmorethan70，000plants.Hersuccessis_justoneexampleofincreasedtimeathomeleadingtoanexplosioninthehouseplantindustry.“Plantsareinfashionrightnow，”saysDr.MelindaKnuth,aresearcherfromtheUniversityofFlorida．“Peoplewholiveinplant-richenvironmentsreportahigherlifesatisfactionrating，”shesays.“Addingmorenaturetoourenvironmentcanchangeourmoodandhowwethink．”Plantscanimproveourstateofmindinafewwaysbutthebiggestisbydecreasingourlevelofcortisol,thestresshormone(激素)inourbody.“Studentswhoarearoundplantsperformbetteracademicallythanstudentswhoareinaclassroomwithoutplants，”saysKnuth.“Thisproductivityalsotranslatesintotheworkplaceforadults.Ourstudyshowedthattherewasa30%decreaseinsickleaveforpeoplewhowereinplant-richworkplaces．”If_you're_among_the_groups_of_people_who_are_enjoying_the_mental_and_physical_health_benefits_of_surrounding_yourself_with_plants,_don't_beat_yourself_up_if_one_(or_a_few！)_doesn't_make_it.“Doctorspracticemedicineandlawyerspracticelawandyoushouldallowyourselfthepracticeittakestosustainaplant.Tendingtoplantsisanexerciseinpatienceandlearning.Beinvestedintakingcareofit,butifitdies,gogetanotherone，”Detrinidadsays.31．Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A．TimetoReplaceHouseplantsB．PlantsBoostYourMoodC．TipsonChoosingHouseplantsD．PlantsBrightenYourHome解题示范第一步：读文章，理清结构段落内容概述Para．1当索尼娅·德等里尼达德开设她的网上植物销售店时，对这些植物并不抱太大希望，但实际情况却恰恰相反，订单增多。Para．2佛罗里达大学的研究员发现：植物可以通过多种方式改善我们的心理状态。Para．3研究显示：在植物丰富的环境中的学生在学业上的表现要比身处无植物教室中的学生更出色。Para．4要学会培养照料植物的技能，这是一个漫长的过程。第二步：细揣摩，概括文意本文是一篇说明文。文章从一个室内植物网店销售火爆说起，介绍了绿植对人们情绪和思维影响的相关研究，倡导栽培室内植物的健康生活。核心价值取向：体现了人与自然之间的相互关系，植物对人的情绪的影响。第三步：分析选项，斟酌判断A是时候更换室内植物了。文中虽提到植物可能养死，但重点并非强调更换，主要围绕植物带来的益处等。以偏概全，主次不分B植物提升你的情绪。文章阐述植物能改善情绪(如降低压力激素、提升生活满意度等)、对学业和工作表现有积极影响等，“提升情绪”是植物诸多益处的概括，能体现文章核心。涵盖性强，统领全文C选择室内植物的小贴士。全文未涉及选择室内植物的相关建议。无中生有，生搬硬套D植物点亮你的家。文中未着重描述植物对家居环境“点亮”的作用，重点在植物对身心健康有益处。偏离主旨，移花接木[自主解答]题型二文章大意题——定位主题知文意文章大意题是考查考生深层理解文章以及在速读中准确定位文章主旨大意的能力。文章中的每一段都是围绕某一主题展开的，把每个段落的主题句综合起来就可以概括出全文的中心思想。知答题方略明命题方式1.Whatisthemaintheme/topic/ideaofthis/thepassage/text？2.Whatdoesthetext/passagemainlyfocuson？3.Thepassage/textismainlyabout________．4.Themainideaofthepassageis________．5.Whatdoesthestorymainlytellus？[典例2](2024·新课标Ⅱ卷阅读C)Weallknowfreshisbestwhenitcomestofood.However，mostproduceatthestorewentthroughweeksoftravelandcoveredhundredsofmilesbeforereachingthetable.Whilefarmer'smarketsareasolidchoicetoreducethejourney，BabylonMicro-Farm(BMF)shortensitevenmore.BMFisanindoorgardensystem.Itcanbesetupforafamily.Additionally，itcouldservealargeraudiencesuchasahospital，restaurantorschool.Theinnovativedesignrequireslittleefforttoachieveareliableweeklysupplyoffreshgreens.Specifically，it'safarmthatreliesonnewtechnology.ByconnectingthroughtheCloud，BMFisremotelymonitored.Also，thereisaconvenientappthatprovidesgrowingdatainrealtime.Becausethesystemisautomated，itsignificantlyreducestheamountofwaterneededtogrowplants.Ratherthanwateringrowsofsoil，thesystemprovidesjusttherightamounttoeachplant.Afterharvest，userssimplyreplacetheplantswithanewpre-seededpod(容器)togetthenextgrowthcyclestarted.Moreover，havingasysteminthesamebuildingwhereit'seatenmeanszeroemissions(排放)fromtransportingplantsfromsoiltosalad.Inaddition，there'snoneedforpesticidesandotherchemicalsthatpollutetraditionalfarmsandthesurroundingenvironment.BMFemployeesliveoutsustainabilityintheireverydaylives.Abouthalfofthemwalkorbiketowork.Insidetheoffice,theyencouragerecyclingandwastereductionbylimitinggarbagecansandavoidingsingle-useplastic.“Wearepassionateaboutreducingwaste,carbonandchemicalsinourenvironment，”saidaBMFemployee.31．Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?A．BMF'smajorstrengths.B．BMF'sgeneralmanagement.C．BMF'sglobalinfluence.D．BMF'stechnicalstandards.解题示范第一步：读文章，理清结构第二步：细揣摩，概括文意本文是一篇说明文，围绕“室内微型种植系统BabylonMicro-Farm(BMF)”展开，通过清晰的逻辑层次介绍其核心价值与特点，传递可持续发展理念。第三步：分析选项，斟酌判断ABMF的主要优势。文章围绕BMF展开，介绍了其能缩短食物运输距离、适用场景广泛、依托新技术高效运作、具有环保价值等多方面优势，这些都是其主要优势的体现。涵盖性强，统领全文BBMF的综合管理。全文未涉及BMF的综合管理相关内容，如人员管理、运营管理等方面均未提及。无中生有，生搬硬套CBMF的全球影响力。文中仅介绍了BMF自身的特点和优势，以及员工的相关实践，并未提到其在全球范围内产生的影响。偏离主旨，无中生有DBMF的技术标准。文章虽提到BMF依靠新技术，有云端监控、实时数据等技术特征，但这只是其中一部分内容，不能概括全文，仅为文章的局部信息。以偏概全，主次不分[自主解答]题型三段落大意题——首尾兼顾定段意段落大意题主要考查段落的主要意思，是对某个段落基本内容的简缩和概括。概括、总结、归纳段落大意就是用准确、简练的语言把一个段落的主要意思明确而完整地表达出来。知答题方略明命题方式1.Whatisthefirst/second/...paragraphmainlyabout？2.Whatdoesparagraph...mainlytalkabout？3.Whatdoesthewritertrytoexpressinparagraph...？[典例3](2025·全国二卷阅读D)ItshouldbenotedthatnoneoftheitemsonwastED'smenuwastechnicallymadefromgarbage.Instead,alltheingredients(配料)usedwereexamplesofmeatcutsandproducethatmostrestaurantswouldneverconsiderserving.Thingslikekaleribs,fishcollars,rejectedsweetpotatoes,andcucumberbuttswereallre-appropriatedand,withthehelpofanumberofgoodchefs,turnedintoexcellentcuisine.34．WhatisParagraph5mainlyabout?A．Whytheingredientswereused.B．Whichdisheswerebestliked.C．Whatthedishesweremadeof.D．Wheretheingredientswerebought.解题示范第一步：读文章，理清结构第二步：细揣摩，概括段意wastED菜单上的菜品并非由垃圾制成，而是使用了大多数餐厅不会考虑供应的肉类和农产品(如羽衣甘蓝茎、鱼collar、被拒收的红薯、黄瓜头)，这些食材在优秀厨师的加工下被重新利用，变成了美味佳肴。整体来看，段落以“否定误解—明确事实—举例佐证”的逻辑递进，层层解释wastED菜单食材的本质与价值。第三步：分析选项，斟酌判断A段落中未提及使用这些配料的原因，如为何选择这些大多数餐厅不考虑的食材等相关内容均未涉及。无中生有，生搬硬套B段落中没有提到哪些菜品最受欢迎，未涉及菜品的受欢迎程度相关信息。无中生有，生搬硬套C段落明确指出wastED菜单上的菜品并非由垃圾制成，而是使用大多数餐厅不会选用的肉类和农产品，并列举了羽衣甘蓝茎、鱼collar等具体食材，说明这些食材经加工成为佳肴，核心就是介绍菜品的制作原料。涵盖性强，统领该段D文中没有关于这些配料购买地点的描述，未涉及相关信息无中生有，生搬硬套[自主解答]练重点练难点创新应用体验A(2025·河北模拟)GukeshDommaraju,fromChennai,India,hasbeenplayingchesssincehewasabout7yearsoldandturnedprofessionalat10.By12,hebecameachessgrandmaster,thehighesttitleachessplayercanreach.Overthelastfewyears,hehashadnumeroussuccesses.InApril2024,heemergedvictoriousintheCandidatesTournament,qualifyinghimtochallengetheworldchampion,DingLiren.Theworldchesschampionisdecidedbyaseriesof14gamesbetweenthechampionandthechallenger.Playersearn1pointforwinningagameandahalfpointforeverydrawn(tied)game.Towin,aplayermustearn7.5points.EventhoughDingwastheworldchampion,manypeoplethoughtGukeshmightwin,asDinghadbeenstruggling,withnowinssinceJanuary.Despitethis,Dingquicklytooktheleadbywinningthefirstgame.However,Gukeshbegantoplaybetter,winningGame3andcontinuingtoperformwell.TheplayerstiedeverygameafterthatuntilGukeshwonGame11.DingthentookGame12.AfterGame13endedinadraw,thematchwastiedat7.5pointseach,settingupthefinalgameasthedecider.Inthelastgame,GukeshandDingplayedforalmostfivehours.Onthe55thmove,Dingmadeaseriousmistake,whichlefthim“totallyinshock”.ThisallowedGukeshtoexchangesomepiecesandgainanadvantage,leadingtohisvictory.Dingcongratulatedthenewchampion,andGukeshwassohappythathecried.ManypeoplehavecongratulatedGukeshonhisvictory.IndianPrimeMinisterNarendraModisaidthatGukesh'svictoryhad“inspiredmillionsofyoungmindstodreambig”．Despitebeingtheworldchampion,Gukeshremainsfocusedonimprovinghisgame.“BecomingtheworldchampiondoesnotmeanIamthebestplayer，”hesaid.HehopesonedaytobeasstrongachessplayerasMagnusCarlsen,whowasworldchampionfor10yearsandisstillrankedNo.1intheworld.1．WhatearnedGukeshthechancetochallengeDing?A．Thehighesttitlehehasreached.B．Hispassionforplayingchess.C．WinningCandidatesTournament.D．Theageatwhichhecompeted.2．WhatcanbeinferredfromParagraph3?A．Thegamewasfiercelycontested.B．GukeshhadanadvantageoverDing.C．GukeshandDinggotthesamefinalpoint.D．Dingmadenowinsinthewholegame.3．WhichofthefollowingcanbestdescribeGukesh?A．Generousandcaring.B．Humbleandinspiring.C．Confidentandoutgoing.D．Humorousanddetermined.4．WhatdoesthetextmainlyhighlightaboutGukesh?A．Theimpactofhisvictoryonyoungminds.B．Theimportanceofhisearlytraininginchess.C．Thejourneyofhisbecomingaworldchampion.D．ThestrategiesusedbyhimtodefeatDingLiren.B(2025·沈阳质量监测三)Whoeversaysfastfoodisunhealthyforthebodyandtheenvironmenthasn'tbeenintroducedtoSweetgreen,achainrestaurantcommittedtochanginghowweviewfoodproduction,consumptionandwaste.Inshort,Sweetgreenrepresentsaneweraoffastfood—onethatfocusesonhealthyingredients(原料)andlocalcommunity.ItbeganonAugust1,2007whenthreerecentcollegegraduateslaunchedtheflagshiplocationinWashingtonD.C.Tiredofhavingtochoosebetweenslowbuthealthyfoodoptionsandfoodthatwasfastbutunhealthy,theymadeacommitmenttoofferingqualityandconvenientfoodasabetteroption.Everystepalongthe16-yearjourneyhasbeenfocusedononecentralprinciple.Thecompanyexplainsinitsmissionstatement,“Ourcorevaluesguideouractionsandweaimtoempowerourcustomers,teammembersandpartnerstobeapositiveforceonthefoodsystem.That'swhywe'rebuildingatransparent(透明的)supplynetwork.”Therefore,transparencyisattheveryfoundationofthecompany.Atthetopofthelistofitemscustomerscanexpectfreshingredientsthatarelocallysourcedandorganicwheneverpossible.Evenwiththatgoalinmind,thewords“organic”and“local”wererecentlyremovedfromthemenuinanefforttohonorfulltransparencyininstanceswhereingredientsmayhavetraveledfurtherorcomefromafarmnotofficiallyrecognizedasorganic.Toprovidelocalizedinformation,Sweetgreenrestaurantspostasourceboard.Online,customerscanseespecialsthathighlightlocalfare,suchasLobsterRollSaladinBoston,GarlicChiliShrimpBowlinHoustonandCitrusShrimpandAvocadoinMiami.Inordertoprotecttheenvironment,Sweetgreenfocusesonselectingfoodsthatareregionallysourcedandsustainablygrown.ThecompanyalsolooksforagriculturaloperationsthatrelyonregenerativefarmingpracticesthatbenefittheenvironmentandSweetgreencustomers.Bycooperatingwithlocalfarmerswhoprioritizewaterconservation,theuseofrenewableenergyandorganicmethods,etc.,Sweetgreencalculatesa50%reductioninthefootprintthatcomesfromprevioussuppliers.“AtSweetgreen,wehaveasaying:Thechoiceswemakeaboutwhatweeat,whereitcomesfrom,andhowit'spreparedhaveadirectandpowerfulimpactonthehealthofindividuals,communitiesandtheenvironment.Today,withthefutureoftheplanetatrisk,thesewordshaveneverrungmoretrue，”saidthecompany.5．WhatproblemaboutfooddidSweetgreenaimtosolveinitially?A．Thecomplexprocessofproduction.B．Thetime-consumptionofpackaging.C．Thetrade-offbetweenqualityandaccessibility.D．Thehighcostsbetweentransportationandsale.6．WhydidSweetgreenremovethewords“organic”and“local”fromitsmenu?A．Tocutfoodsourcingexpenses.B．Topromotelocalfreshspecials.C．Tosimplifythemenureadability.D．Tohighlightthecentralprinciple.7．WhichwordcanbestdescribeSweetgreen?A．Conservative.B．Conventional.C．Innovative.D．Invariable.8．Whatcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A．Sweetgreen:PopularizingFast-FoodRestaurantsB．Sweetgreen:PioneeringSustainableFoodPracticesC．Sweetgreen:TheNewApproachtoOrganicFarmingD．Sweetgreen:TransparentSupplyandCommunityFocus温馨提示：请完成阅读理解题型分类练(五)～(七)第三讲主旨大意题——不被“浮云”遮眼[典例1]B[典例2]A[典例3]C练重点练难点·创新应用体验A【语篇解读】本文是一篇新闻报道。文章讲述了印度棋手GukeshDommaraju成为世界冠军的历程。1．C细节理解题。根据第一段中“InApril2024,heemergedvictoriousintheCandidatesTournament,qualifyinghimtochallengetheworldchampion,DingLiren.”可知，Gukesh赢得了候选人锦标赛，获得了挑战世界冠军丁立人的机会。故选C。2．A推理判断题。根据第三段可知，这场比赛竞争十分激烈。故选A。3．B推理判断题。根据最后一段中“‘BecomingtheworldchampiondoesnotmeanIamthebestplayer’”可知，即使成