马林诺夫斯基

1、Malinowskis theories，zouni，brief introduction，malino wski(18841942)Is the first important scholar we should mention wwhe was professor of anthrophology at the London school of economics since 1927。As an antopoollogist，he was much concerned with the functions of human languages and stuied languages i

2、n a sociocultural context，ado popthere he observed that in this prime Ive culture the meaning of a word greatly depended upon its occurrence in a given context，or rather，upon，Take the word wood for example。in this culture，The word might be used either To refer To The solid substance of a tree as Eng

3、lish equivalent suggests，or more specifically，Based on the phenom ENA of this kind，malin owski believed that language is to be regarded as a mode of action，Rather than as a counterthis is different from that of sair and whorf，Two anto poologrists in the north America who also thought of the signianc

4、e of culture in their study，according to malin owski，The meaning of an utterance does not come from The ideas of The words comprising it but from its relation to The situationthere is no way to characterize the meaning of utternces on the basis of internal considerations about the language alone .th

5、e meaning o F spoken utternces could always be determined by the context of situation .with this understanding，Malin owski distinguished three types of context of situation，1)situation in which speech interreleal2)narrative situations；3)situations in which a speech is used to fill a speech vacum“pha

6、tic communion”(物理通信)，by the first type of situation，Malin owskiwhen a savage learns The meaning of a word，The process is not accomanied by explanation but by learning to handle it . like wise，a verb，a wws，for the second type of situation，Malin owski further distinguished the situation of the moment

7、of narration and the situationthe first case is made u Intelliantral And emotional attitudes of those present，And the second case derives its meaning from the context resent，the third type of situation refers to cases of language used in free，aimless，Social intercourse 。the meaning of utterance in t

8、his case is just the at mosphere of sociability and that fact of the personal communion of these peo Ple .“malin owski called such utterance”phatic com munition。Kula ring，确认功能论的最好例子Kula ring，kula交易权是马林诺夫斯基在对特洛夫里恩德制度的研究中发现的有趣交换制度。库拉项目由两个类别组成：麻布手镯和红湾项链，是非常昂贵的装饰品。贝比手镯逆时针从一个岛传到另一个岛，雷德贝项链顺时针从一个岛传到另一个岛。但是

9、，这两种东西实际上没有用，但是土著人愿意冒相当大的风险，去实现这种无限循环的循环。在大多数外部人士看来，这是一种看起来不可思议的行为，但马里诺夫斯基相信，这种交换过程依赖信任。信任的原动力是为了交换其他民生物资。因为岛之间的物资有限，相互依赖程度高，所以库拉权的交易过程形成了彼此的信任感，使其他顺带交易成为可能。从库拉园往外推的话，家庭、巫术等所有文化项目都是为了满足社会的个别需要，例如腹部、性欲、恶作剧、信仰等。因此，所有文化项目徐璐整合，不违反徐璐，整体上文化和平稳定。由此，马林诺夫斯基相信，大部分稳定的“野蛮人”文化正在迅速被西方文化所取代。作为人类学家，只有在民族地区迅速进行现场调查记

10、录下这些文化，才能“拯救”这些没有污染的文化人物。因此，他强调了“结构人类学”的重要性，并把学生送到世界各地积极研究的原因之一。in his works coral gardens and their magic published in 1935，malin owski developed his theories on meaning . first，他按压cribed the data forhe argued that isolated words are only imagined linguistic facts，And they are the products of advan

11、ced analytical procedures of linguistics . SSSthe real linguistic data are complete utternces in actual uses of langue Ages。another idea malin owski put forward in this book is that when a certain sounds is used in two different situations，it cannot be called a wordmeaning is not something that exists in sounds，But something that