大学词汇学unit2englishvocabularyppt.ppt

1、Chapter 2,English Vocabulary: - A Historical Perspective,Teaching objectives,English and its family A short history English and its growth Three phrases and characteristics English and its relatives Expansion of English,2.1 Classification of languages,1. Genetic Classification (谱系分类法) Sino-Tibetan(藏

2、汉语系), Indo-European.(印欧语系), Semito-Hamitic （闪含语系), Bantu（班图语系), Uralic（乌拉尔语语系), Altaic （阿尔泰语系）, Malayo-Polynesian （马来-波利尼西亚语系）, Indian （印第安语系）etc.,Indo-European family,Indo-Iranian group(印伊语族): Persian(波斯语), Sanskrit(梵文), Hindi(印地语). Urdu(乌尔都语), Bengali(孟加拉语的) Armenian（亚美尼亚语族): Armenian Slavic（斯拉夫语族

3、）: Russian, polish Hellenic（希腊语族）: Modern Greek Italic（意大利语族）: Latin, Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian Celtic（凯尔特语族）: Gaelic (盖尔语), Welsh, Briton (不列颠) Albanian（阿尔巴尼语族）: Modern Albanian Germanic（日耳曼语族）: English, German, Dutch, Yiddish, the Scandinavian languages（斯堪的纳维亚语）,Sir William Jo

4、nes,Germanic,Germanic West GermanicNorth GermanicEast Germanic EnglishSwedishGothic FrisianDanishVandal GermanNorwegianBurgundian Yiddish (依地语，犹太人的国际语)Icelandic Dutch Afrikaans,English is classified as a Teutonic (日耳曼语) language, that is, a Germanic language. To be exact, English belongs to the low

5、West Germanic branch of the Indo-European family. Thats to say, English belong to the group of languages to which German, Dutch, Danish, Swedish and Norwegian also belong. Chinese belongs to the Sino-Tibetan family.,2.2 The English People and the English Language Overview of Periods of Early English

6、 HistoryPre-History1066 A. D.,Pre-Roman/Pre-Historical up to 55 B. C. (Celts) Roman Occupation 55 B. C. 410 A. D. Anglo-Saxon Period 410 787 A. D. Viking Invasions 787 1066 A. D. Norman Conquest begins in 1066,English and its growth 英国公开大学:10分钟英语史，,Pre-Historical / Pre-Roman,Stonehenge,Pre-Historica

7、l / Pre-Roman,The island we know as England was occupied by a race of people called the Celts. One of the tribes was called Brythons or Britons (where we get the term Britain) The Celts were Pagans (异教徒) and their religion was known as “animism” a Latin word for “spirit.” Celts saw spirits everywher

8、e,Important Events During Roman Occupation,Julius Caesar begins invasion/occupation in 55 B.C. Occupation completed by Claudius (克劳迪亚斯) in 1st cent. A.D. Hadrians (哈德良)Wall built about 122 A.D. Romans “leave” in 410 A.D. because Visigoths (维斯哥特人) attack Rome St. Augustine (奥古斯丁) lands in Kent in 597

9、 and converts King Aethelbert (king of Kent, the oldest Saxon settlement) to Christianity; becomes first Archbishop of Canterbury,Roman Occupation,Hadrians Wall,Hadrians Wall was built by Roman Emperor Hadrian (AD76138) in AD122. Hadrian was experiencing military difficulties in Roman Britain and fr

10、om the peoples of various conquered lands across the Empire, including Egypt, Judea, Libya, Mauretania, and many of the peoples conquered by his predecessor Trajan, so he was keen to impose order. The construction of such an impressive wall wasalso a symbol of Roman power, both in occupied Britain a

11、nd in Rome Hadrians Wall is a stone and timber fortification built by the Roman Empire across the width of what is now northern England. It was the first of two fortifications built across Great Britain, the second being the Antonine Wall in what is now Scotland. Hadrians Wall is the better known of

12、 the two because its physical remains are more evident today.,Important Cultural and Historical Results of the Roman Occupation,Militarystrong armed forces (“legions”古罗马军团) Pushed Celts into Wales and Ireland Infrastructure Government (fell apart when they left) Walls, villas, public baths (some rem

13、ains still exist) Language and Writing Latin was official language Practice of recording history led to earliest English “literature” being documentary Religion Christianity beginning to take hold, especially after St. Augustine converts King Aethelbert,The Most Important Results of the Roman Occupa

14、tion,Latin heavily influenced the English language Relative Peace Christianity begins to take hold in England (but does not fully displace Paganism (非基督教) for several hundred years),The Anglo-Saxon Period410-787,Important Events in the (First) Anglo-Saxon Period,410- 450 Angles and Saxons invade fro

15、m Baltic shores of Germany, and the Jutes(朱特人) invade from the Jutland peninsula in Denmark Nine Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms eventually became the Anglo-Saxon heptarchy (七王国从5世纪到9世纪盎格鲁撒克逊王国的非正式联盟，由肯特、南撒西克斯、西撒西克斯、东撒西克斯、诺森布里亚，东英格兰和麦西亚组成) (England not unified), or “Seven Sovereign Kingdoms”,Anglo-Saxon Heptar

16、chy,Heptarchy = Seven Kingdoms Kent Essex (East Saxon) Sussex (South Saxon) East Anglia Northumbria Mercia Wessex (West Saxon),Viking Invasions 787-1066,Vikings(斯堪的纳维亚人;北欧海盗),By definition, Vikings were sea-faring (explorers, traders, and warriors) Scandinavians during the 8th through 11th centuries

17、. The Anglo-Saxon (and Jute), too, were Scandinavian invaders. However, the Anglo-Saxons were different culturally from the Viking invaders, whose raids began around 787,They were ALL Vikings!,Except for the Celts* and the Romans, all of the cultures who successfully invaded England in the first mil

18、lennium were from Northern Europe at one time or another. The Angles, Saxons, Frisians, and Jutes were from the Baltic region, and the Normans (1066) were primarily from Normandy and had originally been from Norway *the Celts were indigenous (本土的） at the time of the Roman conquest, and are therefore

19、 considered Englands “natives”,Important Results of the Viking Invasions,Politically and Culturally Continued political instability and conflict: no central government or church* The Anglo-Saxon code (Beowulf) Linguistically (The English Language at its Earliest) The English language is “born” durin

20、g the first millennium, known as Old English (OE). Anglo-Saxon is the term for the culture. Old English is mainly Germanic in grammar (syntax and morphology) and lexicon (words) the core of our modern English is vastly influenced by this early linguistic “DNA” (but even Germanic languages derived fr

21、om a theoretical Proto-Indo-European language, the grandparent of classical languages such as Greek, Sanskrit, Latin, and German,LOTS of dialects of Old-English. because there were several separate Kingdoms many founded by essentially five or six different cultures: Angles, Saxons, Frisians, Jutes,

22、Danes, and Swedes Alfred the Great (ruled from approx. 871-899 A.D.) was one of the first Anglo-Saxon kings to push Vikings back; he was one of the first kings to begin consolidating power, unifying several of the separate Anglo-Saxon kingdoms,Early England Created by Three Invasions,1. Roman Occupa

23、tion 55 B.C.-410 A.D.,2. Anglo-Saxon and Viking Invasions 410 1066 A.D.,3. The Norman Invasion (The Battle of Hastings) in 1066 A.D.,LATIN,GERMAN(IC),FRENCH,Norman Invasion,In 1066 at the Battle of Hastings(黑斯廷斯), the Normans (powerful Northern Frenchmen) defeated the English and started a centuries

24、-long conquest of England Two Most Important Effects: French becomes official language of politics and power and exerts enormous influence on Old English England begins unifying under a French political system, much of which is still with us (even in the U.S.) today,The History in Review,Pre-Anglo-S

25、axon (“pre” historical) Celtic Peoples (1700/400 B.C. 55 B.C.) Roman Occupation (55 B.C.-410 A.D.) latin Anglo-Saxon/Viking Angles, Saxons, Frisian, and Jutes (410-787 Viking Raids/Invasions begin 8th c. and end 10th c. old english Norman Invasion/Occupation (the Middle Ages) Battle of Hastings in 1

26、066, then about four centuries of French rule norman french,A Short History of English Language,“How English got to be so hard to study, but is still so beautiful to hear and read”,2.3 The development of English vocabulary,Old English (OE): approximately* 400 A.D. to 1066 Middle English (ME): approx

27、imately 1066-1485 Modern English: approximately 1500-,English = ?,Celtic (from 1700 or 400 B.C. to 55 B.C.) + Latin (from 55 B. C. to 410 A. D.) + German (from 410 A.D. to 1066 A.D.) + French (from 1066 A.D. to 1485 A.D.) = OLD ENGLISH and MIDDLE ENGLISH VERY DIFFICULT LANGUAGE, BUT ONE PERFECT FOR

28、LIMITLESS AND BEAUTIFUL EXPRESSION,2.3.1 The old English period,old English corpus: 2400 different lexical items; About 80% are no longer in use. characteristics: - the frequent use of compounds, an important linguistic feature of Germanic language. - the introduction of a number of loan translation

29、 (lexical items translated part-by-part into another language) ( see Table 2.2 p.24) Old English is highly inflected language. It has a complete system of declensions词尾变化 with four cases and conjunctions. Grammatical relationships in OE are expressed mainly by the use of inflectional endings, which

30、is a typical feature of synthetic language.,2.3.2 The middle English period,The Conquest by the Norman French indicated the end of the Old English Period. The Norman French imposed a new political and cultural life on the land of Anglo-Saxon, and changed greatly the development of the English langua

31、ge. The Norman Conquest virtually introduced French-English bilingualism into England. The English were defeated, but not killed off, nor were they driven from their country. They were reduced to the status of an inferior people. Norman French became the polite speech.,By the end of the 11th century

32、, almost all of the people who held political or social power and many of those in powerful church positions were of Norman French origin. By the end of the 13th century, English gradually came back into the schools, the law courts, and government and regained social status thanks to Wycliff transla

33、tion of the Bible and the writings of Chaucer.,Over 90% of the lexicon was of Anglo-Saxon origin in early ME period. By the end of the ME period, this proportion had fallen to 75%. We can find French words related to every aspect of human society, e.g. Government, social scales, law, religion, moral

34、 matters, military affairs, food ,fashion, etc. Some features: - retained fewer inflection. - grammar gender disappeared -ME is closer to Modern English.,2.3.3 Modern English period,Three main features: - almost complete loss of endings; In modern English, word endings were mostly lost with just a f

35、ew exceptions. English has evolved from a synthetic language to the present analytic language - the unprecedented growth of scientific vocabulary; - the assertion of American English as a dominant variety of the language. .,2.3.3 Modern English period,Subdivision: Early modern English period (1500-1

36、800) Modern English began with the establishment of printing in England. In the early period of Modern English, Europe saw a new upsurge of learning ancient Greek and Roman classics. This is known in history as the Renaissance. Chief influence: - the great humanist movement of the Renaissance; - the

37、 protestant Reformation; - the important scientific discoveries; - the exploration of Africa, Asia and America.,Most important impact,Latin and Greek were recognized as the languages of the Western worlds great literary heritage and of great scholarship, but translators were rapidly making great lit

38、erary works available in English. About over 10,000 new words entered the English language.,Late modern English period (1800-present),A time of stabilizing and purifying the English language. e.g. Swift tended to shorten words, ad. bus, extra. Samuel Johnson: A Dictionary of the English Language, se

39、tting standards for using English words in spelling, meaning and usage. In the mid-seventeenth century, England experienced Bourgeois Revolution followed by the Industrial Revolution and rose to be a great economic power. With the growth of colonization. British tentacles began stretching out to eve

40、ry corner of the globe.,The territorial expansion of the English Empire resulted in the expansion of English words. The 19th and 20th centuries saw an unprecedented growth in scientific vocabulary as a consequence of the industrial revolution and the scientific exploration and discovery. American En

41、glish began to make their way to the British Isles about 1820. The differences between American and British English are felt not only in pronunciation and grammar, but also in vocabulary. (See Table 2.5 p.28),Neologism n. 新词；,Since the beginning of the last century, esp, after World War II, the worl

42、d has seen breathtaking advances in science and technology. Many new words have been created to express new ideas, etc. ,yet more words are created by means of word-formation. (Table 2.4 p.27 gives good examples),1. Marked progress of science and technology: Since the end of World War II, tremendous

43、 new advances in all fields of science and technology have given rise to the creation in the English language of tens of thousands of new words. The great majority of these are technical terms known only to the specialists, but a certain number of them have become familiar to the public and passed i

44、nto general use. e.g. Words used in connection with the nuclear bomb: chain reaction, radioactivity, fall-out; clean bomb, overkill, neutron bomb and medium-range ballistic missiles and so on. Words connected with the exploration of space: astronaut, countdown, capsule, launching pad, spacemen, spac

45、e suit, space platform and space shuttle etc.,2. Socio-economic, political and cultural changes: New social habits and new living conditions: hire purchase, credit card, fringe benefit; chores, house sitter, house sitting, pressure cooker, microwave oven, instant noodle, supermarket etc. Drug addict

46、ion: upper (a stimulant drug), downer (a depressant drug) Some subculture: hippie, yuppie, gay, lesbian etc. Womens Liberation Movement: Ms, chairperson, spokeswomen, saleswoman, feminism. Changes in education: open classroom “an informal flexible system of elementary education in which open discuss

47、ions and individualized activities replace the traditional subject-centered studies”,3. The influence of other cultures and languages: English is characterized by a marked tendency to go outside her own linguistic resources and borrow from other languages. e.g. discotheque from French, sputnik from

48、Russian, mao tai from Chinese and so on. The development of science, the rapid changes in society, the receptive and flexible nature of English with regard to the influence of other cultures and languages-all these have resulted in a dramatic increase in vocabulary, a growth which in turn contributes to the richness and resourcefulness of the English language.,A comparison of three phases,Another Way of Loo