语法课第一讲――英语句子种类

1、语法课第一讲英语句子种类英语句子根据功能划分：陈述句、 疑问句（一般疑问句，特殊疑问句，选择疑问句，反义疑问句，修辞疑问句）、祈使句、感叹句一、简单句1、简单句的特点：简单句通常只由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)构成。2、简单句的种类：简单句一般分为陈述句、疑问句、感叹句和祈使句四种。二、陈述句：用来说明一个事实的句子叫陈述句。它有肯定式和否定式两种形式。1、陈述句的肯定式：如： He is a middle school student.（他是个中学生） I have a hammer in my hand.（我手上有把锤子）She teaches us geography.

2、（她教我们地理）The new play was good enough and everybody enjoyed it.（新的话剧非常好大家都喜欢）2、陈述句的否定式：1) 谓语动词如果是to be 、助动词、情态动词时,在它们的后面加“not”。如：My brother is not a teacher.（我的弟弟不是教师） He does not have a cousin.（他没有堂兄弟） I will not go there tomorrow.（明天我不去那儿） My mother is not cooking a meal in the kitchen.（我母亲现在不在厨房里做

3、饭）You must not make such mistakes again.（你不该再犯类似错误了） We havent discussed the question yet（我们还没有讨论那个问题呢）.2)谓语动词如果没有上述词语而是其他动词时,须在它的前面加do not(dont).如：I dont know anything about it.(此事我一无所知) Li Ming does not feed pigs in the countryside.（李明不在农村养猪）We didnt expect to meet her right here.（我们没指望着在这里见到她）We

4、didnt have a meeting yesterday afternoon.(昨天下午我们没有开会)3)如果“have”作“有”讲,也可以在它后面加not构成否定式,其形式与have got的否定式相同。 如：I havent (got) any brothers or sisters.（我没有兄弟姐妹） 句子中如果有all、both、very much/well等词时,用not一般构成部分否定,如果要完全否定,则通常使用none、neither、notat all等；如：All of them went there.None of them went there.（他们全都去了那里他们

5、全都没去那里） 句子中含有little、few、too(太)、hardly、never、neither、nor、seldom等词时, 则视为否定句。如：Few people live there because life there is very hard.（几乎没有人生活在那里因为那里的生活太艰难了） 陈述句(主语+谓语+其他)在口语中可以直接表示疑问,表示惊讶或明知故问。如：Thats your boss?（那就是你的老板？！） 陈述句一般情况下应使用正常的语序,即：主语+谓语+其他。但是有时会倒装,详见“倒装句”。所有的从句一律使用陈述句语序,即在连接词后采用“主语+谓语+其他”的顺序

6、。如：The old man told me that he would live here for ten more years before he returns home. （老人告诉我说他还要在这儿住几年然后回家）/ Could you tell me who you saw at the party last night?（能告诉我在聚会上你都看见了谁吗？）三、疑问句：1、一般疑问句： 用“yes”或“no”来回答的疑问句叫做一般疑问句。 1)一般疑问句构成：句中谓语动词是to be、助动词、情态动词时,则将它们(提前)放到主语前面。如：Is he an engineer?（他是工程

7、师吗？）Have you got todays newspaper? （你有今天的报纸吗？）Shall we go to see a film this evening? （我们今晚去看电影好吗？）Can you explain it ?（你能解释它吗？）s there any fish for supper?（晚饭有鱼吗？）Would you like to go out for a walk?（你想出去散步吗？）谓语动词如果没有上述词语而是其他动词时,则在主语前面加助动词do / does / did, 原来的谓语动词改为原形。如：Do you get up at six every mo

8、rning?（你天天早晨六点起身吗？）Does she study hard?（她学习努力吗？） Did you go there yesterday?（昨天你去那儿了吗？）2) 一般疑问句的回答：一般疑问句通常用简略形式来回答。如：Will you join us in playing basketball?（你加入我们打篮球好吗？）Yes, we will.（是的我们会。）/ No, we wont.（不我们不会。）Have you got todays newspaper?（你有今天的报纸吗？）Yes, I have .（是的有。）/ No, I havent.（不没有。）回答时所用的时

9、态应和问句里的时态一致。注意 回答must或者may开头的疑问句要小心,参见情态动词有关内容。3) 一般疑问句的否定结构(即否定形式的一般疑问句)表示惊奇、责怪、建议、看法等,只要将“not”置于主语之后或者将“not”放到主语之前与be, have等助动词或情态动词合并在一起就可以了。如： Will he not come?（他难道不来吗？）Isnt your sister a Party member?（你的姐姐不是党员吗？）Havent you any brothers?（你没有哥哥吗？）Dont you like the play?（你难道不喜欢这个话剧吗？）Cant we walk

10、a little farther?（我们不能走远些吗？）Wont you sit down?（你不想坐下吗？）Hasnt she heard of the matter?（她没听说过这事儿？）这种否定结构的疑问句的回答与汉语的习惯不同。如果回答是肯定的,就用“yes+肯定结构”；如果回答是否定的,就用“no+否定结构”。(情况与反意问句类似。)如： Cant he answer the question? (他不能回答这个问题吗？)Yes,he can.(不,他能回答这个问题。) No,he cant. (是的,他不能回答这个问题。)2、特殊疑问句：要求具体回答的问句。1)特殊疑问句结构是：疑

11、问代词+一般疑问句+？除who以外的疑问代词短语 疑问副词 如：What do you want?（你要什么？） Who(m) are you looking for ?（你在找谁？） Whose magazine is this?（这是谁的杂志？）Which class are you in?（你在哪班？） When did you get up this morning?（你今早什么时候起身的？）Where have you been?（你到哪儿去了？） Why did he go to bed so early?（他为什么这么早睡觉？）How did you go there?（你是怎么

12、去的那儿？）但是,“who”引出的询问主语或主语部分相关词的特殊疑问句的结构与陈述句词序相同：如：Who is dancing over there?（谁在那边跳舞？）有时“what”,“which”,“whose”也可以引出与陈述句词序相同的特殊疑问句。如：What is on the wall?（什么东西在墙上？/墙上有什么？） Which is yours?（哪个是你的？） Whose book is in your bag?（谁的书在你的书包里？）注意从陈述句改为特殊问句时,先将句子改为一般问句,再将(划线)提问部分更改为疑问词置于句首,特别要注意助动词的使用！如果只对主语或主语的修饰

13、词提问,那么只需要将疑问部分改为疑问词即可。2)常用疑问代词和疑问副词：疑问代词： who, whom, whose, which, what,疑问副词： when, where, why, how,how构成的短语：how many (多少个) (独立用；或跟可数名词), how much (多少) (独立用；或跟不可数名词), how old (多大年纪), how far (多远), how often (多常),how long (多久,多长), how soon (多久以后),how many times (多少次),等等。3)特殊疑问句有时也用否定式。如：Why dont you

14、ask Jim instead?(常缩略为Why not?) (你为什么不转请Jim呢？)4) 特殊疑问句疑问部分有时可以有两个以上的疑问词。如：When and where were you born? (你是何时何地出生的？)5) 疑问词如果是介词的宾语,则该介词可以在句首,也可以在句尾。如：What do you want a computer for? = For what do you want a computer? (你干嘛要一台电脑呢？)3、反意疑问句： 反意疑问句表示对陈述句所说的事实提出相反的疑问,要求对方用“yes”或“no”来进行回答。1) 构成：由两部分组成：前一部分

15、是陈述句,后一部分是疑问句,它是由be ,have, 助动词或情态动词+主语构成。如果陈述句是肯定结构,反意疑问句须用否定结构；反之,陈述句如果是否定结构,反意疑问句须用肯定结构。反意疑问句的两部分,必须保持人称和时态的一致；反意疑问句的回答有时会和汉语不同。陈述句部分 附加问句部分 注 意 点肯定陈述句 否定的简短一般问句 当陈述句部分含有“是”动词、(“有”动词)、情态动词和助动词时,简短问句中沿用该词；否则就使用do/does/did.否定陈述句 肯定的简短一般问句 如：He is old, isnt he? (他老了不是吗？) The man went away, didnt he?

16、(那个男人走开了不是吗？) He isnt old, is he? (他不老是吗？) He never went there, did he? (他从没有去过那里是吗？)2) 反意问句的回答：无论哪种形式的反意问句,回答时要遵循：“Yes,+肯定式”或者“No,+否定式” 如：The man went away, didnt he?(那人走开了,不是吗？)Yes, he did.(是的,他走了。)/ No, he didnt.(不,他没有走。)The man never went there, did he?(这人从来不去那里,是吗？)Yes, he did.(不是呀,他去的。)/ No, h

17、e didnt.(是呀,他不去。)4、选择疑问句：提出两种或两种以上情况,需要对方作出选择回答的疑问句叫选择疑问句。1) 构成：(1) 一般疑问句 + or + 第二选项？ (2) 特殊疑问句 + 第一选项(+ 第二选项)+ or + 第三选项？2)选择疑问句的结构与特殊疑问句相同,即要具体回答,不可以用yes / no回答。如：Is your friend a boy or a girl? A girl. (-你的朋友是男孩还是女孩？-是女孩。) Which do you prefer, coffee or tea? Tea, please. (-你要哪一样咖啡还是茶？-请来茶吧。) Whi

18、ch do you like best, singing, dancing or skating? -Dancing, of course. (-唱歌、跳舞和溜冰你最喜欢哪样？-当然是跳舞啦！)四、祈使句：祈使句用来表示请求、命令等。它的主语you往往不说出。1、祈使句的肯定式： 动词(原形) + 其他 如：Please give me a hand. (请帮忙) / Shut up! (住嘴！) 2、祈使句的否定式： Dont +动词原形 + 其他 如：Please dont talk in low voices. (请不要低声讲话。) Dont look back! (不要掉头看。)注意

19、以“lets”引出的祈使句的否定结构,“not”应放在“lets”后面。如：Lets not trouble him. (我们不要打扰他。)肯定祈使句前可以用助动词来强调语气。如：Please do help me! (请千万帮帮我。)五、感叹句：感叹句用来表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情。句末常用“！”1、对含有形容词的名词短语感叹的结构通常是：What + (a /an) + (形容词) +名词+ 陈述句结构(主谓语) ,用来强调句子中的名词,如：What a good, kind girl (she is)! (她是多么善良的好女孩！) What bad weather (it is)! (天气真

20、糟糕！)2、仅对形容词或副词进行感叹的结构通常是：How + 形容词/副词 + 陈述句结构(主谓语) ,用来强调句子中的形容词、副词或动词。如：How carefully the old man walks! (这老人走路真小心！) How delicious the food is! (这食品真好吃！) / How beautiful! (真美呀！)3、有时,陈述句、祈使句、疑问句、一个词或词组,也带有一定的感情色彩,也可以成为感叹句,此时未必使用感叹句型。如：He is sitting on a tigers back! (他坐在老虎的背上！) A nice shot! (漂亮一击！) /

21、 Good goal! (好球！)句型转换的方法一、 肯定句改否定句的方法一步法 1、 在be动词后加not。如：is not ， are not ， am not， was not， were not； 2、 在can，should， will等后加not。如：cannot， should not， will not； 3、 上述都没有的，在动词前加助动词否定形式dont/doesnt/didnt。 4、 some 改成any。如有I、you将其该成you、I。二、 肯定句改一般疑问句的方法三步法 1、 把be动词放在句首，剩下的照抄，（some 改成any，my改成your等）句点改成问号

22、。 2、 把can，shall， will等放到句首，剩下的照抄，（some 改成any，my改成your等）句点改成问号。 3、 上述都没有的，在句首请助动词Do/Does/Did帮忙，剩下的照抄，（some 改成any，my改成your等）句点改成问号。 三、 肯定句改特殊疑问句的方法四步法 1、在一般疑问句的基础上，句首添加一个疑问词即可，可根据划线部分确定是什么疑问词。 2、接着找be动词或can，shall， will等放在疑问词后面，若没有则请助动词do/does/did帮忙，写在疑问词后面，how many除外，必须先写物品，再写be动词等。 3、划线部分去掉后剩下的内容照抄，（

23、some 改成any，my改成your等） 4、句点改成问号。如： what （什么）how(怎样) who（谁） which（哪一个）why（为什么）where（哪里） how many（多少） how much （多少钱）what colour（什么颜色） how old（多大）等等 英语句型转换专项练习一一、根据所给提示,完成句型转换。每空一词，含缩略词。1. The Beijing 2008 Olympic Games will be held in three years . （对画线部分提问）_ _ _ will the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games be

24、held?2. “Can you help me carry heavy box upstairs?” Mr. White asks. （改为复合句） Mr. White asks _ _ _ help _ carry the heavy box upstairs.3. This dress cost her 90 yuan. (改为一般疑问句)_ this dress _ her 90 yuan?4 The TV play is really wonderful. (改为感叹句)_ _ the TV play is!5. The boy in blue is my brother. (就划线

25、部分提问) _ _ is your brother?6. Water the young tree often, or it will die. (改为同义句)_ you dont water the young tree often, it will be_.7. Tom won t visit the farm. He11 stay at home. (改为同义句)Tom will stay at home _ _ visiting the farm.8. She is cleaning the bedroom. (改为否定句) She _ _ the bedroom.9. She wen

26、t to see her uncle last week. (改为一般疑问句) _ _ go to see her uncle last week?10. Linda often does shopping on Sundays. (对划线部分提问) What _ Linda often _ on Sundays?11. Lets have a discussion about it. (改为反意疑问句) Lets have a discussion about it, _ _?12. Johns family kept many sheep around the house. (改为被动语态

27、) Many sheep _ _ by Johns family around the house.13. He became strong day by day as he took exercise(改为同义句)The _ exercise he took, the _ he became.14. We should finish our homework alone(改为同义句)We should finish our homework _ _.15. I paid 320 yuan for the red dress(改为同义句)The red dress _ _ 320 yuan16

28、. The old photo made it possible for me to find my birthplace(改为同义句)I could find my birthplace _ _ the old photo17. The meeting will be held in Chongqing instead of Wuhan or Dalian(改为同义句)The meeting will be held in _ Wuhan _ Dalian, but in Chongqing instead.18. This is a book . Its cover is blue .（合

29、并成复合句） This is a book is blue . 19. She doesnt know how she could pack them all .（改成同义句） She doesnt know pack them all . 20. The water was so dirty that we couldnt drink it .（改成简单句） The water was dirty for us drink . 21. His friends will give him some presents .（改为被动语态） Some presents will him by his

30、 friends . 22. Had he walked along the river for ten days ? He wanted to know .（改为含有宾语从句的复合句） He wanted to know he along the river for ten days ?23. I think . It wont get warmer tomorrow .（合并成复合句） I think it get warmer tomorrow . 24. Of all the stars the sun is the nearest to the earth .（改为同义句） The

31、sun is to the earth the other stars . 25. Jack did well in maths.（就划线部分提问） _ _ Jack _ in maths? 26. Do these students often sing the English song?（变成被支语态） _ the English song often _ by these students? 27. At the age of four , she began to learn dancing.（改写成复合句） She began to learn dancing _ _ _ _. 28

32、. She was so weak that she didnt catch up with others.(改写句子，句意不变) She was _ _ _ to catch up with others. 29. Shall we go out for a walk after supper?( 改写句子，句意不变) _ _ _ a walk after supper? 30. Neither of us has much time to write back to him. We both have too much work to do .( 改写句子，句意不变) Both of us

33、 _ _ _ _ _ his letter. 31 They had lunch at school yesterday (改写否定句 ) They _ _lunch at school yesterday 32 Tom visits the Science Museum every year (就划线部分提问) _ _Tom _every year? 33 Are you going to watch the football match next Sunday? Father asked me (改为复合句) Father asked me _ _ _going to watch the

34、football match the next Sunday 34 They van hardly decide what they will do next (改写句子, 句意不变) _ _ for them to decide what _ _nest 35 The light in the room was so weak that the doctor wasnt able to operate (改写句子, 句意不变) The doctor _do the _ _ such bad light inside the room 36. They will finish building

35、 the house in two weeks. （就画线部分提问） _ _ _ they finish building the house? 37. It is great fun to have a picnic on the hillside. （改为感叹句） What _ it _ to have a picnic on the hillside! 38. Hurry up, or youll miss the early train. （改为以if引导的条件状语从句） If you _ _ _, youll miss the early train. 39. Mother said

36、 to me, “Dont go alone at night. ”（改为简单句） Mother told me _ _ go alone at night. 40. The maths problem is too difficult for him to work out. （改为复合句） The maths problem is _ difficult _ he cant work it out. 41. Both the father and the son have seen the film. （改为否定句） _ the father _ the son _ seen the fi

37、lm. 42. They have painted their new house. （改为被动语态） Their new house _ _ _ by them. 43. My watch doesnt work well. （改为同义句） There is _ _ _ my watch. 44. Jack is too young to dress himself. （改为同义句） Jack is not _ _ to dress himself. 45. We were surprised that the little girl could draw so well. （改为同义句）

38、_ _ _, the little girl could draw so well. 46. Jane doesnt go to work by bus any longer. （改为同义句） Jane _ _ _ to work by bus. 47. The player fell behind others though he did what he could. （改为同义句） The player _ to _ _ with others though he tried his best. 48. They took the wounded soldier to hospital a

39、s soon as they could. （改为同义句） The wounded soldier _ _ to hospital as soon as _. 49. It took Mary two weeks to prepare for the exam. （改为同义句） Mary _ two weeks _ _ for the exam. 50. It seems that they have known each other （改为同义句） They seem to _ _ each other. 51Paul wanted to take pictures of his trip.

40、（改写为否定句） Paul to take pictures of his trip.52Jim goes roller skating on Sundays.（改写为一般疑问句） Jim roller skating on Sunday?53Its raining very heavily. （改写感叹句） it is raining!54Lucy asked him to turn down the radio.（对划线部分提问） Lucy ask him to do?55The children ate up all the apples.（改为被动语态）All the apples u

41、p by the children.56She did very well in her English exam（改为一般疑问句）_ she _ very well in her English exam?57He has some bread for breakfast every morning（改为否定句）He _ _ _ bread for breakfast every morning58I have been to Beijing twice（就画线部分提问）_ _ _ have you been to Beijing?59Lindas just come back from A

42、merica（改为反意疑问句）Lindas just come back from America, _ _?60When I get there, Ill go to see him at once（改为同义句）Ill go to see him _ _ _ I get there61The box was so heavy that she couldnt carry it（改为简单句）The box was _ heavy _ her _ carry62Is the earth round? The little boy asked（改为宾语从句）The little boy asked

43、 _ the earth _ round63He likes the book So does she（改为简单句，使句意不变）_ he _ she _ the book64Lets hurry, or well be last（改为复合句）_ we _ hurry, well _ late65. There are some oranges in the basket. (改写为否定句)There _ _ oranges in the basket.66. He visited his friend yesterday.(改写为一般疑问句) _ he _ his friend yesterd

44、ay?67. The girl can ride a bike.(改写为反意问句) The girl can ride a bike, _ _?68. Its cloudy today.(对划线部分提问) _ the weather _ today?69. My aunt works in a factory.(对划线部分提问) _ _ your aunt work?70.She was so weak that she couldnt take care of her baby.（改为同义句）She was_ _weak_ _take care of her baby.71.He didnt

45、 make any mistake in the exam. She didnt, either. （改为同义句）_ _he_ _ _she made any mistake in the exam.72.The motorbike cost him 7000 yuan last year. （改为同义句） He_ _7000 yuan_ _the motorbike last year.73.People use computers widely in the world. （改为同义句）Computers_ _ widely_ _ in the world.74.Jane says sci

46、ence isnt so interesting as music to her. （改为同义句）Jane says science is_ _interesting_ _ _music to her.75. Lily has some red and blue pencils. (改为一般疑问句) Lily any red and blue pencils9.76. There s no time to go shopping. (改为反意疑问句) Theres no time to go shopping, ?77.Both of the twins like mooncakes with

47、 eggs in them. (改为否定句) of the twins mooncakes will eggs in them.78.New York is 14,800 kilometres away from Beijing. (就划线部分提问) is New York from Beijing?79.Do they want fried chicken? He asked the boys. (连成一句含宾语从句的复合句)He asked the boys they fried chicken.80.He spent two days in mending this radio. (改为

48、同义句) It him two days mend this radio.81.Bill did better than Lin Tao. (改为同义句)Lin Tao so as Bill.82. Jack did well in maths.（就划线部分提问）_ _ Jack _ in maths?83. Do these students often sing the English song?（变成被支语态）_ the English song often _ by these students?84. At the age of four , she began to learn d

49、ancing.（改写成复合句）She began to learn dancing _ _ _ _.85. She was so weak that she didnt catch up with others.(改写句子，句意不变)She was _ _ _ to catch up with others.86. Shall we go out for a walk after supper?( 改写句子，句意不变)_ _ _ a walk after supper?87. When I was a child, I made up my mind to be an artist. ( 改写句子，句意不变) _ a child, I _ to be an artist.88. In China, we often see people dropping litter on streets, in parks, in zoos, in fact almost everywhere. So many cities look dirty. ( 改写句子，句意不变) In China, many cities look dirty because people _ _ _ dropping litter almost everywhere.89.Th