《大学英语级写作》PPT课件.ppt

大学英语四级考试写作备考指南,中国学生写作存在的主要问题：,1)基础不牢固，很多拼写和简单的语法错误；2)写作词汇匮乏：词汇源匮乏，表达单一，阅卷老师很难找到亮点；3)中式思维：没形成良好的英语表达习惯，写作文总是根据汉语的表达习惯来遣词造句，字字对译，在句法结构和语法规律上经常出错。4)作文模式化严重。考生作文大多雷同，写得再好，叫阅卷老师如何给你高分。5)卷面不整洁，字数不够。现在作文都是扫描阅卷，如果卷面不整洁，印象分基本没有了。,写作建议,遇到不会写的单词：换个说法，解释。尽量不使用生僻的词汇，使用常见的短语和四级高频词汇。尽可能多的使用亮点词汇和亮点句型，例如：.individuals,characters,folks代替(people,persons):positive,favorable,rosy(美好的)，promising(有希望的)，perfect,pleasurable,excellent,outstanding代替good:dreadful,unfavorable,poor,adverse(有害的)代替bad如果bad做表语，可以有belessimpressive代替.moreandmore=anincreasingnumberof/agrowingnumberofmoreandmoreimportant=increasinglyimportant,适当使用被动来代替主动，这样更能客观地反映事实。句子开头不能总是用I，my等。不用Weshouldtakeeffectivemeasuresto而用Effectivemeasuresshouldbetakento善于使用连接词或插入语，例如however,therefore,forexample等。Someholdtheopinionthat换成Otherindividuals,however,taketheattitudethat别看一个小小的连接词，有时候作用很大的。今后都是扫描阅卷，卷面一定要整洁，字数只能多不能少。,结构要清晰结尾要点题卷面要整洁忌用没有把握的词多用连接性的单词多用长句，少用短句注意审题，拟好提纲利用提示，调整扩充写好第一句话，留个良好印象文章忌讳太长，容易引起反感如有可能，适当加上一两句名言或是谚语，以显示你见识的广博。,写作备考指南首段写法,（1）谚语法,由于谚语一般已经被大家所接受，用谚语提出自己的观点也容易被读者所接受。例如：Asthesaying(proverb)goes,“Hastemakeswaste.”Wearenowlivinginanageofrapidpaceandhighefficiency.Everyonewantstosetthequickestresultwithintheshortesttime.Butiftoomuchemphasisislaiduponspeed,peoplewillignorethequalityofwhattheyaredoing,andthusyieldunsatisfyingresults.常用的句型有：ThereisanoldsayingthatPeopleoftensayItisoftenquotedthatOneofthegreatmenoncesaidthat,（2）定义法,定义法是通过对文章中的关键词做一些简单或正面或反面的解释，限定其范围，这样比较有利于引出主题。例如：Fashionmeansageneraltendencyamongpeopleinacertainsociety,forexample,theircommoninterestinclothes,inonetypeofhairstyleandsoon.Somepeoplelikefashion.常用的句型有：Sthis/iscalled/isconsideredtobe/istakentobe/refersto/means/signifies,（3）提问法,通过提问一个或一连串的问题，可以激发读者的兴趣，从而引出主题。例如：Doyouhavemanyfriends?Aretheysimilartoyouordifferentfromyou?Whichkindoffriendsdoyouprefer?,（4）现象描述法,概括法指先总结文章内容所涉及的现状，然后引出主题。例如：Inrecentyears,whileourindustriesandbusinesseshavedevelopedquickly,thenumberoftreesinmanybigcitieshasdramaticallyreduced.Effortsarebeingmadetopreventpeoplefromcuttingmoretrees,buttorealizethesignificanceofmakingcitiesgreenerisofimportance.,（5）主题句开篇法,即开门见山直接陈述主题。例如：Asahumanbeing,onecanhardlydowithoutafriend.Societyismadeupofindividuals,andmakingfriendsisaveryimportantpartofourlife.Friendscangiveyoualot.,（6）故事法,故事法指用简单有趣的故事激发读者的兴趣，从而提出自己的观点。例如：Mostofusmayhavesuchexperiences:whenyougotosomeplacefarawayfromthecitywhereyouliveandthinkyouknownobodythere,youaresupposedtofindthatyourunintooneofyouroldclassmatesonthestreets,perhapsbothofyouwouldcryout:“Whatasmallworld!”,（7）引语法,例如：Justaseatingwithoutlikingharmsthehealth,learningwithoutinterestharmsthememoryandcantberetained.FromVinciswordswecanseehowimportantitistomotivatethestudentsinlanguagelearning.,（8）调查法,为了得到读者的认可，文章的开始可以引出调查数据等，借以提出主题。例如：Itwasreportedthatscientificstudieshadbeenmadetodeterminewhethersmokingwasahazardtohealth.Evidencehadshownthattherewasaserioushealthrisk.,（9）假设法,假设法是指通过假设提出一种选择，交代文章要涉及的问题，从而提出文章的主题。例如：Supposeyouwereofferedtwojobs,oneishighly-paidbutratherdemanding,theotherislessdemanding,butpoorly-paid,whichwouldyouprefer?,（10）间接开头法,常用的句型有：Peopleoftensaythat,butIthinkitisnottrue.Somepeoplesay/believe/holdtheview/claim/suggestthatOtherscriticize./pointout/maintain/arguethatNowadaysitisuniversally/generallyadmitted/acknowledged/accepted/heldthat,写作备考指南结尾段写法,（1）重述或总结主题,重述主题指于结论处以另外一种表达方式重申主题，与首段照应。例如：InfluenceonYoungAdults一文的开头段是：Theprocessofgrowingupisverycomplexforeveryperson.Amongcountlessfactorswhichinfluenceapersonsgrowth,therearetwoconspicuousaspects:thefamilyandthefriends.结尾段：Familiesofferuswarmthandcare.Friendsgiveusstrengthandhorizon.Theybothhelpusunderstandtheworldasitis.Bothofthemarethedearestpartsinourlife.,（2）提出建议,例如：Sincepostcardsdousmoreharmthangood,sincewehavemanyotherwaystoconveyourfeelingsandpromoteourfriendship,Ihopeeveryonewilltakeactionsnowtostopusingpostcards.,（3）概括总结,例如：Tosumup,inordertokeeptherespectablelife,thestudentsoughttobehavewellaccordingtothefourrulesmentionedabove:1.beambitious;2.bebroadminded;3.bebrave;and4.behonest.,（4）提出预测和希望,例如：Inaword,TVadvertisement,Ithink,areanewbornthinginthedevelopmentofoureconomy,ofcourse,thereismuchroomforimprovementintheTVads.IbelievetheTVadswillbenefitboththeadvertisersandconsumers.,词义辨析,alternative,choice,preferencehole,cave,cavity,den,excavation,hollow,pitmill,factory,plant,worksabsurd,foolish,silly,ridiculousinevitable,unavoidablemist,fog,smog,vaporperfume,fragrance,大学英语四六级考试写作实例,主讲:林明金,TheGlobalShortageofFreshWater,Mostpeoplebelievethatthesupplyoffreshwaterontheearthisinexhaustible.Citydwellersareusedtohavingasmuchcleanwaterastheywantcomingoutofthekitchentap.Andifyougointothecountrysideinmostplacesyouwillseeawidevarietyofsourcesofwaterrivers,wells,andevenglaciers.Itseemsthattheycouldneverbeusedup.Butthetruthisthattheworldisshortoffreshwater.Therapidgrowthoftheruralpopulation,therisingdemandforwaterbyindustryandtheincreasingrateofpollutionofwatersourcesmeansthatthereisaglobalthreatofmassivewatershortages.Alreadyinsomemajorcitiesthereisnotenoughfreshwatertosatisfythedailyneedsoftheirinhabitants.Therefore,itisanurgenttaskforustofindnewwaystosavewater.First,weshouldbecarefulnottowastewater.Second,scientistsshouldbeencouragedtoimprovemethodsofdesalinatingseawaterandpurifyingpollutedwater.Andthird,industrymustmakeextraeffortstoreducetheuseoffreshwater.,GlobalShortageofFreshWater,Peopleoftenthinkthatwaterwillneverbeusedup.Thereisplentyofwater,suchasrain,waterfromtheriversandwells.Itseemsasifwaterisalwaysavailablearoundusandweneverhavetoworryaboutwatershortage.Infact,waterisratherlimitedontheearth.Withtherapidincreaseofpopulationandfastdevelopmentofindustries,waterismoreneededthanbefore.Atthesametime,alargeamountofwaterhasbeenpollutedandwastedeveryday.SomebigcitiesinChinaarefacingtheproblemofwatershortagealready.There,watersupplyiscontrolledandindustryhasbeenrestrained.Whatshouldwedoaboutthewatershortage?Ithink,first,thepeopleshouldbemadeawareoftherealsituationaboutthewater.Everyoneshouldconsciouslysavewater.Besides,certainlawshouldbemadetopreventwaterfrombeingpolluted.Wehavetoprotecttheexistingwaterresourcesanddevelopnewones.InthiswayIbelievethatourcitieswillnotbethirstyforwaterinthefuture.,SmokingandHealth,Itwasreportedthatscientificstudieshadbeenmadetodeterminewhethersmokingwasahazardtohealth.Evidencehadshownthattherewasaserioushealthrisk.Cigarettesmokingisbelievedby,mostresearchworkersinthisfieldtobeanimportantfactorinthedevelopmentofcancerofthelungsandtatofathroat.Italsoaffectstheheartandbloodvessels.Smokersdiemuchoftenofheartdisease.Whilealltobaccosmokingaffectspeopleshealth,cigarettesmokingseemstohaveamuchgreatereffectthancigarorpipesmoking.However,thetakinginofnicotineisnotreducedbythelatterforms.Scientificresearchindicatesthatfiltersandlowtartobaccoaretomakesmokingtosomeextentsafer.Theycanonlyreducehazardsbyaverysmalldegree,buttheycannotremovethemaltogether.So,agreatnumberofdoctorsandresearchersthinkthatsmokingisadangerousthing.“Giveupsmoking.Ifyoudontsmoke,dontstart,”theysay.,Smoking,Itisalmostknowntoallthatsmokingisbadforpeopleshealth.Scientificresearchesshowthatsmokingcanleadtoheartdisease,cancerandotherproblem.TheWorldHealthOrganizationsaysdiseaseslinkedtosmokingkillatleasttwomillionfive-hundred-thousandpersonseachyear.Still,manypeoplefinditdifficulttostopsmoking.Onereasonisthatsmokingusuallybecomesahabitualbehaviour,andhabits,whethergoodorbadarenoteasytobegivenup.Anotherreasonistheeffectofnicotine,thesubstancefoundincigarettesworksonpeoplesomewhatasdrugsdo.Measureshavebeentakentohelppeoplekeepawayfromtheharmofsmoking.Inmanycities,smokingisforbiddeninpublicplaces.Thedangerofsmokingiswarnedofeverywhere.Andnewspapersareaskednottopublishadvertisementsforcigarettes.WorldNoTobaccoDayisobservedeveryyearasthebiggestcampaignagainstsmoking.,TheTaxiinBigCities,Needlesstosay,taxibringsusconvenience.Youmayhavetheexperiencetobepackedlikeacannedsardineinacrowdedbus,exhausted,boredanddesperate.Itisquitedifferentwhenyousitinataxi.First,itusuallyrunsfasterandcantakeyouwhereveryouwanttogo.Second,itismorecomfortableespeciallyforchildrenandseniorcitizens.Meanwhile,taxialsobringsussometrouble.Theincreasingnumberoftaxismakesthestreetsmoreandmorecrowded.Whatismore,mostcitizenscantaffordtotakeit.Ontheonehand,itisalittlebitexpensiveforthemasstotaketaxi.Ontheotherhand,sometaxidriversoftenrefusetopickupthosewhowanttogotoadistanceplace.Inmyopinion,taxishouldbeencouragedandcontrolledtomakeitarealfacilityofthepublicbystrengtheningitsadministration.,TheTaxiinBigCities,Nowadays,inmanybigcitiestaxishavebecomeanimportanttransportmeans.Theyofferquickandconvenientservicetothecitypeople.Forexample,ifyouneedtogettothecenterofthecityquicklyforameeting,ataxicantakeyouthereontime.Whensomeoneissick,ataxicantakehimtohospitalinaminute.But,someproblemsexistservice.Fromtimetotime,sometaxidriversrefusedpassengers,whowouldtakeashortdistancetripfromwhichthedriverscantmakemuchmoney.Andsometaxidriversoverchargethepassengers.Tosolvetheseproblems,Iwouldliketosuggestthatpassengersshouldtakedownthetaxisnumberandreporttotheorganizationconcerned.Thecitygovernmentshouldalsomakeregularcheck-uponthetaxi.Atthesametime,akindofpunishmentshouldbegiventothosewhohaveviolatedcertainregulations.Inthisway,thesituationwillbeimproved.,PositiveandNegativeAspectsofSport运动的积极因素；运动的消极因素你的体会。,Sample1PositiveandNegativeAspectsofSports,Sportsbenefitusinmanyrespects.Whentakingpartinsports,wegetthechancetotrainalmostallpartsofourbodies.Thereisnodoubtthatpropersportsactivitieskeepourphysicalfitness.Furthermore,sportscanenrichourlifeandmaintainourpsychologicalhealth.Throughparticipation,everyonecanlearnthatontheplaygroundhenotonlystrugglesforhimselfbutalsofightsforhisteam.Sportsteachusaboutconsideration,cooperationandoptimismtofailure.Butsportscandosomeharmtothosewhocannotplantheiractivitiesproperly.Toohardtrainingmayhurttheirbodies,exhausttheirvigor,andevencausethemtobecomesick.Ingeneral,Ilovesports.Ienjoysports.Forsportsnotonlyhelpmetoliveawell-balancedlife,butalsoprovidemewithopportunitiestogetclosertonature.SportsaddhappinesstomyeverydaylifewhenIperforminadecentway.,Sample2,Sportsdousgoodinmanyrespects.Itgoeswithoutsayingthattakingexercisescanbuildupourphysicalstrength.Incollectivesportslikebasketball,volleyball,orfootball,wewilllearntheimportanceofcooperation.Whiletakingpartinsportsgame,wewilltryourbesttowinandarouseinourselvesthecompetitivespirit.Sportscanalsohelpusrelaxafteraperiodofexhaustedwork.Asthesayinggoes,“everycoinhastwosides.”Wemayhurtotherplayersorourselvesifwearenotcarefulenoughwhenparticipatinginsportsactivities.Ontheotherhand,excessiveorseveretrainingcandoharmtoourhealth.Generallyspeaking,Ilovesports.Ifeelthatsportsmakemehealthybothphysicallyandpsychologically.Ihavealsomadefriendsandgainedmuchpleasurethroughtakingpartinsportsactivities.,Sample3,Sportsbenefitusinmanyrespects.Whentakingpartinsports,wegetthechancetotrainalmostallpartsofourbody.Thereisnodoubtthatproperlybalancedphysicalactivitieskeepusphysicallyfit.Furthermore,sportscanenrichourlifeandmaintainourpsychologicalhealth.Throughparticipation,everyonecanlearnthatontheplayingfieldhenotonlycompetesforhimselfbutalsoforhisteam.Sportsteachusaboutconsideration,cooperationandoptimism,andhowtocopewithdifficulties.Butsportscandoharmtothosepeoplewhocannotbalancetheiractivitiesproperly.Trainingtoohardmayhurttheirbody,exhausttheirenergyandevenmakethemdisabled.Personally,Ilovesports.Ienjoyparticipatinginsports.IfeelthatInotonlygainawell-balancedlifethroughsports,butalsogetmorechancestomoveclosertonature.Sportshavereallyaddedhappinesstomydailylife.,PracticeMakesPerfect怎样理解”熟能生巧”？例如：在英语学习中.又如.,Sample1,Practiceisthekeytosuccessinallfieldsofactivity.Itispracticealonethatenablesustobuildupspeedandefficiency.Whenweaccomplishsomethingperfectlywithoutwastingeffort,thisistheresultoflongpractice.TakethestudyofEnglish,forexample.Onlypracticecanenableustospellwordscorrectlyandmastertherulesofgrammar.Anditisonlythroughpracticethatwecanbecomefluentinspeakingandwriting;thereisnootherway.Anothergoodexampleissports.Practiceistheonlywaytobecomestrongerandrunfaster.Besides,inteamgamespracticeiswhatimprovesoursenseofcooperationandhelpstheteamtowin.Tosumup,therecanbenoachievementwhichisnotbasedonasolidfoundationofpractice.,Sample2,Thefamoussaying“Practicemakesperfect”iswidelyacceptedtoday.Itmeansifwepracticeunfamiliarthingsagainandagain,wellbeabletoperformitperfectly.ThepracticeoflearningEnglishisagoodexample.WearenotlivinginanEnglishspeakingcountry.So,inordertolearnitwell,weneedextrapractice,suchasreadingEnglishbooks,goingtoEnglishcorners,orcommunicatingwithforeigners.OnlysittingatthedeskcannotleadtothemasteryofEnglish.Asanotherexample,ifwewanttobeskilledinusingthecomputer,wealsoneedtopracticeusingit.Somechildrenbecomelittleexpertsincomputer,justbecausetheyplaywithiteveryday.Onthecontrary,ifwejuststicktobooks,wewillstillfeelconfusedwhenusingcomputers.Judgingfromtheevidenceoffered,wemightsafelydrawtheconclusionthatpracticemakesperfect.,TheEffectofPersonalComputersonKids,Intheefforttocreateanextra-curriculumqualityeducationfortheirkids,parents,apartfromtakingthetroubleofaccompanyingthemtoallsortsofafterschoolclasses,verygenerouslyprovide“hardware”facilities,includingdrawingclasses,footballandexpensiveitemslikepianosandpersonalcomputers(PCs).However,someparentsfeeluncertainaboutthenecessitytobuytheirkidsPCs,worryingthatthegamesfoundonPCsmaytaketoomuchtimeandenergyoutofthekidsschoolwork.Reasonableasitis,aPCisstillarecommendableinvestment,asthegameplaying,ifundercontrol,isbeneficialtokidsratherthanbeingharmful.Firstofall,computersareplayingsuchanimportantroleineverydaylifethatnoonecanaffordtobeignorantaboutit.Secondly,whentheirpeerstalkexcitedlyabouttheiryesterdaysgameachievements,akidwhocannotjoinwillnotfeelbelonging,andthissenseofisolationofbeingoutsmarted,hasanegativeeffectonthekidsself-confidence.Thirdly,theirfascinationingamesisinnermotivationintherealsense.Onlywhenonesinterestisarousedcanreallearningbegin.Whenlearninghowtostartascomputerandhowtoplayagame,akidislearninghowtooperateacomputer.Thereisnolearningapproacheasierandmoreenjoyablethanthatwhichcombinesworkandplayinone.Finally,theinterestingameswill,quiteprobably,leadtofurtherexplorationanddiscovery,ortoseriousprofessionalwork.Inaword,PCsshouldbeamongparentsshoppingprioritiesfortheirkids.Rightguidanceandnecessarydisciplinewillhelpguaranteeconstructiveresults.,Computerinourlife,Doingshoppingathome?Borrowingbooksfromthelibrarywithoutleavingyourhome?concludingtransactionsjustbyaknockatthekeyboard?Thesemayseemstrangetenyearsago,butnowcomputerhasturnedthemintorealities.Thereisnodenyingthatcomputerhasbroughtalotofconveniencetoourlife.Withcomputer,wecanfindallinformationyouwanttoknow;withcomputer,wecansolvemanycomplexcalculationseasily;withcomputer,wecanalwaysfindsolutionstodifficultproblems.Inshort,computerhasspreadintoeverycornerofthisworld.Withalltheseadvantages,computeralsobringsussometrouble.Forexample,manyemployeesmightbelaidofffortheirpositionscanbereplacedbycomputer.Inaddition,computergamesaresovariousencetheirstudiesandhealth.Computersevenbringsomecrimes,likehacker.Weshouldnotbecometheslaveofit.,HomeComputer,Now,computershaveenteredmillionsofordinaryfamilies.Justafewyearsago,tohaveacomputerinoneshomewasonlyadreamformostChinese.Withtheimprovementofpeopleslivingstandard,moreChinesecanaffordtobuycomputers.Thereisnodoubtthatcomputerbenefitspeoplehugely.Withcomputer,thehomebecomesalibrary,aschool,andofficeandanentertainmentcenter.Alltransactions,frombankingtoshopping,willbeperformedelectronically,andallinformation,fromtrainschedulestodiscountpricegoods,willbeascloseasthepressofakey.Inaddition,thecomputerwillevenletuscommunicatedirectlywithothersallovertheworldataratherlowprice.Computersbenefitsarejustthereasonsfortheirpopularity.Computersalsocausetrouble.Forexample,asnearlyallactivitiescouldbeconductedinthecomfortofourhomes,wecouldallbecomehermitlike,neverfeelinganyneedtoleavethehouse.Besides,childrenwillbecomesoaddictedtocomputersthattheymightneverbeexposedtosocialinteraction.Howtoavoidthesedisadvantagesisanurgentproblem.,ShouldMenandWomenBeEqual?,Shouldmenandwomenbeequal?Thisisaquestionmuchtalkedaboutbymanypeople.Someholdtheopinionthatmenaresuperiortowomeninmanyways.Foronething,manyajobmendocanhardlyother,mostoftheworld-famousscientistsorstatesmenarefoundtobemales.Moreover,thewholehumansocietyseemstohaveallalongbeendominatedbymenonly.Isntitevidentenoughtoshowthatmenarealotstrongerthanwomen?Otherpeople,however,firmlybelievethatbothmenandwomenarebornequalopportunitiesofeducation.IsntitafactknowntousallthatwomenhavebeenworkingsidebysidewithmeninChinaandelsewhereintheworld?EitherCurieorMargaretThatchermayserveasatellingargument:womenarebynomeansinferiortomeninmanyrespects.Personally,Iamfirmlystrongonthesideofthosewomendefenders.Sincebothmenandwomenareplayinganequallyimportantroleinallhumanactivities,whyshouldnottheybeequal?,TheStudyofScience,Scienceisimportanttomostpeoplelivinginthemodernworldforanumberofreasons.Scienceisimportanttoworldpeace,totheunderstandingoftechnology,andtoourunderstandingofthenaturalworld.Scienceisalsoaninterestingareaofstudyforanumberofreasons.Someareasofscienceareespeciallyinterestingbecausetheydealwithquestionsallmenandwomenaskthemselves.Sciencetriestoprovidesomeexplanationsforwhathappenstopeople.Scienceishardtostudy.Oneofthereasonisthattherearesomanyquestionswithoutanswers.Muchofscienceinvolvesaskingquestions,andthenstudyinganddoingresearchtotrytofindtheanswers.Somequestionshavebeenstudiedbyresearchscientistsformanyyears,andtheanswersarestillnotknown.However,scientistsareslowlybutsurelyabletoanswermoreandmorequestionsaboutlife,andtheseanswerschangeourlivesandalsoexplainthem.Allofthemanydifferentkindsofscienceareimportantandinteresting.Scientistsareaskingandansweringmanyinterestingandimportantquestionsaboutpeopleandtheirlives.Abasicknowledgeofsciencecanhelpyoutounderstandboththequestionsandtheanswers.Inthemodernworld,thisabilityisessentialtoeveryone.,MyViewonJob-Hopping,Thereisnoconsensusofo