2013高考英语单选题动词考点透视.doc

2013年高考英语单选题动词考点透视何春祥 汤冬梅曾有人说英语是动词的语言，这一点都不假。要打下扎实的英语基础，培养综合英语语言运用能力就必须把英语动词学好。因此，在高考英语试题中以考查学生英语语言知识的单选题板块考查动词是其重中之重。本文试图以2013年全国及各省市17套高考英语试题为依据，对动词考点在高考中的地位、命题范围、拟题的特征等方面进行深度分析，帮助考生准确把握2014年高考英语动词考点，制定正确的应试策略，掌握科学的答题技巧。一、 从动词考点在单选题中的比重，看动词考点的重要性下表描述了2013年全国及各省市17套高考英语试题动词考点在单选题中的比重。试卷区域单选题量动词考点数量占单选题百分比全国课标卷115853.3%全国课标卷215640%北京卷15960%天津卷15640%上海卷15853.3%重庆卷15640%安徽卷15533.3%福建卷15853.3%湖北卷10440%湖南卷151280%江苏卷15960%江西卷15640%辽宁卷15640%山东卷15533.3%陕西卷15746.6%四川卷10440%浙江卷20840%上表数据表明：动词考点的权重在这17套高考题中各省市倾向略有不同，其中权重最大的是湖南卷，15个单选中动词考点有12个，占了单选题的80%，而安徽卷和山东卷只有5个动词考点，仅占单选题的33.3%。尽管如此，权重在40%至60%之间及以上的有15套题。这足以说明动词考点在高考单选题中的重要位置。二、 从命题范式中窥见高考动词考点的基本范围一般说来，命题组确定动词考点数量后，会给与考点覆盖面一个范式。动词考点多，一套试题没有办法覆盖全部， 但是如果把全国及各省市的试题作为一个整体来研究的话，我们就有可能看到一个与课程标准相符的考点范围全景。对这17套高考试题进行研究，我们不难发现下表描述了高考英语动词考点的基本范围。时态语态情态语气不定式-ing动词-ed动词动词辨析动词短语辨析主谓一致主谓倒装祈使句合计课标卷24272928352223308课标卷76582126北京卷2528233235342124299天津卷1391410286上海卷2729323734，3531298重庆卷2133262934306安徽卷24342832265福建卷26302232242824348湖北卷23,2425,26湖南卷23,24，2734263231252933353012江苏卷2534302431232921279江西卷3529343127256辽宁卷2230312832266山东卷24272925335陕西卷 111721121314257四川卷351084浙江卷1038719912178上表表明：高考动词考点涵盖了12个点，其中最活跃的点有动词的时态、情态、不定式、-ing动词、-ed动词、动词辨析、动词词组辨析、虚拟语气、语态。动词谓语与主语的一致、主谓倒装和祈使句动词相对来说命题频率要小。 三、 纵向分类研究各卷考题，感悟高考动词考点拟题的特点1. 时态纵向研究这17套试题中的时态考题，我们会发现时态考题具有以下拟题特点：1）与课程标准要求一致的时态范围。下表描述了高考时态范围。一般现在现在进行现在完成完成进行一般过去过去进行过去完成一般将来将来进行过去将来将来完成课标24湖南24陕西11北京28天津13四川3课标27湖南27福建26山东27浙江10重庆21安徽24山东24课标7湖南34江西35陕西17上海27辽宁22北京25湖南22江苏34江苏252）通过时间状语让考生找到解题线索。如：【实例】If we _ now to protect the environment, well live to regret it. （课标124.）A. hadnt actedB. havent actedC. dont actD. wont act【解析】：扣住时间状语now, 结合题意：“如果我们现在不采取行动保护环境，我将终身为之而悔。”, 时间概念就很清晰了。确定答案为C就很容易了。【实例】Im calling about the apartment you the other day. Could you tell me more about it?（安徽24）A. advertised B. had advertisedC. are advertising D. will advertise【解析】：本题扣住时间状语the other day, 意思是“前几天”，典型的过去时间状语。答案就迎刃而解。本题答案为A。【实例】The girl has a great interest in sport and _ badminton classes twice a week over the last three years.（福建26.）A. took B. is taking C. takes D. has been taking 【解析】：本题扣住时间状语over the last three year这个典型的现在完成时态的状语特征，将答案确定在现在完成的范围，结合选项，可判定答案为D。3）通过结合时间状语和语境找到解题线索【实例】 I dont understand why you didnt go to the lecture yesterday afternoon.Im sorry, but I_ my homework. （湖南34.）A. had doneB. was doingC. would doD. am doing【解析】：本题扣住时间状语yesterday afternoon，结合语境：Im sorry, but I_ my homework.是说话人解释为什么没去听讲座，因为昨天下午这个时间在做家庭作业。就不难理解答案是B。4）通过语境，让考生依据参照时间找到解题线索。【实例】We _very early so we packed the night before. （课标27.）A. leave B. had left C. were leaving D. have left【解析】：本题以we packed the night before为参照时间点，确定考点在过去时态环境下，可排除A和D， 显然“动身出发”是把行李打包之后的事， 排除B，leave用于进行时态可表示将来时间。因此答案是C。【实例】 Bob called to tell his mother that he couldnt enter the house, for he _ his key at school.（上海27.） A. had leftB. would leaveC. was leavingD. has left【解析】：本题以called, couldnt enter两个过去时态的动词为时间参照，不难理解他把钥匙留在学校的动作发生在这两个动作之前。因此答案是A。5）通过语境，让考生确定答案【实例】Do you think Mom and Dad late?（北京25.）No, Swiss Air is usually on time.A. wereB. will beC. would beD. have been【解析】：本题的语境是孩子们在机场接父母的一段对话，显然是快到点了，父母还没出现，孩子之一担心他们会晚点。所以这里暗射晚点时间是在将来的区域， 因此答案是B。【实例】Hurry up! Mark and Carl us.（北京28.）A. expectB. are expectingC. have expectedD. will expect【解析】：本题语境很清楚的表明expect是说话时正在进行的动作，所以答案B不难理解。6）运用标点，模糊考生的时间概念【实例】“What do you want to be?” asked Mrs. Crawford. “Oh, I _ president,” said the boy, with a smile.（湖南22.）A. have beenB. amC. wasD. will be【解析】：本题考查引用语中的时态理解，考生很容易受到asked, said这两个动词的干扰，误导考生选C。这里根据引语里的语境，答案是D。湖南卷不止一次用这种手法命题了。7）when作为并列连词的用法特点。【实例】Jim _ a late night film at home when, right in the middle a thrilling scene, the television went blank. （陕西17.）A. watched B. had watched C. was watching D. would be watching 【解析】：when充当并列连词时，意思是“就在这个时候（just at this time）”,形成主句用过去进行时，从句用过去式的时态环境。常用于以下两个句式：was/were doing when.，或was/were about to do when。如: I was just getting into the bath when the telephone rang. 我正要洗澡电话铃响了。另一个常与过去进行时关联的一个连词是while, 如：一 When did the computer crash?一 This morning, while Ithe reading materials downloaded from some websites.A. have sorted B. was sorting C. am sorting D. had sorted2语态被动语态的拟题主要呈现以下两个特点：1）考查主动语态与被动语态概念的理解。如：【实例】A Midsummer Nights Dream at the Theatre Royal on 19th June, and then tours throughout Scotland.（重庆33.）A. opens B. is opened C. will open D. will be opened【解析】：本题意思是：戏剧仲夏之夜于6月19在皇家剧院首演， 随即在整个苏格拉巡演。根据后面then tours throughout Scotland的表达特点，应使用主动语态。【实例】If nothing _, the oceans will turn into fish deserts. （湖南26.） A. doesB. had been doneC. will doD. is done【解析】：本题条件句的意思是：如不采取措施。nothing与do之间显然是被动关系， 并且时间是指当下，所以答案是D。 2）被动语态在各种时态的运用【实例】Shakespeares play Hamlet into at least ten different films over the past years. （北京23.）A. had been madeB. was madeC. has been madeD. would be made【解析】：本题选项已确定是用被动语态的谓语动词，需要进一步确定的是用在什么时态的被动语态，根据over the past years这一典型的现在完成时态的时间状语，确定答案是C就不难了。3.情态动词纵观这17套高考试题，我们不难发现情态动词是单选题命题结构中仅次于时态的考点，考查范围会涵盖课程标准要求的全部情态动词，拟题具有以下特点：1）考题具有充分的语境，上下文呈现清晰的语义逻辑。【实例】Since nobody gave him any help, he have done the research on his own.（课标26.）A. can B. must C. would D. need【解析】：本题从句表原因：因为没有人给他任何帮助，主句做出肯定推断：他一定是亲手做的这个研究。主从句形成清晰排他的肯定推断的逻辑。因此答案是B。【实例】 What are you doing this Saturday?（重庆26.） Im not sure, but I go to the Rolling Stones concert.A. must B. would C. should D. might【解析】：本题从Im not sure,这个情景中，可推断后面要go to the Rolling Stones concert只是一种可能性。因此答案D是合理的逻辑。2）情态动词+have +done的考点不可忽视。【实例】I _ myself moreit was a perfect day.（浙江3.） A. shouldnt have enjoyed B. neednt have enjoyed C. wouldnt have enjoyed D. couldnt have enjoyed【解析】：情态动词+have +done这一考点曾是情态动词考点最热的命题点，今天我们依然不能忽视。要理解不同情态动词在这类表达方式的正确语义， 结合考题语境做出选择。 本题答案D。 4. 虚拟语气2013年17高考套考题显示虚拟语气仍然是命题结构中的重点，拟题主要放在：1） 考查条件虚拟板块。注意：通过语境隐匿条件或条件句的语法格式的表达是这个板块常见的拟题特点。如：【实例】If we a table earlier, we couldnt be standing here in a queue.（北京34.）A. have bookedB. bookedC. bookD. had booked【解析】：本题根据we couldnt be standing here in a queue可以断定是考查虚拟语气，根据条件句的earlier，条件句表达的是与过去时间相关联， 因此答案是D。【实例】I to my cousins birthday party last night, but I was not available（安徽28.） A. went B. had goneC. would go D. would have gone【解析】：本题条件的表达被隐匿在语境之中，意思是：如果昨晚我能脱身的话，我本会参加我表哥的生日聚会。所以本题需用虚拟语气。答案是D。2）考查某些动词要求其宾语从句谓语需用should+动词原型这一结构的板块。注意：这种结构中should可以省略，针对这个特征命题，也是高考题的常见手法。 【实例】My mom suggests that we _eat out for a change this weekend. （陕西12.）A. should B. might C. could D. would 【解析】：本题考表建议、要求、命令等语义的动词要求其宾语从句谓语需用should+动词原型这一知识点。所以答案是A。 【实例】Eye doctors recommend that a childs first eye exam _at the age of six months old.（浙江8） A. was B. be C. were D. is【解析】：本题考查表建议、要求、命令等语义的动词要求其宾语从句谓语需用should+动词原型，这种结构中should可以省略这一知识点。所以答案是B。5. 不定式纵观高考动词不定式考题，不定式和其它非谓语动词一样，拟题以其它非谓语动词为干扰选项，通过语境中清晰的语义逻辑，考查辨认动词不定用法的能力。考题常从以下角度命题：1）考查动词不定式的形式。形式包括动词不定式的时态、语态、肯定、否定、疑问、省略等方面。【实例】The airport _ next year will help promote tourism in this area.（四川10.） A. being completed B. to be completed C. completed D. having been completed【解析】：本题意思是：明年将要建设的这个机场将会推动这个区域的旅游业。非谓语动词在这个句子中充当定语，并且与被修饰词airport之间有被动关系。在充当定语时，非谓语动词与被修饰之间的被动关系具有明显的时效特点。being done表示正在进行。如：The problem being discussed at the meeting is difficult to solve. 正在会上讨论的问题很难解决。-ed短语（过去分词）表示完成时间。如：The problem discussed at the last meeting has not been loved. 上次会上讨论的那个问题还没有解决。不定式to do作定语则表示将来时间。因此本题答案是B。【实例】The driver wanted to park his car near the roadside but was asked by the police _.（课标128.）A. not to doB. not toC. not doD. do not【解析】：本题并列连词but后是一个省略句，完整的形态是：but he was asked not to park his car near the roadside by the police。在英文中前文以表达的信息可以省略， 因此，主语he和park his car near the roadside被省略了。因此答案是B。2）考查不定式在句子的功能及该功能的特点【实例】Volunteering gives you a chance lives, including your own.（北京21.）A. changeB. changingC. changedD. to change【解析】：本题考查短语give sb a chance to do sth的用法，因此答案是D。【实例】_ warm at night, I would fill the woodstove, then set my alarm clock for midnight so I could refill it.（湖南31.） A. StayingB. StayedC. To stayD. Stay【解析】：本题意思是：为了晚上取暖， 我会给炉子填满柴，然后调好闹钟，午夜再天一次。根据上下文逻辑，显然这个短语是目的状语，答案要用C。 6. -ing动词纵观全国及各地高考试题，与不定式一样，-ing动词拟题特征也是通过语境清晰的语义逻辑，从以下角度命题：1）考查-ing动词形式。形式包括-ing动词的时态、语态、肯定、否定、疑问、复合结构等方面。【实例】I got to the office earlier that day, the 7:30 train from Paddington（课标25.）A. caught B. to have caught C. to catch D. having caught【解析】：本题-ing动词短语表示原因状语，并且动作发生在谓语动作之前，要用-ing动词的完成式。因此答案是D。 【实例】_ which university to attend, the girl asked her teacher for advice.(四川8.) A. Not knowing B. Knowing not C. Not known D. Known not【解析】：本题考查-ing动词的否定式，因此答案是A。2）考查-ing动词在句子的功能及该功能的特点【实例】The sunlight is white and blinding, _ hard-edged shadows on the ground.（课标135.）A. throwingB. being thrownC. to throwD. to be thrown【解析】：本题非谓语动词短语，充当伴随状语，动词与主语是主动关系，因此答案是A。【实例】Shortly after suffering from a massive earthquake and to ruins, the city took on a new look.（江苏31.）A. reducing B. reducedC. being reduced D. having reduced【解析】：本题and连接的是两个并列的介词短语，介词after被省略了，因此后边的动词形式应是-ing形态，短语be reduced to sth意思是“化为”，因此答案是C。【实例】Young people may risk _deaf if they are exposed to very loud music every day.（上海34.） A. to goB. to have goneC. goingD. having gone【解析】：本题中risk后只可以用-ing为宾语，因此答案是D。【实例】_ basic firstaid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies.（福建22.）A. Known B. Having known C. Knowing D. Being known【解析】：本题非谓语动词充当主语，因此答案是C。【实例】The room is empty except for a bookshelf _ in one corner. （山东25.）A. standing B. to stand C. standsD. stood 【解析】：本题-ing动词短语充当定语，修饰bookshelf。7 -ed动词纵观全国及各地高考试题，-ed动词拟题特征与其它非谓语动词一样，也是通过语境中清晰的语义逻辑，从以下角度命题：1）考查-ed动词形式。-ed动词的形式相对于不定式和-ing动词要简单，主要注意两个特点，即否定式和充当状语时可以在其前保留连接词。如：【实例】There are some health problems that, when _ in time, can become bigger ones later on. （浙江19.） A. not treated B. not being treated C. not to be treated D. not having been treated【解析】：本题考查-ed动词的否定式，答案是A。【实例】If _ to look after luggage for someone else, inform the police at once.（江西34.）A. askedB. to askC. askingD. having asked【解析】：本题显然前面部分是条件状语，与祈使句主语的关系是被动，所以答案是A。2）考查-ed动词在句子的功能及该功能的特点【实例】When we saw the road with snow, we decided to spend the holiday at home.（北京29.） A. blockB. to blockC. blockingD. blocked【解析】：本题中动词在see +n +动词的结构中，为宾语补足语，与宾语构成逻辑被动关系，因此答案是D。【实例】In some languages,100 words make up half of all words in daily conversations.（天津10.）A. using B. to use C. having used D. used【解析】：本题动词短语作定语，与被修饰词构成逻辑被动关系，因此答案是D。 【实例】 in the early 20th century, the school keeps on inspiring childrens love of art.（安徽32.） A. To found B. FoundingC. Founded D. Having founded【解析】：本题动词短语充当状语， 与主语构成逻辑被动关系，因此答案是C。 8. 动词辨析动词辨析试题是一个高频考点，主要考一些常用的动词在具体情境中的辨析。个别省份有使用对中学生来说比较生僻词汇的倾向。一般拟题具有以下动特点1）选择适合情景语义的动词【实例】While intelligent people can often _ the complex, a fool is more likely to complicate the simple.（湖北23.） A. sacrifice B. substitute C. simplify D. survive【解析】：本题语境用while，将simplify与complicate对照起来，因此答案是C。 2）综合情景与搭配【实例】If you are in trouble, Mike is always willing to a band.（天津2.）A. lend B. shake C. wave D. want【解析】：本题语境需要使用短语lend a hand，意思是“出手帮忙”。9. 动词词组辨析动词词组辨析考题和动词辨析题一样，也是一个高频考点，主要考一些常用的动词词组在具体情境中的辨析。拟题主要呈现以下特点：1） 选项具有相同介词或副词，但动词不同的动词词组【实例】Bears _ fat stores throughout the summer and fall to have energy enough to last them through their winter sleep.（浙江17.） A. pack up B. build up C. bring up D. take up【解析】：本题句子的意思是：整个夏秋两季熊都在存储脂肪，以备有充足的能量冬眠。因此本题选项语境需要有“增进、扩大”之意的词组。根据柯林斯英汉双解大词典，build up的意思是：If you build up something or if it builds up, it gradually becomes bigger, for example, because more is added to it. 使逐渐变大; 逐渐变大。本题答案是B。2）选项动词相同，但介词或副词不同的动词词组【实例】In much of the animal world, night is the time _ for sleeppure and simple. （湖北26） A. set aside B. set down C. set off D. set up【解析】：本题句子意思是：在动物世界里对很多动物而言，夜晚是用来睡眠的时间，并且是那种纯粹彻底的睡眠。因此本题选项语境需要接近“用来、安排”等意思的词组。根据柯林斯英汉双解大词典，set aside 的意思是：If you set something aside for a special use or purpose, you keep it available for that use or purpose. 省出; 抽出。因此A项接近本题语境所需语意。3）干扰项任意选取【实例】I had hoped to take a holiday this year but I wasnt able to （天津8.）A. get away B. drop in C. check out D. hold on【解析】：本题句子意思是：我本希望今年能去度假， 但还是脱不开身。因此本题选项语境需要接近“摆脱（事务）、脱身（度假）”等意思的词组。根据柯林斯英汉双解大词典，get away的意思是：If you get away, you go away for a period of time in order to have a holiday. 外出度假。因此A项是十分贴切这个语境。10 主谓倒装纵观这17套高考题，倒装以考查局部倒装为重点，要特别注意的是，否定开头的句子，适用局部倒装这一语法规则， 但否定是指语意否定，而非只是看句首是否是否定词。【实例】Only by increasing the number of doctors by 50 percent properly in this hospital.（课标212）A. can be the patients B. can the patients be treatedC. the patients can be treated D. treated can be the patients【解析】：根据语法规则，only置于句首，且修饰状语，句子适用局部倒装。因此答案是B。【实例】At no time _the rules of the game. It was unfair to punish them.（辽宁26.）A. they actually brokeB. do they actually breakB. did they actually breakD. they had actually broken【解析】：根据语法规则，具有否定意义的词组at no time位于句首，句子适用局部倒装。上下文是过去时态环境，因此本题答案是B。11. 主谓一致纵观这17套高考题，主谓一致命题的频率虽然不大， 但命题的难度却不小。主要有以下特点1）利用词序颠倒，考查考生识别主语的能力。【实例】Among the crises that face humans _ the lack of natural resources.（上海39.） A. isB. areC. is thereD. are there【解析】：本题将表语Among the crises that face humans提到了句首，因此句子就产生了倒装，其主语是the lack of natural resources词组里的中心词the lack, 因此答案是A。there +be的结构本身就是一个主谓倒装的结构，因此C、D不符合表达习惯，首先可以排除这两个答案。 【实例】The famous musician, as well as his students, _ to perform at the opening ceremony of the 2012 Taipei Flower Expo.（福建23.）A. were invited B. was invited C. have been invited D. has been invited【解析】：as well as his students这个短语原本是可以放在句子末尾的一个状语，为加强对它的表达效果，往往可提到主语之后，考生不可认定它是主语。结合本句时态环境，因此答案是B。2） 利用定语从句关系词的指代，考查考生识别主语的能力。【实例】The university estimates that living expenses for international students _ around $ 8,450 a year, which _ a burden for some of them.（湖南33.） A. are；isB. are；areC. is；areD. is；is【解析】：本题后面非限制性定语从句的关系代词which指代“国际学生的生活费用每年大约8,450美元”这件事，应理解为单数，因此答案是A。3）通过对主语增加信息，考查考生识别主语的能力。【实例】Generally, students inner motivation with high expectations from others essential to their development.（江苏21.）A. is B. are C. was D. were【解析】：本题中心词是inner motivation,其前后受到定语修饰，以增加主语的信息，因此答案是A。12. 祈使句中的动词祈使句动词谓语的考查，拟题以非谓语动词为干扰项为特征，考查考生复杂句的识别能力。【实例】_ at the photos, illustrations, title and headings and you can guess what the reading is about.（上海37.） A. To lookB. LookingC. Having lookedD. Look（湖南30.）【解析】：本题中and后连接了一个并列从句， and之前的部分应理解为主句。结合选项与语境可知是个“祈使句+ and +陈述句” 的结构。 因此，答案是D。【实例】Every day _ a proverb aloud several times until you have it memorized. A. readB. readingC. to readD. reads【解析】：本题中until连接了一个时间状语从句，until之前的部分应理解为主句，结合选项与语境可知主句是一个祈使句。 因此，答案是A。四、2013全国及各省市高考英语单选题动词考点试题精选1. Around two oclock every night, Sue will start talking in her dream. It somewhat _ us. （湖南24.） A. bothersB. had botheredC. would botherD. bothered2. I felt very tired when I got home, and I straight to bed.（重庆21.）A. go B. went C. had gone D. have gone3. Have you heard about the recent election? （湖南27.） Sure, it _ the only thing on the news for the last three days. A. would beB. isC. has beenD. will be4. What about your self drive trip yesterday?（江苏34.）Tiring! The road is being widened, and we a rough ride.A. had B. haveC. would have D. have had5. On Monday morning it usually _ me an hour drive to work although the actual distance is only 20 miles. （陕西11.）A. takes B. is taking C. took D. will take 6. During the last three decades, the number of people participating in physical fitness programs _sharply.（浙江10.） A. was increasing B. has increased C. had increased D. will be increasing7Could I use your car tomorrow morning?（江苏25.）Sure. I report at home.A. will be writingB. will have writtenC. have written D. have been writing8 Oh no! Were too late. The train _. （山东27.）Thats Ok. Well catch the next train to London. A. was leavingB. had left C. has left D. has been leaving9. When I first met Bryan I didnt like him, but I _ my mind. （课标127.）A. have changedB. changeC. had changedD. would change10. The water supply has been cut off temporarily because the workers one of the main pipes.（天津13.）A. had repaired B. have repaired C. repaired D. are repairing11.He was unhappy when he sold his gui