2014硕士生英语复习大纲及答案.doc

2013级（秋）硕士生基础英语考试安排考试时间：2014年1月9日）上午9：00-11：00考试地点：专15班(城规）B二206； 学24(城规）B二309； 专35班(电气）B二409； 学48(机械、自动化）B二420 1. 请学生注意看研究生院在网上的通知和学生的个人平台；2. 学生考试时需提前15分钟到指定教室参加考试；3. 学生考试时需带有效身份证件；4. 缓考，重修的学生需在考试之前一周之内到研究生院培养办登记，方能参加考试，否则后果自负。成绩评定：出勤 10% 平时作业10% 课堂参与 10% 口试 20% 期末笔试 50%期末笔试（总分100分）：阅读 40% 两篇为相当于六级难度的阅读理解客观题，一篇为主观阅读理解题，类似于雅思题型：翻译 30% 英译汉和汉译英各占15%，两类翻译都为课外内容，段落翻译，难易度适中，主要考查基本翻译技能。写作 30% 根据一篇字数为一千字左右的文章（可以是泛学术文章）写summary，字数大概为200字左右。Part I. Reading Comprehension 40% 水平考试（1-15题 30points （六级阅读） ; 16-25题（雅思阅读）10points） (见各单元补充试题)1题型 (Topic paragraph & sentence; supporting paragraph & sentences; conclusion)AGeneral Questions: based on the topic or main idea of the passage B. Specific Questions: based on a sentence or a group of sentences in the passage C. Vocabulary: guess the meaning of unfamiliar words or phrases D. Inference: understand the implied meaning of what is said 2. 答题要领 A. Read the passage quickly, focus on the topic and the main information of the passage: B. Answer the general questions e.g. What is the title/topic/subject/theme/main idea of the passage? What is the passage mainly about? What is the authors purpose/attitude? C. Answer the other questions a. Read a question and find the key words in it; b. Find the same words or the synonym in the passage; c. Find the information concerning the key words in the passage d. Read the four choices and choose the one that has the same meaning with the statements in the passage.Part II. Translation from English into Chinese (15%) (见课堂练习)1. 答题要领A. Divide the sentence into sense groups (意群);B. Analyze the structure of the sentence down to the elements;C. Translate the sense groups one by one;D. Organize the Chinese into a grammatical Chinese sentence, Pay attention to: division, order, means of expression, additionE. Check Chinese version against English.e.g. Theory plays the same role / in economics, geography and economic geography / in spite of the differences / in disciplinary goals / and in the levels of theoretical development / achieved. 译文：尽管经济学、地理和经济地理这三门学科在各自的学科目标和所取得的理论发展水平上有所不同，但理论在这些学科中所起的作用是相同的。Sociologists now use the term “white collar crime” / to refer not only to crimes / committed / in the course of business activities / for corporate benefits, / but also to crimes,/ typically committed / by persons of high status / for personal benefits.社会学家现在使用“白领犯罪”这一术语不仅是指那些在商务活动过程中为公司利益而犯的罪，也指那些通常是由公司高层（高管）为个人利益而犯的罪。The Translation of Subordinate ClauseA主语从句a. Wh- + clause + V. 译成主语，可转换成名词性词组 例: What we learn from books is much helpful to our practice. 我们从书本上学到的知识对我们的实践很有帮助。b. That + clause + V 译成并列句 例: That food is related to illness is not a new discovery. 食物和疾病有关, 这不是一个新发现。c. It is + Ved + that + clause 据 例: It is said/reported/estimated that 据说/报道/估计. 人们/有人 例: It is worried/noted/realized that 人们担心/注意到/意识到d. It is + a./n. + that + clause 先译从句 例：It is important that you should be on time. 守时是很重要的。 先译形容词或名词例：It is important/obvious/true that 重要的是/很显然/的确， 融合在一起例: It is necessary/certain/possible / impossible that 某人肯定会/有必要/可能/不可能做某事B. 定语从句a. 译成定语：（所）的+名词 例：Figures are guide which should help us make decisions. 数据是帮助我们决策的指南。b. 译成并列句，重复先行词例1：Perhaps light is some sort of electric wave, whose nature we do not yet understand. 也许光是某种电波，其性质我们尚不清楚。例2：They are striving for the ideal which is cherished by every Chinese and for which many Chinese have laid down their lives. 他们正在为了一个理想而奋斗。这个理想是每一个中国人所珍爱的。为了这个理想，许多中国人献出了生命。 c. 译成状语从句例：Anyone who stops absorbing new knowledge is certain to lag behind. 一个人如果停止吸收新的知识，就肯定会落后。C. 同位语从句a. 先译名词，接 ：，或 即：+ 从句例：As an obedient son, I had accepted my fathers decision that I was to be a doctor. 作为一个孝顺的儿子，我听从了父亲的决定：学医。 b. 先译从句，后接这（一）+名词例：The problem that the quality of the products is not up to the requirements has not been settled. 产品质量达不到要求。这一问题尚未解决。c. 将名词转译成动词，后接从句例：The growth of population during the past few centuries is no proof that population will continue to grow straight upward toward infinity and doom. 过去几个世纪人口的增长并不能证明人口将无限直线上升，直到人类的毁灭。Part III. Translation from Chinese into English (15%) 水平考试(见以下补充练习)A. Decide on the type of a sentence: a. simple b. compound: clause A, conj. clause B c. complex: main clause; subordinate clauseB. Decide on the basic sentence pattern of each simple sentence: a. SV b. SVC c. SVO d. SVOO e. SVOC f. There be +n. .SVC: become / get / grow / turn / go + a. look / sound / taste / smell / feel + a.fall asleep; stay alive; keep calm; SVOC: ask sb. to do sth. make / watch sb. do sth. find / see sb. doing sth. have sth. done They elected him president. Facts proved his worries groundless. Please make yourself at home.e.g. 人与自然的冲突大约在10，000年前就开始了。Simple SV conflict beginThe conflict between human beings and nature began about 10,000 years ago.本次金融危机2008年在美国首先爆发。The financial crisis broke out first in US in 2008.淡水匮乏将导致农业减产，将破坏环境并使与水有关的健康问题恶化。 Shortage of water will lead to the reduction of farm crops, destroy the environment and worsen water-related health problems.The basic sentence pattern in English is not necessarily the same as that in Chinese.e.g. 在过去60年里，中国发生了巨大变化。Great changes have taken place in China over the past 60 years.定语翻译：e.g. starting point; a developing country; a developed country; the arrested person; the project planned; the money needed;a city famous for its long history； students willing to take part in the experimentthe right / ability / first one to do sth; a book to be published soonthe people working here ; the students doing an experiment in the lab; the experiment done by the students last week; 科技英语：English for science and technology美国大选的结果：the result of the general election in USA本公司开发出来的一种新产品：a new product developed in/by our company一个负责保护消费者权益的组织：an organization responsible for protecting consumers rights 过去五年人们饮食的变化：changes in peoples diet in the past five years全国出境旅游人数：the number of Chinese traveling abroad状语翻译：1. To learn English well, you need a good dictionary.2. Looking out of the window, I saw a lot of trees.3. Written in English, the report is difficult for me to understand.4. Having seen the film twice, I didnt want to go to the cinema this evening. 5. When leaving the airport, they waved to us again and again.6. Though written in ancient times, the book still appeals to readers today.汉译英提示 1：主语确定原则 由于英语是主语显著语(subject-prominent language), 构建在主谓轴(subject-predicate pivot)上，主语决定了句法结构；汉语为语义性语言，其中主语的重要性相对较低，无主语的现象比比皆是。因此在汉英转化中最重要的就是确定主语，主语选择成功了，句子越翻越顺；选择失败，考生越翻越累。主语的确定归根结底有三种方法：使用原主语；重新确定主语；增补主语。 1. 把他添上，名单就全了。His addition completed the list. 2. 现在迫切需要制定新的战略。 At present, it is imperative to develop new strategies. (There is an urgent need to .)3. 我现在不便还书。 It is not convenient for me to return the book now.4. 因病请假不扣工资。No deduction in pay is made because of absence of leave due to illness.5. 这一目标的实现，最直接收益的是老百姓，他们住得更宽敞了，更舒服了。 The citizens will live more spaciously and comfortably, benefiting most directly fromachieving the goal. 6. 其实（老实说），撇开数学，绕过一大堆公式，一门学科的基本原理还是可以被我们理解和欣赏的。 To be frank, if we leave aside mathematics and bypass the abundant formulas, thebasic principles of the discipline (subject) are understandable and appreciable. 7. 有什么需要，尽管告诉我。If you need any help, please dont hesitate to let me know.8. 交作业之前要仔细检查。 Youd better check your homework carefully before you hand it in. 9. 认识落后，才能去改变落后，学习先进，才有可能赶超先进。Backwardness must be recognized before it can be changed. A person must learn fromthe advanced before he can catch up with and surpass them.10. 要提高人民的生活水平，就必须控制人口的增长。 Population growth must be controlled before peoples living standards can be improved. 11. 在过去的20年中，世界上没有任何一个国家的外贸发展速度像中国那么快。Over the past two decades no country in the world has expanded its foreign trade asfast as China.1. （使用原主语）你看到的是半杯水还是杯中空的一半呢？你关注的是炸面包圈（doughnut）还是其中的空洞呢？当科研人员研究积极思维的作用时，这些陈词滥调（clichs）徒然间都是科学问题了。研究证明，乐观能使人更快乐，健康和成功。相反，悲观则导致绝望，生病和失败。如果你转变思想-从悲观主义变为乐观主义-你就能改变你的人生。Do you see the glass as half full rather than half empty? Do you keep your eyes upon the doughnut, not upon the hole? Suddenly these clichs are scientific questions, as researchers study the power of positive thinking. Research is proving that optimism can help you to be happier, healthier and more successful. Pessimism leads, by contrast, to hopelessness, sickness and failure. If you change your mindfrom pessimism to optimismyou can change your life.2. 感恩是一项重要的人生哲学，是生活的大智慧。人生在世，任何人都不可能时时幸运成功。对于各种失败和不幸，我们应该学会豁达大度，勇敢面对，并想办法解决。如此，我们是应该抱怨生活，从此沮丧气馁呢？（增补）还是对生活满怀感恩之心，跌倒后再爬起来呢? 如果对生活感恩，你的生命将充满灿烂的阳光；如果（增补）一味怨恨，（增补）终将一无所获。Being grateful is an important philosophy of life and a great wisdom. It is impossible for anyone to be lucky and successful all the time so long as he lives in the world. We should learn how to face failure or misfortune bravely and generously and to try to deal with it. If so, should we complain about our life and become frustrated and disappointed ever since then or should we be grateful for our life, rise again after a fall? If you are grateful to life, it will bring you shining sunlight. If you always complain about everything, you may own nothing in the end.3. 当今快速的经济发展是否合乎人意是有很多（重新确定主语）讨论的。那些批评经济发展的人主张我们必须减速。他们相信社会正在接近某种发展极限。这其中包括固定不变的自然资源供应以及工业对自然环境可能造成的消极影响。然而那些想要更多更快发展经济的人则主张，即使按目前的发展速度仍然还有许多穷人。他们坚持认为只有持续的发展才能创造提高生活质量所必需的资本，才能提供保护自然环境不受工业化破坏所需的财力资源。There is much discussion today about whether fast economic growth is desirable. Those who criticize economic growth argue that we must slow down. They believe that society is approaching certain limits on growth. These include the fixed (unchanging 固定不变的) supply of natural resources, and the possible negative effects of industry on the natural environment. People who want more and faster economic growth, on the other hand, argue that even at the present growth rate, there are still many poor people. They maintain that only continued growth can create the capital needed to improve the quality of life and provide the financial resources required to protect our natural surroundings from industrialization.4. 有关应用科学和先进技术影响力的辩论已获得广泛关注。现代科技无疑已给人类提供了极大便利。但在另一方面也（增补）导致了一些严重问题，诸如各种污染，温室效应，原子弹及其它对我们生存的威胁。因此，我们不得不学会在仔细规划和控制的条件下应用高技术。 The debate regarding the effects of applied science and advanced technology has gained wide attention. It is no doubt that modern science and technology have offered great convenience to human beings. But on the other hand they have also resulted in some serious problems such as all kinds of pollution, greenhouse effect, nuclear bombs and other threats to our very existence. Therefore, we have to learn to use high-tech under careful planning and control.5. （使用原主语）一个国家的经济增长主要决定于三个要素：各种生产要素尤其是资本的增加，生产结构从低附加值的产业向高附加值产业的升级以及技术进步。最后一项是所有因素中最重要的一个。如果没有技术升级，经济体中的产业结构升级就不会发生。A nations economic growth is decided by three factors: the increase of the various production elements, especially the capital, the upgrade of the production structure from the low-value added industries to the high-value ones, and the progress of technology. The last one is the leading factor of all. An upgrade of industry structure will not occur in an economy without technological upgrade.汉译英提示2： 谓语最小化原则 在汉译英中，动词的考察是必然的。其中动词和其他成分的转换也是重中之重。如果考生把所有的动词都翻译成动词的话，只能说明其还属于“入门”境界。我们在翻译中一定要注意动词和其他词性的转换，常见减少谓语的方法有： a） 把动词变成名词; b） 使用介词短语; c） 使用分词短语; d） 多使用to表示目的的状语; e） 把并列谓语中最后一个谓语处理成“，which”的非限制性定语从句。1. 今年的亚太经济贸易合作组织会议将主要侧重两个方面：一是加强亚太经合组织成员之间的合作，共同应对可能出现的经济衰退，重树信心；二是继续推进亚太经合组织贸易投资自由化进程，推动世界贸易组织开始新一轮谈判。 The APEC meeting in this year will focus mainly on two aspects: one is on strengthening the cooperation among all APEC members to cope with the possible economic recession with rebuilt-up confidence; the other is on promoting the liberalization of trade and investment among all APEC members for the start of a new round of negotiations by WTO.2. 对企业来说，在线培训也许效果更好。例如，福特的员工现在就可以下载系列课程，其中一课有关“倾听并处理棘手情况”。按其设计，所有课程均能使学员在10至15分钟内消化某课程的一个单元。公司声称，在过去半年里，培训费用已削减了200万美元，因为几乎没有人为了去某个培训班学习而离开他们的办公桌。For businesses, training may work better online. For example, Ford employees can now download a range of courses, including one on “Listening and Handling Tough Situations”, all designed for digestion of a unit in a particular course in 10 or 15 minutes. The company claims to have cut training costs by $2 million during the past six months, as few people leave their desks to learn in a certain training class.3. 承认我们深受偏见的影响没有什么不光彩的。这正是我们需要教育的原因。教育恰好可以(动词变成名词)不断发现隐藏在我们头脑里的如同电脑病毒一样的无知和偏见。除非我们保持警惕，不断检查电脑并清除所有病毒，否则，某一天我们就会深陷麻烦。我们不知道在什么时候什么地方它们就会袭击我们，(使用介词短语)带来严重后果。It is no disgrace to admit that we are all heavily influenced by prejudices. And this is precisely the reason why we all need education. Education is just the progressive discovery of our ignorance and prejudices which are hidden in our mind like computer virus in a computer. And unless we stay alert and check our computer constantly and wipe out all the viruses, we will be in serious trouble some day. We will not know when and where they will hit us with serious consequences.汉译英提示 3： 汉译英的合并译法汉译英时，往往必须先找出主谓框架树起主干，然后将各种关系词、短语（介词短语、名词短语）、附加成分（同位语、插入语）、分词结构、从句（定语从句、状语从句、同位语从句）等添加到主干，使树木枝繁叶茂。翻译汉语的多个分句时，注意分析各个分句之间的逻辑关系，确定好主从关系，采用恰当的方式进行连接。1. 我们必须抓住新的机遇，迎接新的挑战，采取更加有力的措施，以更为积极地姿态扩大对外开放，力争对外贸易和吸收外资有新的增长。We must seize new opportunities and meet new challenges. We must open ourselves wider to the outside world more actively, and take more effective measures to expand foreign trade and absorb more foreign funds.评：本句包含5个小分句：我们必须抓住新的机遇（1），迎接新的挑战（2），采取更加有力的措施（3），以更为积极地姿态扩大对外开放（4），力争对外贸易和吸收外资有新的增长（5）。分析各个分句之间的逻辑关系，可以发现（1）和（2）是并列关系，添加and进行连接，（3）和（4）是并列关系，（5）是其目的，因此，三个分句连为一体，（3)and(4)to(5)。 当然，这两个部分之间还存在着总和分的关系，前两句说得比较笼统，后三句说明了具体的措施和做法，英语句子体现具体信息的部分往往可以利用分词结构表达，所以本句还有一种译法：We must seize new opportunities and meet new challenges，opening ourselves wider to the outside world more actively, and taking more effective measures to expand foreign trade and absorb more foreign funds.2. 人们决定学习外语也许是出于多种原因。他们（增补）也许是为了某种最近的目的-满足某个公共考试的要求，或从国外度假中获得更大乐趣和享受。商人们也许不得不直接或间接处理外国信函；研究者也许认识到，不用等待翻译人员，就能阅读外国报刊杂志刚刚发表的有关学科最新进展的报告是何等重要。学习一门新语言意味着接近一个新世界，必定会扩展一个人的智力体验。People may decide to study foreign languages for various reasons. They may do so for the immediate purpose of satisfying the requirements of some public examination or of getting greater fun and enjoyment out of a holiday abroad. Men of business may have to deal directly or indirectly with foreign correspondence and researchers may realize the importance of being able to read the latest accounts of advances made in their subject as soon as they are published in foreign journals, without waiting for a translator. Learning a new language implies approaching a new world, and it inevitably leads to a widening of intellectual experience.Part IV. Practical Writing (30%) 水平考试 Passage OneThere are a great many careers in which the increasing emphasis is on specialization. You find these careers in engineering, in production, in statistical work, and in teaching. But there is an increasing demand for people who are able to take in a great area at a glance, people who perhaps do not know too much about any one field. There is, in other words, a demand for people who are capable of seeing the forest rather than the trees, of making general judgments. We can call these people “generalists”. And these “generalists” are particularly needed for positions in administration, where it is their job to see that other people do the work, where they have to plan for other people, to organize other peoples work, to begin it and judge it. The specialist understands one field; his educational background is properly technical or professional. The generalist-and especially the administrator-deals with people; his concern is with leadership, with planning, and with direction giving. He is an “educated” man; and humanities are his strongest foundation. Very rarely is a specialist capable of being an administrator. And very rarely is a good generalist also a good specialist in a particular field. Any organization needs both kinds of people, though different organizations need them in different proportions. It is your task to find out, during your training period, into which of the two kinds of jobs you fit, and to plan your career accordingly.Your first job may turn out to be the right job for you but this is pure accident. Certainly you should not change jobs constantly or people will become suspicious of your ability to hold any job. At the same time you must not look upon the first job as the final job; it is primarily a training job, an opportunity to understand your-self and your fitness for being an employee.1. There is an increasing demand for _ .A. all-round people in their own fieldB. people whose job is to organize other peoples workC. generalists whose educational background is either technical or professionalD. specialists whose chief concern is to provide administrative guidance to others 2. The specialist is _ .A. a man whose job is to train other peopleB. a man who has been trained in more than one fieldC. a man who can see the forest rather than the treesD. a man whose concern is mainly with technical or professional matters3. The administrator is _ .A. a “trained” man who is more a specialist than a generalistB. a man who sees the trees as well as the forestC. a man who is very strong in the hu