英语四级写作知识讲座.ppt

I ParagraphWriting 段落写作方法 段落 paragraph 是由表达单一中心思想 centralidea 的一组句子 包括主题句topicsentence 扩展句supportingsentences及结论句concludingsentence 构成 是文章结构的基本独立单位 Aparagraphisagroupofrelatedsentencesthatdiscussone andusuallyonlyone mainidea Aparagraphcanbeasshortasonesentenceoraslongastensentences Thenumberofsentencesisunimportant however theparagraphshouldbelongenoughtodevelopthemainideaclearly TheThreePartsofaParagraph Allparagraphshaveatopicsentenceandsupportingsentences andsomeparagraphsalsohaveaconcludingsentence II 主题句的写法 主题句是表达段落主题的句子 它用来概扩段落大意 要求全段其它文字都围绕它展开 主题句通常放在段落的开头 开门见山的提出问题 然后加以说明 其作用是使文章的结构更清晰 更具说服力 便于读者迅速地把握主题的内容 主题句也可放在段中起到承上启下的作用 或放在句尾起概括全段的作用 Thetopicsentencestatesthemainideaoftheparagraph Itnotonlynamesthetopicoftheparagraph butitalsolimitsthetopictoonespecificareathatcanbediscussedcompletelyinthespaceofasingleparagraph Everygoodparagraphhasatopicsentence whichclearlystatesthetopicandthecontrollingideaoftheparagraph Atopicsentenceisthemostimportantsentenceinaparagraph Itbrieflyindicateswhattheparagraphisgoingtodiscuss Forthisreason thetopicsentenceisahelpfulguidetoboththewriterandthereader Thewritercanseewhatinformationtoinclude andwhatinformationtoexclude Thereadercanseewhattheparagraphisgoingtobeaboutandisthereforebetterpreparedtounderstandit Herearethreeimportantpointstorememberaboutatopicsentence 1 Atopicsentenceisacompletesentence thatis itcontainsatleastonesubjectandoneverb Thefollowingarenotcompletesentencesbecausetheydonothaveverbs Drivingonfreeways Howtoregisterforcollegeclasses Theriseofindiefilms 2 Atopicsentencecontainsbothatopicandacontrollingidea Itnamesthetopicandthenlimitsthetopictoaspecificareatobediscussedinthespaceofasingleparagraph Drivingonfreewaysrequiresskillandalertness Registeringforcollegeclassescanbeafrustratingexperiencefornewstudents Theriseofindiefilmisduetoseveralfactors 3 Atopicsentenceisthemostgeneralstatementintheparagraphbecauseitgivesonlythemainidea Itdoesnotgiveanyspecificdetails Rememberthatatopicsentenceisacompletesentenceandisneithertoogeneralnortoospecific 例1 主题句 Asisknowntoall exercisesdoesbringalotofbenefitstohealth First itcangreatlystrenghtenourhearts lungs bonesandmuscles therebychangingourwholehealthforthebetter Besides itcanmakeourbrainsbetterabletoreacttowhatisgoingonaroundus Andbestofall itcanhelpusbreedoptimismaboutourtoughlife III 扩展句的写法 Supportingsentencesdevelopthetopicsentence Thatis theyexplainorprovethetopicsentencebygivingmoreinformationaboutit 1 每个主要扩展句都应该是对主题句中表示主要思想的关键词的直接 明确的说明 2 每个次要扩展句都应该说明它的主要扩展句3 含有讨论说明或分析的问题 通常既要有主要扩展句 又要次要扩展句 主题句 Theimportanceofbodylanguagetooursuccessinsocialcontactisnowdrawingmoreofourconcernthaneverbefore 主要扩展句 Tobeginwith ithasstrongheldonthereactionsofotherstous 次要扩展句 Whatwetendtoshowthroughoureyes faces bodiesandgesturesoftenbringsaboutachainofreactonsfromothers rangingfromappreciationtodisgust 主要扩展句 Besides itservesasalitmustestforourtruefeelings 次要扩展句 Everytimewemakeinsincereremark ourfacialexpressions thetoneofourvoicesandevenourposturemayrevealmoretoothersthanourspeech 主要扩展句 Andmostofall ithasthepowertodeterminewhetherornotwewillsucceedinsocialcontact 次要扩展句 Ifyouhaveadecisivedatewithagirl boyandyourmannersorthewayyouconductyourselfdoesn tmatchyoursocialstatus forexample yourchancesof winningtheother sheartwillbeslim 结论句 Inshort wherethereisabetterexercisesofbodylanguageinsocialcontact therewillbemorehopeofsuccess IV 段落发展的方法 1 列举法 details 通过列举一系列的论据 对topicsentence中摆出的论点进行广泛 全面地陈述或解释 列举的顺序可以按照所列各点内容的相对重要性 时间 空间等进行 例 Therearemanywaysforyoutobreakwithyourbadhabitofsmoking First buildupyourwilltoabandonitbyfrequentlyremindingyourselfofitsharmfulness Second replaceyourbadhabitwithagoodone suchascoffeedrinkingorbubble gumchewing Andlistentotheregretthevictimsofsmokingexpressfromthebottomoftheirhearts Aslongasyouclingtothestepsasmentionedabove youwillbeamazedathoweffectivetheyare 常用于列举法的过渡连接词有 First Second And foronething foranother 2 举例法 Example 通过举出具体事例来阐述 说明主题句的内容 严格地讲 举例法也是列举发的一种 它们的区别在于 列举法侧重罗列事实 所列事实要求全面 而举例法侧重通过举出典型事例来解释作者观点 且事例可多可少 Therearemanydifferentformsofexercisestosuitdifferenttastes Forexample thosewhoemjoycompetitivesportsmaytakeupballgames Foranotherexample iftheyprefertoexercisealone theycanhavearunortakeawalkinthemorningorintheevening Besides peoplecangoswimminginthesummerandgoskatinginthewinter Inshort nomatterwhattheirinterestsare peoplecanalwaysfindmorethanonesportsthataresuitabletothem 常用于举例法的过渡连接词有 forexample instance oneexampleis besides furthermore moreover inaddition 3 叙述法 Narration 按照事物本身的时间或空间的排列顺序 通过对一些特有过渡连接词的使用 有层次分步骤地表达主题句的一种写作手段 用这种方法展开段落 作者能够清楚连贯地交代事物的本末 从而可以使读者清晰 完整地理解文章的含义 例 Intheflatopposite awomanheardthenoiseoutside Whenshelookedoutthroughthewindow shediscoveredthatherneighborwasthreatenedbysomeone Sheimmediatelycalldthepolicestation Inanswertothecall apatrolpolicecararrivedatthesceneofthecrimequickly Threepolimenwentinsidetheflatatonce andothersguandedoutsidethebuildingtopreventanyonefromescaping 常用于叙述法的过渡连接词有 first atthebeginning tostartwith afterthat later then afterwards intheend finally 4 对比法或比较法 Comparision Contrast 将同类事物按照某种特定的规则进行比较分析是一种常用的思维方法 通过对比 更容易阐述所述对象之间的异同和优缺点 例 Ifmychoicewererestrictedbetweendoingscienceandgoingintobusiness theformerwouldholdmoreattractionforme Foronething abusinesssmanhastowastehisprecioustimebeatingonebargainafteranotherwithhiscounterparts Bycontrast ascientistcanalwaysspendhisvaluabletimeattackingoneprofoundproblemafteranotherinscience Forexample abusinessman onceinvolvedinadirtyorillegaldeal tendstoplacehimselfontheroadtocrime Incontrasttothat ascientist onceinvolvedinapotentialorlandmarkresearch ismorelikelytoputhimselfonthewaytosuccess Andthemoststrikingdifferencebetweenbothliesintheircontributionstosociety Whatabusinessmanhasachievedmaybeofmuchprofittohisfirmorhiscircleswhilewhatascientisthasfulfilledwillbeofgreatbenefittohisfieldorthewholehumansociety Fromthecomparisonsandcontrastsabove therefore anyonecanconcludethatmyprefereancefordoingscienceismorereasonableandmoreacceptable 比较法上过渡连接词有 than conparedwith Bycontrasttothat while 5 分类法 Classification 6 因果分析法 CauseandEffect because so asaresult7 定义法 Definition referto mean call8 重复发 Repetition V 结尾的写法 Aconcludingsentenceservestwopurposes 1 Itsignalstheendoftheparagraph 2 Itleavesthereaderwiththemostimportantideastoremember Itcandothisintwoways BysummmizingthemainpointsoftheparagraphOR 1 重复中心思想 Byrepeatingthetopicsentenceindifferentwords例 Fromthecomparisionsandcontrastabove therefore anyonecanconcludethatmypreferancefordoingscienceismorereasonableandmoreacceptable 2 段落最后几句话概况全文内容并进一步肯定段落中心思想或作者的观点 Insum exercisecandousgoodorharm alldependingonhowwemakeuseofit Inaword wherethereisaneffectivepatrioticeducationofyouth thereisagreaterenhancementofnationalcohesiveness 3 应用引语 格言 谚语或习语总结全段 既言简意赅又有更强的说服力 例 Justastheoldsayinggoes Everyadvantagehaditsdisadvantage soIbelievebothopinionsareacceptableinsomesense 4 用反问结尾 虽然形式是问句 但意义却是肯定的具有明显的强调作用 引起读者思考 So whatcanwebenefitfromwealthifwedonothavehealth 5 提出展望或期望表示对为了的展望 或期待读者投入行动WithmoreandmorepeoplecommittingmoneytotheProjectofHope Ifirmlybelievethatoursocietywillbecomebetterandbetter End of ParagraphSignalsfollowedbyaCommaFinally Inbrief Inconclusion Indeed Inshort Lastly Therefore Thus Tosumup End of ParagraphSignalsnotFollowedbyaCommaTheevidencesuggeststhat Therecanbenodoubtthat Theseexamplesshowthat Wecanseethat 写作模板 一 批驳分析类 1 Withthearrival birthof sth isbecomingmoreandmore inourlife 2 Hit Affectedwiththistrend some manypeoplecometobelieve contendthat 错误观念 3 Buttheirviewpoint beliefcouldnotarouseanyechoinmymind 作者的立场 4 Itistruethatsth isakeyingredientinone s 让步法分析 5 Onanyscaleof infact thereisalmostnothingheavierthansth 6 Ifweseesth initstruecolors however itisnothingbut 批驳分析I 7 进一步阐述 8 Andmoreover layinganyunduestressonsth mayleadoneto ascanbeeasilyseeninthecasesof 批驳分析II 9 Therefore itisnecessarytotakeacorrectattitudetowardssth 10 Ontheonehand 正确看法I 11 Ontheother 正确看法II 12 Insum sth means butnot toourlife 结论句 WhatAttitudeShouldWeTaketoMoney1 社会上对金钱的错误观念 2 分析批驳其错误所在 3 给出如何正确看待金钱的建议 WhatAttitudeShouldWeTaketoMoney1 Withthearrivalofmarket basedeconomy moneyisbecomingmoreandmoreimportantinourlife 2 Hitwiththistrend manypeoplecometobelievethatmoneyisaboveeverythingelseintheirlife 3 Buttheirbeliefcouldnotarouseanyechoinmymind 4 Itistruethatmoneyisakeyingredientinone sstruggletowardshappiness withoutwhich forexample therewouldbenowaytogotocollegeorformafamily 5 Onanyscaleofone sdailyworry infact thereisalmostnothingheavierthanmoney 6 Ifweseeitinitstruecolors however moneyisnothingbutameanstoanend 7 Moneycanbuyusfood butnotappetite medicine butnothealth diplomas butnotknowledge anddaysofjoy butnotthewholelifeofhappiness 8 Andmoreover layinganyunduestressonmoneymayleadonetostopatnothinginmakingit ascanbeeasilyseeninthecasesofmostcorruptofficials 9 Therefore itisnecessarytotakeacorrectattitudetowardsmoney 10 Ontheonehand moneyisvitaltoourdailylife inwhichcase itiswiseofyoutospendnotwhereyoumaysave 11 Ontheother moneyissomethingtobeplowedintosomethingmoreimportant soitisbettertosparenotwhereyoumustspend 12 Insum moneymeanssomethingbutnoteverythingtoourlife 二 写作模式 分析建议类 1 Asisknowntoall sth doesbringalotofbenefitstosb sth else 2 First itcangreatlystrengthen therebychanging forthebetter 正面分析I 3 Besides itcanmake rendersb sth elsebetterableto 正面分析II 4 Andbestofall itcanhelpsb 正面分析III 5 Butalltheabovedoesnotmean followthatwecanturnablindeyetothenegativeeffectssth bringsabout 6 If asasuccessionofscientificstudiesreveals implies suggests therearemorechancesthat 负面分析I 7 Inaddition themore theworse 负面分析II 8 Andworstofall 负面分析III 9 Therefore ascientificapproachmustbeadoptedtotheproblemofsth 10 Ontheonehand 建议I 11 Ontheother 建议II 12 Insum sth candosb sth elsegoodorharm alldependingon 结论句 TheEffectsofExerciseonOurHealth1 分析体育锻炼给我们带来的益处 2 分析体育锻炼给我们带来的坏处 3 给出如何参加体育锻炼的建议 TheEffectsofExerciseonOurHealth1 Asisknowntoall exercisedoesbringalotofbenefitstoourhealth 2 First itcangreatlystrengthenourhearts lungs bonesandmuscles therebychangingourwholehealthforthebetter 3 Besides itcanmakeourbrainsbetterabletoreacttowhatisgoingonaroundus 4 Andbestofall itcanhelpusbreedoptimismaboutourtoughlife 5 Butalltheabovedoesnotmeanthatwecanturnablindeyetothenegativeeffectsexercisebringsabout 6 Ifyouarenormallyinactiveandthen contrarytoyourusualhabit startaprogramofundueexercise asasuccessionofscientificstudiesreveals therearemorechancesthatyouhaveyourselfinjured 7 Inaddition themoreexercisethoseonafat reducingdiettake themorelossofirontheywillsufferandtheworsetheirhealthwillget 8 Andworstofall continualaswellasexcessiveexercisecanresultinsuddendeath 9 Therefore ascientificapproachmustbeadoptedtotheproblemofexercise 10 Ontheonehand ourphysicalexercisemustbebasedonbothprogressivenessandregularity 11 Ontheother wemustgoinforphysicalexerciseaccordingtolocalaswellashealthconditionsofourown 12 Insum exercisecandousgoodorharm alldependingonhowwemakeuseofit 三 写作模式 理由陈述类 1 Somethingmaybemanythingstomanypeople 2 Somemayseeitas whileothersmayviewitas 人们的看法举例 3 AsfarasIamconcerned however Iwouldprefertovalueitas 我的看法 Para I 4 Myinsightintosth Myoutlookonsth Myunderstandingofsth isboundupwiththreemajorfactors 5 Primarily sth isso that 理由I 6 进一步阐述 7 Secondly sth isalso 理由II 8 进一步阐述 9 Andmostofall 理由III 10 进一步阐述 Para II 11 Ihave not muchfreedom optioninthismatter butIhaveneverfoundanyotherwayofseeingsth morereasonableandacceptablethanmine 12 Thus Iwillleavenostoneunturnedduringthecourseof inordertopavethewayfor Para III MyWayofSeeingLife人们从不同的角度看待人生2 我所推崇的看法是 说明理由 1 Lifemaybemanythingstomanypeople 2 Somemayseeitasbuildingupasmuchmaterialwealthaspossiblewhileothersmayviewitasenjoyingtothefullestthepleasureseachdayoffers 3 AsfarasIamconcerned however Iwouldprefertovalueitasmysolechancetoenrichmyselfwithknowledgefirst thentoservethesocietywithallmyheart andfinallytoleavetheworldwithoutanyregrets 4 Myoutlookonlifeisboundupwiththreemajorfactors 5 Primarily lifeissowondrousthatIameagertoexploreit 6 Setyourheartonamysteryandyoucanfindsomethingnew attachmoreofyourmindtoachallengeandyoucangetasenseofsuccess allofwhich however dependsonhowmuchknowledgeyouhaveequippedyourselfwithfirst 7 Secondly lifeisalsoshorttoanyindividuallikeme 8 Thefloweryouhavejustkissedforthefirsttimeisnowfadingawaywhilethelovefromothersyouhavecometocherishmoreisalreadyonthewane 9 Andmostofall bothwondrousnessandshortnessoflifepushmetoseizeeverygoldenminuteandeverygoldenchance 10 OnceIidleawaythetimeIamsupposedtograsptostudyorworkforthepeople therewillbenomorehopeofmakingupforit 11 Ihavemuchoptioninthismatter butIhaveneverfoundanyotherwayofseeinglifemorereasonableandacceptablethanmine 12 Thus Iwillleavenostoneunturnedduringthecourseofmycollegestudiesinordertopavethewayformymeaningfulandcolorfullife 大学的主要功能是什么 为学生提供职场必备的知识和技术 还是为学生提供获取知识的途径 你认为大学教育必须包括什么 Universitiesaroundtheworldarefacingtheproblemofhowtoefficientlyusetheirresourrcestoservealargepopulationofstudentsthataremoreculturallyandsociallydiversiflied Tosolvetheproblem universitiesshouldbeperfectlyawareoftheirmaintasks providingstudentswitheasyaccesstoknowledgeandatthesametime encouragingthemtomakeactivecontributiontotheadvancementofhumanknowledge Universitiesshould firstofall belearningcommunitieswhereknowledgeisnotonlydisseminatedbutalsoadvanced Asfull fledgedmembersofthiscommunity studentsshouldnotbeinformationrecipientswholearntheknowledgeinapassiveway Instead theyshouldbechallengedtoachievetheirpotentialand indeed toexcel Therefore ratherthanfocusmerelyonknowledgedisseminationandtransfer universitiesshouldcontrivetoprovidelearningconditionsthatencouragestudentstoremaincurious tovaluediversityinopinionsandperspectives andtothinkcriticallyandcommunicateeffectively Inthisway studentscangainproblem solvingexperienceandconfidence Furthermore universitieswillneverattaintheirgoalsiftheytailoralltheircoursesorprogramstomeettheneedsofspecificemployersoroccupationalsectors Today ssocialenvironmentismoredynamicandturbulentthaneverbefore Onlythosegraduateswhopossesscertainpersonalitytraitsandcandowellindiversifiedsituationscandistinguishthemselvesfromotherjobapplicants Inordertofulfillthemaintasksofuniversities universitieseducationshouldcontainamplyopportunitiesforindependentlearningwhichcancultivatestudentswhoaremorelikelytoadaptedtothechangingsociety Studentscanalsolearntoexercisetheirautonomymoreeffectively andtheynayclarifytheirownprofessionalinterestswhilelearninginanindependentway 大众媒体中的那些内容对青少年产生影响 政府应该采取什么措施来解决这些问题 观点 建议 The20thcenturyhaswitnessedunprecedentedadvancementinvirtuallyallfieldsofdailylife andthemassmediaisnoexception However everythingcomesataprice Whileweenjoyalltheconveniencesbroughtbynewwaysofdisseminatinginformation ourteenagersareadverselyaffected Thereistoomuchinthemediathatisharmfultoyoungpeople Tobeginwith themassmediahasbecomeasourceofviolentscenesandgruesomereports Today stelevisionprograms forexample arefilledwithviolenceandgorysights Studieshaveshownthatbytheageof18 children onaverage havewatched7000robberies 5000murdersand3000carchasesonTV Whatismore crimesandcriminalsareoftenglorified thevictimsandsufferingsareusuallyignoredinthoseprograms foraudiencesaremoreinterestedinthefightingactionthanthedireconsequences Also theavailabilityofadult onlyvideosandsexuallyexplicitpicturesonmagazinesandvariouswebsitescontributesgreatlytotheincreaseinteenagesexualactivitiesandabortionrate Girls aswellasboysareinfluencedbystorieswhereteenagersfellinloveatfirstsightandenjoyedpassionateloveaffairswithoutanycommitment responsibilityorhealthconcerns Asaresult theystarttoexperimentwithsexataneven earlierage Impulsiveandeasilyinfluencedasyoungpeopleare theyareconstantlytrickedbyadvertisementsinallformsofmediatopurchaseunnecessaryproductsorspendhourspracticingsomenewwaysofkeepingfit whichleadstoavastwasteoftimeandmoney Moreover theomnipresentadvertstemptyoungsterstopursuitluxuriouslifestyles whicharenotonlyunrealisticbutalsolikelytoleadteenagersastray Promptmeasuresshouldbetakentominimizetheharmfuleffectsofthemedia Strictercensorshipcodeshouldbeimplementedregardingthecontentoftelevisionprogramsandotherformsofmedia Besides accesstopornographyistobestrictlycontrolled Forinstance childrenshouldbebarredfrominternetcafesanddeniedaccesstocertainwebsites Mostimportantly governmentsshouldconductmassiveeducationalprogramstoinformteenagersofthetruthaboutsex crimesandadvertising Childrenneedtobetaughthowtodistinguishrealitiesfromillusions 有人认为书籍的时代已经一去不复反了 人们可以通过现代电子设备获得信息 还有人认为书籍在信息传播以及教育过程中仍是不可或缺的 请论证这两种观点 并给出你自己的观点 正反观点 个人观点 Bookshavebeenwithusforthousandsofyears Aretheygoingtobecomeobsolete 陈旧的 likesomanyotherproductsoncedeemedindispensable Undertheonslaught 冲击 oftechnologyprogress booksseemincreasinglyoutdated However thetatalnumbersofbookseachyearisincreasingdefiantly Itmustbeadmittedthatbooksareincreasingbeingreplacedbyothertypesofstoragedevices Booksarenotsuitedforthestorageofvideoandaudiomaterials Besides compactdisksandothernewstoragedevicesoutstripbooksintermsofstoragecapacity costeffcectivenessanduserfriendiness Itissaidthatallthebooksinanaveragelibrarycanbestoredindozensofcompactdisks whichalsoallowtheusertosearch copy andpaste allwithafewstrokesofthekeyboard Inteactionbetweenthereaderandmaterialisalsomadepossiblebycomputertechnology Meanwhile therearestrongsignsthatbooksaregoingtoremainwithusforalongtime Booksarebyfarthemostconvenientwaytodisseminateinformation Justcountthenumberofmagazinespublishedeachdayaroundtheworld Theyarecheap easytocarryanddon trequireelectricity Besids abookallowsyoutoreadatyourownpace youcanpausetoponderwhennecessaryoryoucanskipsometedioudparts Booksaretangibleandgiveyouasenseofachievementwhenyoufinishonewhereasthecompletionofane bookaffordslesssatisfaction Wecanrestassuredthatbookswouldandshouldnotbereplacedbysomenovelelectronicdevices Wehaveseenthefollyofsuchdoomdaypredictionsfortheradiowiththeadventoftelevision Thefactremainsthatdifferenttypesofmediaactuallycomplementratherthanreplaceeachother Thereiseverpossibilitythatbookswillremainandimproveastimegoesby 尽管并不处于战争状态 大多数国家还是在武器和国防方面花费了大量的经费