（精选）《简明语言学教程》_第1、2、3章.ppt

1.2.3TheFunctionofLanguage,1,TeachingObjective,CriticalThinkingPresentandSolveProblemsUnderstandMacroscopicallyTounderstandlogicalclassificationUnderstandMicroscopically（自学内容）,2,QuestionTime!,3,PuzzlingQuestion!,InterestingQuestion!,Seriousquestion!,AllQuestionsAreWelcome,AmazingQuestion!,4,Questionsfromstudents,5,UnderstandMacroscopically,Togetthemacrostructureofthesection,wehaveto:知识超链接：逻辑划分Read1.2.1.1-1.2.1.7,findouttheirrelationsandthinkaboutthecriteriaofclassification.知识超链接：系统功能语法Therelationbetweengeneralfunctionandmetafunction,6,逻辑划分是明确概念外延的逻辑方法。从形式上讲，它是把一个属概念划分成若干个种概念。组成部分划分的母项被划分的属概念划分的子项被划分的种概念划分的标准进行划分的依据划分规则外延相称（即子项外延之和等于母项的外延），否则会犯“多出子项”或“遗漏子项”的逻辑错误。子项排斥（子项的外延必须互相排斥），否则会犯“子项重叠”的错误。统一标准（如，按国际将人分成中国人、日本人、美国人等），否则会犯“标准混乱”的错误。,超链接：实用逻辑教程逻辑划分（classification）,语言的功能的分类及标准,7,Followingaredifferentclassificationofthelanguagefunction,PhysiologicalfunctionPhaticfunctionRecordingfunctionIdentifyingfunctionReasoningfunctionCommunicatingfunctionPleasurefunctionYangXinzhangsBook,EmotiveConative(意动的)ReferentialPoeticPhaticcommunionMetalinguisticJakobsonfromDaisBookideationalinterpersonalTextualHallidaysclassification,DescriptiveExpressiveSocialDai&HesBook,2,1,8,外延相称吗？子项排斥吗？标准统一吗？,ConclusionsNotanexhaustivelistoffunctions子项排斥,但aspecificuseoflanguagemayfulfillmorethanonefunction标准：语言在我们的社会生活中能干什么？即“语言之于社会生活”,9,Metafunction?元功能？纯理功能？莫名其妙,看看其理论来源吧！理论有点复杂，不过其基本概念是常要考察的呦！,10,纯理功能（元功能）的概念是M.A.KHalliday的“系统功能语法”(Systemic-FunctionalGrammar)的重要概念之一。想知道Halliday的功能思想是怎么来读，这可是个很理论的问题，感兴趣的同学看这里下面我来简单介绍一下“系统功能语法”,11,语义=社会语境,系统功能语法：系统？功能？语法？社会符号？,系统及其子系统=可进行语言选择的网络,语法=语法词汇语音体现,功能=意义潜势,决定,选择,体现,语场Field语篇的社会活动典型体现：题材,语旨Tenor角色关系典型体现：正式度,语式mode典型体现：口语、书面,概念功能（内容）,人际功能（关系）,语篇功能（方式）,及物系统语态归一度,语气情态语调,主位结构信息结构衔接,过程参与者环境,物质思维言语.,SVOSV,直陈祈使,陈述句疑问句,所指替代省略连接搭配,共同决定要完成三种功能,12,有点抽象！举个例子吧！,13,Leaveakisswithinthecup,andIllnotaskforwine.,概念功能分析人际功能分析语篇功能分析,14,概念功能分析,及物系统：Leaveakisswithinthecup（参与者1）物质过程参与者2环境语态系统：Leaveakisswithinthecup（参与者1）物质过程归一度系统,过程、参与者、环境分别是什么？,过程首先和哪个参与者建立联系？,主动语态,肯定、否定,15,人际功能分析,语气系统：Leaveakisswithinthecup（主语）时间、情态（概率及意愿）情态系统：语调系统,主语（对提议的有效和成功负责的成分）和语气成分（助动词）,祈使语气：求取、请求,超链接：言语角色与交流物,讲话者对自己讲的命题的成功性和有效性所作的判断，或在命令中要求对方承担的义务，或在提议中要表达的个人意愿,16,语篇功能分析,主位结构：Leaveakisswithinthecup，Illnotaskforwine.主位（话语的起点）述位（围绕话语所说的话，话语的核心内容）（You)(Theme)/Leaveakisswithinthecup(Rheme)信息结构：衔接：,中心内容在语篇中如何分布？思路如何,17,外延相称吗？子项排斥吗？标准统一吗？,ConclusionsAnexhaustivelistofmetafunctions子项排斥,但任何一种语言使用都是三个功能同时发挥作用：什么内容？参与之间关系？方式（口语？书面？）3.标准：语言本身有怎样的系统和语言体现，可以使语言在社会生活中发挥作用？即“语言之于语言”,18,一般功能：语言之于社会生活的，即语言能干什么？具体的功能。纯理功能（元功能）：语言之于语言的，即语言本身有什么样的结构、系统、词汇语法、语音可以帮助语言本身完成它的功能？理性的、抽象的功能三个纯理功能在任意一个语言现象中是同时起作用的。关系：语言完成的社会功能是千变万化的，具有无限的可能性，但我们可以把它们归纳为若干个有限的抽象的功能，这就是“纯理功能”或“元功能”这是种种语言用途所固有的（胡壮麟、朱永生、张德录，1996：11）。任何一个句子，不管它表达的是什么一般功能，都可以用三个纯理功能来阐释。,Generalfunctions,metafunctions,19,UnderstandMicroscopically,ThefunctionofLanguage,20,UnderstandMicroscopically,（1）GeneralfunctionsofLanguagePhysiologicalfunctionPhaticfunctionRecordingfunctionIdentifyingfunctionReasoningfunctionCommunicatingfunctionPleasurefunction（2）MetafunctionsofLanguageIdeationalfunctionInterpersonalfunctionTextualfunction,Letsstudythosepuzzlingyou,21,General（1）：PhysiologicalFunction(生理功能),Languagecanhelpgetridofnervousorphysicalenergy.Itcaneitherbe(1)Emotive/expressivefunction:theuseoflanguagetorevealsomethingaboutthefeelingsandattitudesofthespeakere.g.expressionoffearandaffectionGoodheavens!Damnit!Morecomplexonesare:Imextremelysorryabout.Weremostgratefulforthis.or(2)Evocativefunction:theuseoflanguagetocreatecertainfeelingsinthehearer.Itsaimistoamuse,startle,anger,soothe,worryorplease.,22,Questionforyou!,你知道黄健翔为什么下课吗？,23,General（2）：PhaticFunction（寒暄功能）,Phaticfunction:languageusedforestablishinganatmosphereormaintainingsocialcontactratherthanforexchanginginformationorideas.Greeting,farewells,andcommentsontheweatherservethisfunction.e.g.Aniceday,isntit?,吃了吗?,他要请我吃饭？,24,DavidCrystal：Differentcultureshavedifferenttopicsofphaticcommunion.Accordingto,theweatherisnotauniversalconversationfillerastheEnglishmightliketothink.Rundiwomen(inBurundi,CentralAfrica),upontakingleave,routinelyandpolitelysay“Imustgohomenow,ormyhusbandwillbeatme.”.,25,她竟然在信里称呼她老板“亲爱的”？结尾处还说自己是“你的”？,DearTom,.Yours,Shirley,男人啊，你为什么伤感？,此信有玄机，别点击滚动下翻键！,1.2.1.3-4,26,General（3）：RecordingFunction（记录功能）,Languageallowsustorecordthingswewishtoremember.Thisfunctionoflanguageisrepresentedbyallkindsofrecording-keeping,suchashistoricalrecordsgeographicalsurveys,businessaccounts,scientificrecords,parliamentaryacts,anddatabanks.General（4）：IdentifyingFunction（识别功能）Languagealsoallowsustoidentify,withconsiderableprecision,anenormousarrayofobjectsandevents.Withoutlanguage,itwouldbeverydifficulttomakesenseoftheworldaroundus.,27,General（5）：ReasoningFunction（推理功能）,Thisfunctionreferstothefactthatmuchofourthinkingisdoneinwords.Solanguageiscommonlyregardingasatoolofthought.General（6）：CommunicatingFunction（交际功能）referentialorprepositionalfunctionWeuselanguageforrequesting,informing,ordering,promising,andreprimanding,tomentionjustafew.Inallthesecaseswecouldsaythatlanguageisbeingusedtoperformcertainspeechacts(i.e.dothings?以言施事).Somepeoplealsocallthisfunctionperformativefunction.e.g.Ideclarethemeetingopen.Isentenceyoutotenyearsofhardlabour.,28,General（7）：PleasureFunction（愉悦）,Languageallowstoderivepleasurefrom.Alargepartofpleasurewederivefromlanguagecomesfromthesuccessfulexploitationoflinguisticnoveltyatdifferentlevelsofthelanguage.Forexample,enjoymentfromsounds:onomatopoeia(拟声法),alliteration(头韵),andassonance(类音，类韵相同或相似元音的重复，尤指重读音节，其间有辅音变化，e.g.tiltingatwindmills)e.g.Onscrollsofsilversnowysentences?(HartCrane)Thatdolphin-torn,thatgong-tormentedsea?(WilliamButlerYeats)enjoymentfromsentencestructure:inversion（倒装）,ellipsis（省略法）enjoymentfrommeaning:puns,paradoxes(是似非而),ambiguities(含义模糊),metaphors.e.g.Morehaste,lessspeed-aparadox.,29,IntheLatinandIslamicworldsaswellasinsomeareasofChina,thereiswidespreaduseofverbaldueling,inwhichonesingerbeginsasongofusuallyfewlinesandchallengeshisopponenttocontinuethecontentorprovidearejoinderinasimilarrhythmandrhymescheme.Suchverbalduelsmaylastforafewhoursandisperformedforthesheerjoyofplayingonlanguage.,30,Totakeoneexample,thewell-knownmovie刘三姐featuresasceneof“对歌”(songdueling)mostlyforthesheerjoyofplayingonlanguage.,31,Ifyouobserveachildrensplay,youwillfindthepowerofsound.Sometimesevennonsensicallyricsperformarecreationalfunctioninthegame:therepetitiverhythmshelptocontrolthegame,andthechildrenplainlytakegreatdelightinit.Adultsalsohavetheirwaytoappreciatelanguageforitsownsake.,32,（2）Meta-functionsofLanguage,Ametafunction(元功能、纯理功能)isonewhichiscapableofdescribingoneormoreotherfunctions.Halliday:languageisasocialsemioticasystemofsignsdevelopedtoexpresssocialmeanings,33,Meta-（1）：IdeationalFunction(概念功能),Ideationalfunction:thecontentfunctionoflanguageandallowsustoconceptualisetheworldforourownbenefitandthatofothers.是人的主观经验和客观经验。-experientialfunction:includesinformationconcerningthecontext,participantsandtherelationshipbetweenthem,etc.-logicalfunction:providesinformationrelatingtohowsentencesareorganized,suchasconjunction,transition,cause-effectandcondition.,34,Meta-（2）：InterpersonalFunction(人际功能),Interpersonalfunctions:concernswiththerelationshipbetweenthespeakerandotherpeopleorthings.用语言表达社会关系和私人关系的功能。AccordingtoHalliday,theinterpersonalcomponentrepresentsthespeakersmeaningpotentialasanintruder.它包括讲话人进入语言情景的形式。Theinterpersonalfunctionexpressestherolerelationshipassociatedwiththesituation.,35,Meta-（3）：TextualFunction（语篇功能）,Textualfunction:representsthespeakerstext-formingpotential.Thisfunctionrelatesourabilitiestoconstructtextsoutofourutterancesandwritings.语篇功能是指如何使语言的组成部分互相关联，即：使一个语篇有自己的内在结构。Atexthasitsowninternalstructure,whichisquitedifferentfromisolatedsentencesinadictionary.Twoaspectsoftextualfunction:1.Suchfunctionen