博士生入学英语辅导(语法部分).ppt

博士生入学英语辅导（语法部分）,黄年根解放军理工大学工程兵工程学院,WhatisEnglishGrammar?,ThestudyoruseofcertainrulesoftheEnglishlanguageRulesbywhichwordschangetheirformsandarecombinedintosentencesSoEnglishGrammarstudiesthewordsandsentences,AnOverviewofEnglishGrammar,Partsofspeech(词类）：noun,article,pronoun,numeral,adjective,verb(auxiliaries-primary,modelverbs),adverb,preposition,conjunction,interjectionPhrases(短语）：verbphrases,nounphrases,prepositionalphrases,participialphrases,infinitivephrasesSentences:simple,compound,complex,compound-complex,Noun:,名词的数(少数名词的复数形式是不规则的)childchildren,manmen,womanwomen,footfeet,toothteeth,goosegeese,mousemice,oxoxenautos,dynamos,pianos,kilos,photos;radios,ratios,zoos,bamboos,portfolios,studios(cargoes,Negroes,tomatoes,potatoes,heroes)beliefs,chiefs,cliffs,gulfs,proofs,roofs,safes(loafloaves,wolfwolves,leafleaves,knifeknives,thiefthieves,lifelives,shelfshelves),Noun:,名词的数(少数名词的复数形式是不规则的)analysisanalyses,axisaxes(轴心）bacteriumbacteria,basisbases,crisiscrises,criterioncriteria,datumdata,thesistheses,formulaformulae(或formulas),fungusfungi,mediummedia,phenomenonphenomena,syllabussyllabi,thesistheses单复数一样的名词有：aircraft,spacecraft,Chinese,deer,fish,Japanese,means,series,species等hair和fruit一般情况下用单数，表示总体police和cattle的谓语形式总是用复数形式,Noun:,名词所有格thehostessslivingroom,thechildrensmothersoldierstraininggroundJohnsandTomsroom(c.f.JohnandTomsroom)myuncles,thebarbers,thechemists,theSmiths（一家）,theSmiths(的住所)，theSmiths（的家）,Pronoun,习惯用法：Heisnothingbutasinger.他只不过是个唱歌的。Nothingbutamiraclecansaveus.只有奇迹才能救我们。Sheisanythingbutbeautiful.她并不美。Johnisanythingbutaliar.约翰决不是个骗子。Hehasseensomethingoflife.他略有阅历。Imsomethingofacook.我略懂烹饪。Heisnotmuchofascholar.他算不上个很好(高明)的学者。ThenewarrivalwasnoneotherthanthePresident.（刚到的那人就是总统本人。）Wedidtheworknonetoowell.我们活干得一点也不好。,AdjectiveandAdverb,习惯用法：TherearenolessthanfivehundredpeoplepresentattheNewYearparty.(“不亚于”,表示出席的人较多)TherearenotlessthanfivehundredpeoplepresentattheNewYearparty.(“不少于”,表示出席的人较不多)Ratherthanallowthepotatoestogobad,shesoldthemathalfprice.Ratherthancausetrouble,heleft.(ratherthan后面跟动词原形),Verb:,时态被动语态虚拟语气情态动词非谓语动词：不定式，-ING分词，-ED分词,Verb:,被动语态主动形式表示被动意义,如某些系动词如cook,feel,prove,smell和taste等其主动语态表示被动的意义Thepattedshoesthatmywifeboughtme_comfortable.AfeltBfeelsCwasfeltDisfeltAsAtheproverbsaysB,“GoodmedicineistastedCbittertoDthemouth.”,Verb:,虚拟语气的特殊表现形式：lest,forfearthat和incase引起的从句(这时谓语多用should加动词原形)WedarenotplayjokesonMr.Wanglestheshouldbecomeangry.Hehurriedon,lestheshoulddropoutintheforcedmatch.Everyattentionmustbepaidtohimlesthe(should)feelthatheisinferiortomyotherguests.。)Hesworkinghardforfearthatheshouldfailintheexam.,Verb:,虚拟语气的特殊表现形式：介词短语表示虚拟：butfor,butthat,incaseof,otherwise,supposing,undermorefavourablecondition,without等表示让步假设Heworkedveryhard;otherwisehemighthavefailed.Wecouldhavedonebetterundermorefavorableconditions,Verb:,虚拟语气的特殊表现形式：虚拟错综条件句：IfIhadabike(now),Iwouldhavelentittoyouyesterday.IamverysorryifIhaddoneanythingwrongtoyou,butIamsurethatitwasunintentional.,Verb:,虚拟语气的特殊表现形式：wouldrather(宁愿),wouldsooner(宁愿),hadrather(宁愿)等词或短语后面的从句中的谓语动词应使用一般过去时表示虚拟语气，表示与过去相反的也可用过去完成时Idratheryou_anythingaboutitforthetimebeing.AdoBdidntdoCdontDdidntI_ratheryoudidit.AhadBshouldCshallDhaveI_muchratheritwasforgotten.AwillBcouldCwouldDshall,Verb:,虚拟语气的特殊表现形式：表示提议、主张、要求、命令、紧要等概念的词语suggest(建议)，propose(提议)，recommend(建议)，move(提议)，advise(建议)，insist(坚持)，urge(极力主张)，ask,require,request(要求),demand,desire,order,command(命令),decide,intend(打算)，prefer(宁愿)，urge(敦促)。itisnecessary【essential(重要的)，vital(极重要的，不可缺少的)，important,imperative(必须的)，urgent(紧要的)，advisable(应该的)，proper(适当的)，obligatory(必须的)，desirable(今人满意的，值得的)，appropriate(合适的)，fitting(合适的),strange(奇怪)】that；itis(was,hasbeen)desired【suggested,requested,ordered,proposed,decided】that.,Verb:,情态动词usedto在否定陈述句中，一般用didntuseto，也可用usednotto；在疑问句中用“Diduseto”。usedto还可与never,often,always等连用。usedto与beusedto的不同，后者表示beaccustomedto“习惯于某种状态”，而且跟接名词或ING形式，而usedto后接动词原形，e.g.Heusedtodrink.(表示“他过去经常喝酒”而现在不喝了。)Heisusedtowine(Heisusedtodrinkingwine)ateachmeal.(表示“他现在已养成习惯，每顿饭喝点葡萄酒。”),Verb:,不定式:如果不定式动词是不及物动词，那么就要在动词后加上相应的介词Hehasalotoftriflestodealwith.Ihadgotnoplacetolivein.Thatgirlhasnothingtoworryabout.Hehasastrictteachertolistento.Shehasfourchildrentolookafter.Shehadasickmothertolivewith.Thisistheverypersontosellyourticketto.,Verb:,不定式:介词except和but(“只有，只能”)跟不定式结构,but后的不定式不带to)Heseldomgoesbackhomeexcepttoaskformoneyfromhisparents.HedidnothingthereexceptwatchTVforthewholenight.(不带to的不定式)Ihadnochoicebuttostayinbed.LastnightIdidnothingbutpreparemylessons.,Verb:,用ING分词作宾语的常用动词：acknowledge,admit(坦白，承认),advise,advocate,anticipate,appreciate,avoid,canthelp,consider,contemplate(深思),delay,deny,dislike,enjoy,escape(躲过，避开),excuse,fancy,finish,giveup,imagine,include,keepon,justify,mean(意味着，等于),mind(在乎),miss,postpone,practise,prohibit,putoff,quit,recall,regret,resist,resume,risk(冒险干),suggest,threaten。,Verb:,ING分词：习惯用法Thereisnogettingalongwithhim.There(It)isnouseadvisinghimtogiveupsmoking.Heisbusymappingouthisp