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外文原文SIMPLESORTINGOVERVIEWASSOONASYOUCREATEASIGNIFICANTDATABASE,YOULLPROBABLYTHINKOFREASONSTOSORTITINVARIOUSWAYSYOUNEEDTOARRANGENAMESINALPHABETICALORDER,STUDENTSBYGRADE,CUSTOMERSBYZIPCODE,HOMESALESBYPRICE,CITIESINORDEROFINCREASINGPOPULATION,COUNTRIESBYGNP,STARSBYMAGNITUDE,ANDSOONSORTINGDATAMAYALSOBEAPRELIMINARYSTEPTOSEARCHINGITASABINARYSEARCH,WHICHCANBEAPPLIEDONLYTOSORTEDDATA,ISMUCHFASTERTHANALINEARSEARCHSORTINGISSOIMPORTANTANDPOTENTIALLYSOTIMECONSUMING,ITHASBEENTHESUBJECTOFEXTENSIVERESEARCHINCOMPUTERSCIENCE,ANDSOMEVERYSOPHISTICATEDMETHODSHAVEBEENDEVELOPEDINTHISCHAPTERWELLLOOKATTHREEOFTHESIMPLERALGORITHMSTHEBUBBLESORT,THESELECTIONSORT,ANDTHEINSERTIONSORTTHETECHNIQUESDESCRIBEDINTHISCHAPTER,WHILEUNSOPHISTICATEDANDCOMPARATIVELYSLOW,ARENEVERTHELESSWORTHEXAMININGBESIDESBEINGEASIERTOUNDERSTAND,THEYAREACTUALLYBETTERINSOMECIRCUMSTANCESTHANTHEMORESOPHISTICATEDALGORITHMSTHESORTINGALGORITHMSAREIMPLEMENTEDASMETHODSOFSIMILARARRAYCLASSESBESURETOTRYOUTTHEWORKSHOPAPPLETSINCLUDEDINTHISCHAPTERTHEYAREMOREEFFECTIVEINEXPLAININGHOWTHESORTINGALGORITHMSWORKTHANPROSEANDSTATICPICTURESCOULDEVERBEHOWWOULDYOUDOITIMAGINETHATYOURKIDSLEAGUEBASEBALLTEAMISLINEDUPONTHEFIELD,THEREGULATIONNINEPLAYERS,PLUSANEXTRA,HAVESHOWNUPFORPRACTICEYOUWANTTOARRANGETHEPLAYERSINORDEROFINCREASINGHEIGHTWITHTHESHORTESTPLAYERONTHELEFT,FORTHETEAMPICTUREHOWWOULDYOUGOABOUTTHISSORTINGPROCESSASAHUMANBEING,YOUHAVEADVANTAGESOVERACOMPUTERPROGRAMYOUCANSEEALLTHEKIDSATONCE,ANDYOUCANPICKOUTTHETALLESTKIDALMOSTINSTANTLYYOUDONTNEEDTOLABORIOUSLYMEASUREANDCOMPAREEVERYONEALSO,THEKIDSDONTNEEDTOOCCUPYPARTICULARPLACESTHEYCANJOSTLEEACHOTHER,PUSHEACHOTHERALITTLETOMAKEROOM,ANDSTANDBEHINDORINFRONTOFEACHOTHERAFTERSOMEADHOCREARRANGING,YOUWOULDHAVENOTROUBLEINLININGUPALLTHEKIDS,ACOMPUTERPROGRAMISNTABLETOGLANCEOVERTHEDATAINTHISWAYITCANONLYCOMPARETWOPLAYERSATONCE,BECAUSETHATSHOWTHECOMPARISONOPERATORSWORKTHISTUNNELVISIONONTHEPARTOFALGORITHMSWILLBEARECURRINGTHEMETHINGSMAYSEEMSIMPLETOUSHUMANS,BUTTHEALGORITHMCANTSEETHEBIGPICTUREANDMUST,THEREFORE,CONCENTRATEONTHEDETAILSANDFOLLOWSOMESIMPLERULESTHETHREEALGORITHMSINTHISCHAPTERALLINVOLVETWOSTEPS,EXECUTEDOVERANDOVERUNTILTHEDATAISSORTED1COMPARETWOITEMS2SWAPTWOITEMSORCOPYONEITEMHOWEVER,EACHALGORITHMHANDLESTHEDETAILSINADIFFERENTWAYBUBBLESORTTHEBUBBLESORTISNOTORIOUSLYSLOW,BUTITSCONCEPTUALLYTHESIMPLESTOFTHESORTINGALGORITHMS,ANDFORTHATREASONISAGOODBEGINNINGFOROUREXPLORATIONOFSORTINGTECHNIQUESBUBBLESORTINGTHEBASEBALLPLAYERSIMAGINETHATYOURENEARSIGHTEDLIKEACOMPUTERPROGRAMSOTHATYOUCANSEEONLYTWOOFTHEBASEBALLPLAYERSATTHESAMETIME,IFTHEYRENEXTTOEACHOTHERANDIFYOUSTANDVERYCLOSETOTHEMGIVENTHISIMPEDIMENT,HOWWOULDYOUSORTTHEMLETSASSUMETHEREARENPLAYERS,ANDTHEPOSITIONSTHEYRESTANDINGINARENUMBEREDFROM0ONTHELEFTTON1ONTHERIGHTTHEBUBBLESORTROUTINEWORKSLIKETHISYOUSTARTATTHELEFTENDOFTHELINEANDCOMPARETHETWOKIDSINPOSITIONS0AND1IFTHEONEONTHELEFTIN0ISTALLER,YOUSWAPTHEMIFTHEONEONTHERIGHTISTALLER,YOUDONTDOANYTHINGTHENYOUMOVEOVERONEPOSITIONANDCOMPARETHEKIDSINPOSITIONS1AND2AGAIN,IFTHEONEONTHELEFTISTALLER,YOUSWAPTHEMHEREARETHERULESYOUREFOLLOWING1COMPARETWOPLAYERS2IFTHEONEONTHELEFTISTALLER,SWAPTHEM3MOVEONEPOSITIONRIGHTYOUCONTINUEDOWNTHELINETHISWAYUNTILYOUREACHTHERIGHTENDYOUHAVEBYNOMEANSFINISHEDSORTINGTHEKIDS,BUTYOUDOKNOWTHATTHETALLESTKIDISONTHERIGHTTHISMUSTBETRUE,BECAUSEASSOONASYOUENCOUNTERTHETALLESTKID,YOULLENDUPSWAPPINGHIMEVERYTIMEYOUCOMPARETWOKIDS,UNTILEVENTUALLYHEORSHEWILLREACHTHERIGHTENDOFTHELINETHISISWHYITSCALLEDTHEBUBBLESORTASTHEALGORITHMPROGRESSES,THEBIGGESTITEMS“BUBBLEUP“TOTHETOPENDOFTHEARRAYAFTERTHISFIRSTPASSTHROUGHALLTHEDATA,YOUVEMADEN1COMPARISONSANDSOMEWHEREBETWEEN0ANDN1SWAPS,DEPENDINGONTHEINITIALARRANGEMENTOFTHEPLAYERSTHEITEMATTHEENDOFTHEARRAYISSORTEDANDWONTBEMOVEDAGAINNOWYOUGOBACKANDSTARTANOTHERPASSFROMTHELEFTENDOFTHELINEAGAINYOUGOTOWARDTHERIGHT,COMPARINGANDSWAPPINGWHENAPPROPRIATEHOWEVER,THISTIMEYOUCANSTOPONEPLAYERSHORTOFTHEENDOFTHELINE,ATPOSITIONN2,BECAUSEYOUKNOWTHELASTPOSITION,ATN1,ALREADYCONTAINSTHETALLESTPLAYERTHISRULECOULDBESTATEDASWHENYOUREACHTHEFIRSTSORTEDPLAYER,STARTOVERATTHELEFTENDOFTHELINEYOUCONTINUETHISPROCESSUNTILALLTHEPLAYERSAREINORDERTHISISALLMUCHHARDERTODESCRIBETHANITISTODEMONSTRATE,SOLETSWATCHTHEBUBBLESORTWORKSHOPAPPLETATWORKTHEBUBBLESORTWORKSHOPAPPLETSTARTTHEBUBBLESORTWORKSHOPAPPLETYOULLSEESOMETHINGTHATLOOKSLIKEABARGRAPH,WITHTHEBARHEIGHTSRANDOMLYARRANGED,THERUNBUTTONTHISISATWOSPEEDGRAPHYOUCANEITHERLETITRUNBYITSELFORYOUCANSINGLESTEPTHROUGHTHEPROCESSTOGETAQUICKIDEAOFWHATHAPPENS,CLICKTHERUNBUTTONTHEALGORITHMWILLBUBBLESORTTHEBARSWHENITFINISHES,IN10SECONDSORSO,THEBARSWILLBESORTED,THENEWBUTTONTODOANOTHERSORT,PRESSTHENEWBUTTONNEWCREATESANEWSETOFBARSANDINITIALIZESTHESORTINGROUTINEREPEATEDPRESSESOFNEWTOGGLEBETWEENTWOARRANGEMENTSOFBARSARANDOMORDERASSHOWNINFIGURE35,ANDANINVERSEORDERINGWHERETHEBARSARESORTEDBACKWARDTHISINVERSEORDERINGPROVIDESANEXTRACHALLENGEFORMANYSORTINGALGORITHMSTHESTEPBUTTONTHEREALPAYOFFFORUSINGTHEBUBBLESORTWORKSHOPAPPLETCOMESWHENYOUSINGLESTEPTHROUGHASORTYOULLBEABLETOSEEEXACTLYHOWTHEALGORITHMCARRIESOUTEACHSTEPSTARTBYCREATINGANEWRANDOMLYARRANGEDGRAPHWITHNEWYOULLSEETHREEARROWSPOINTINGATDIFFERENTBARSTWOARROWS,LABELEDINNERANDINNER1,ARESIDEBYSIDEONTHELEFTANOTHERARROW,OUTER,STARTSONTHEFARRIGHTTHENAMESARECHOSENTOCORRESPONDTOTHEINNERANDOUTERLOOPVARIABLESINTHENESTEDLOOPSUSEDINTHEALGORITHMCLICKONCEONTHESTEPBUTTONYOULLSEETHEINNERANDTHEINNER1ARROWSMOVETOGETHERONEPOSITIONTOTHERIGHT,SWAPPINGTHEBARSIFITSAPPROPRIATETHESEARROWSCORRESPONDTOTHETWOPLAYERSYOUCOMPARED,ANDPOSSIBLYSWAPPED,INTHEBASEBALLSCENARIOAMESSAGEUNDERTHEARROWSTELLSYOUWHETHERTHECONTENTSOFINNERANDINNER1WILLBESWAPPED,BUTYOUKNOWTHISJUSTFROMCOMPARINGTHEBARSIFTHETALLERONEISONTHELEFT,THEYLLBESWAPPEDMESSAGESATTHETOPOFTHEGRAPHTELLYOUHOWMANYSWAPSANDCOMPARISONSHAVEBEENCARRIEDOUTSOFARACOMPLETESORTOF10BARSREQUIRES45COMPARISONSAND,ONTHEAVERAGE,ABOUT22SWAPSCONTINUEPRESSINGSTEPEACHTIMEINNERANDINNER1FINISHGOINGALLTHEWAYFROM0TOOUTER,THEOUTERPOINTERMOVESONEPOSITIONTOTHELEFTATALLTIMESDURINGTHESORTINGPROCESS,ALLTHEBARSTOTHERIGHTOFOUTERARESORTEDTHOSETOTHELEFTOFANDATOUTERARENOTTHESIZEBUTTONTHESIZEBUTTONTOGGLESBETWEEN10BARSAND100BARSWHATTHE100RANDOMBARSLOOKLIKEYOUPROBABLYDONTWANTTOSINGLESTEPTHROUGHTHESORTINGPROCESSFOR100BARSUNLESSYOUREUNUSUALLYPATIENTPRESSRUNINSTEAD,ANDWATCHHOWTHEBLUEINNERANDINNER1POINTERSSEEMTOFINDTHETALLESTUNSORTEDBARANDCARRYITDOWNTHEROWTOTHERIGHT,INSERTINGITJUSTTOTHELEFTOFTHESORTEDBARSTHEBARSTOTHERIGHTOFTHEREDLONGESTARROWARESORTEDTHEBARSTOTHELEFTAREBEGINNINGTOLOOKSORTED,BUTMUCHWORKREMAINSTOBEDONEIFYOUSTARTEDASORTWITHRUNANDTHEARROWSAREWHIZZINGAROUND,YOUCANFREEZETHEPROCESSATANYPOINTBYPRESSINGTHESTEPBUTTONYOUCANTHENSINGLESTEPTOWATCHTHEDETAILSOFTHEOPERATION,ORPRESSRUNAGAINTORETURNTOHIGHSPEEDMODETHEDRAWBUTTONSOMETIMESWHILERUNNINGTHESORTINGALGORITHMATFULLSPEED,THECOMPUTERTAKESTIMEOFFTOPERFORMSOMEOTHERTASKTHISCANRESULTINSOMEBARSNOTBEINGDRAWNIFTHISHAPPENS,YOUCANPRESSTHEDRAWBUTTONTOREDRAWALLTHEBARSDOINGSOPAUSESTHERUN,SOYOULLNEEDTOPRESSTHERUNBUTTONAGAINTOCONTINUEYOUCANPRESSDRAWATANYTIMETHERESEEMSTOBEAGLITCHINTHEDISPLAYJAVACODEFORABUBBLESORTINTHEBUBBLESORTJAVAPROGRAM,SHOWNINLISTING31,ACLASSCALLEDARRAYBUBENCAPSULATESANARRAYA,WHICHHOLDSVARIABLESOFTYPEDOUBLEINAMORESERIOUSPROGRAM,THEDATAWOULDPROBABLYCONSISTOFOBJECTS,BUTWEUSEAPRIMITIVETYPEFORSIMPLICITYWELLSEEHOWOBJECTSARESORTEDINTHEOBJECTSORTJAVAPROGRAMINTHELASTSECTIONOFTHISCHAPTERALSO,TOREDUCETHESIZEOFTHELISTING,WEDONTSHOWFINDANDDELETEMETHODSWITHTHEARRAYBUBCLASS,ALTHOUGHTHEYWOULDNORMALLYBEPARTOFASUCHACLASSLISTING31THEBUBBLESORTJAVAPROGRAM/BUBBLESORTJAVA/DEMONSTRATESBUBBLESORT/TORUNTHISPROGRAMCJAVABUBBLESORTAPP/CLASSARRAYBUBPRIVATEDOUBLEA/REFTOARRAYAPRIVATEINTNELEMS/NUMBEROFDATAITEMS/PUBLICARRAYBUBINTMAX/CONSTRUCTORANEWDOUBLEMAX/CREATETHEARRAYNELEMS0/NOITEMSYET/PUBLICVOIDINSERTDOUBLEVALUE/PUTELEMENTINTOARRAYANELEMSVALUE/INSERTITNELEMS/INCREMENTSIZE/PUBLICVOIDDISPLAY/DISPLAYSARRAYCONTENTSFORINTJ0J1OUT/OUTERLOOPBACKWARDFORIN0INAIN1/OUTOFORDERSWAPIN,IN1/SWAPTHEM/ENDBUBBLESORT/PRIVATEVOIDSWAPINTONE,INTTWODOUBLETEMPAONEAONEATWOATWOTEMP/ENDCLASSARRAYBUB/CLASSBUBBLESORTAPPPUBLICSTATICVOIDMAINSTRINGARGSINTMAXSIZE100/ARRAYSIZEARRAYBUBARR/REFERENCETOARRAYARRNEWARRAYBUBMAXSIZE/CREATETHEARRAYARRINSERT77/INSERT10ITEMSARRINSERT99ARRINSERT44ARRINSERT55ARRINSERT22ARRINSERT88ARRINSERT11ARRINSERT00ARRINSERT66ARRINSERT33ARRDISPLAY/DISPLAYITEMSARRBUBBLESORT/BUBBLESORTTHEMARRDISPLAY/DISPLAYTHEMAGAIN/ENDMAIN/ENDCLASSBUBBLESORTAPPTHECONSTRUCTORANDTHEINSERTANDDISPLAYMETHODSOFTHISCLASSARESIMILARTOTHOSEWEVESEENBEFOREHOWEVER,THERESANEWMETHODBUBBLESORTWHENTHISMETHODISINVOKEDFROMMAIN,THECONTENTSOFTHEARRAYAREREARRANGEDINTOSORTEDORDERTHEMAINROUTINEINSERTS10ITEMSINTOTHEARRAYINRANDOMORDER,DISPLAYSTHEARRAY,CALLSBUBBLESORTTOSORTIT,ANDTHENDISPLAYSITAGAINHERESTHEOUTPUT77994455228811066330112233445566778899THEBUBBLESORTMETHODISONLYFOURLINESLONGHEREITIS,EXTRACTEDFROMTHELISTINGPUBLICVOIDBUBBLESORTINTOUT,INFOROUTNELEMS1OUT1OUT/OUTERLOOPBACKWARDFORIN0INAIN1/OUTOFORDERSWAPIN,IN1/SWAPTHEM/ENDBUBBLESORTTHEIDEAISTOPUTTHESMALLESTITEMATTHEBEGINNINGOFTHEARRAYINDEX0ANDTHELARGESTITEMATTHEENDINDEXNELEMS1THELOOPCOUNTEROUTINTHEOUTERFORLOOPSTARTSATTHEENDOFTHEARRAY,ATNELEMS1,ANDDECREMENTSITSELFEACHTIMETHROUGHTHELOOPTHEITEMSATINDICESGREATERTHANOUTAREALWAYSCOMPLETELYSORTEDTHEOUTVARIABLEMOVESLEFTAFTEREACHPASSBYINSOTHATITEMSTHATAREALREADYSORTEDARENOLONGERINVOLVEDINTHEALGORITHMTHEINNERLOOPCOUNTERINSTARTSATTHEBEGINNINGOFTHEARRAYANDINCREMENTSITSELFEACHCYCLEOFTHEINNERLOOP,EXITINGWHENITREACHESOUTWITHINTHEINNERLOOP,THETWOARRAYCELLSPOINTEDTOBYINANDIN1ARECOMPAREDANDSWAPPEDIFTHEONEININISLARGERTHANTHEONEININ1FORCLARITY,WEUSEASEPARATESWAPMETHODTOCARRYOUTTHESWAPITSIMPLYEXCHANGESTHETWOVALUESINTHETWOARRAYCELLS,USINGATEMPORARYVARIABLETOHOLDTHEVALUEOFTHEFIRSTCELLWHILETHEFIRSTCELLTAKESONTHEVALUEINTHESECOND,THENSETTINGTHESECONDCELLTOTHETEMPORARYVALUEACTUALLY,USINGASEPARATESWAPMETHODMAYNOTBEAGOODIDEAINPRACTICE,BECAUSETHEFUNCTIONCALLADDSASMALLAMOUNTOFOVERHEADIFYOUREWRITINGYOUROWNSORTINGROUTINE,YOUMAYPREFERTOPUTTHESWAPINSTRUCTIONSINLINETOGAINASLIGHTINCREASEINSPEEDINVARIANTSINMANYALGORITHMSTHEREARECONDITIONSTHATREMAINUNCHANGEDASTHEALGORITHMPROCEEDSTHESECONDITI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