高中化学物质颜色（high school chemistry color）

高中化学物质颜色（HIGHSCHOOLCHEMISTRYCOLOR）THEPHYSICALPROPERTIESOFCOMMONSUBSTANCESARESUMMARIZED1THERULESOFCOLOR1COMMONCOLORASUBSTANCETHATISCOLOREDINREDREDDIFFICULTTODISSOLVEINWATERCU,CU2O,FE2O3,HGOETCTHEPHENOLPHTHPHTHPHTHPHTHPHTHALEIN,ACIDINLYE,METHYLORANGE,LITMUS,ANDPHPAPERINTHELYEWEREMETWITHASTRONGACIDANDTHEMAGENTASOLUTIONORANGEREDCONCENTRATEDBROMINEWATER,METHYLORANGESOLUTION,OXIDIZINGMERCURY,ETCBROWNREDFEOH3SOLID,FEOH3WATERSOL,ETCASUBSTANCEWITHAYELLOWCOLORYELLOWDIFFICULTTODISSOLVEINWATER,SILVERIODIDE,SILVERPHOSPHATE,SULFUR,PYRITE,CHALCOPYRITECUFES2FECL3SOLUBLEINWATER,METHYLORANGEINALKALILIQUOR,SODIUMIONFLAMEANDTNTETCLIGHTYELLOWSILVERBROMIDE,CARBONDIOXIDESILVER,SULFURPRECIPITATION,SULFURINCS2SOLUTION,ANDYELLOWPHOSPHORUS,NA2O2,FLUORINETANCOPPERBURNSINCHLORINEGASTOGENERATECUCL2SMOKEASUBSTANCEMADEOFBROWNORBROWNTHEIODINEISLIGHTBROWN,THEIODINETAN,THEIRONINCHLORINEGASTOGENERATEFECL3SMOKEASUBSTANCEWITHABLUEBASEBLUENEWCUOH2SOLID,ALUM,COPPERNITRATE,STARCHINSOLUTIONANDIODINEBLUE,LITMUSTESTSOLUTIONBLUE,PHTESTPAPERANDWEAKBASECHANGEBLUE,ETCLIGHTBLUEOZONE,LIQUIDOXYGEN,ETCBLUEFLAMESULPHUR,HYDROGENSULFIDE,CARBONMONOXIDEFLAMEMETHANE,HYDROGENFLAMEBLUEISEASILYDISTURBEDASUBSTANCEWITHAGREENCOLORLIGHTGREENCU2OH2CO3,FECL2,FESO47H2OGREENCONCENTRATEDCUCL2SOLUTION,PHTESTPAPERATABOUTPH8DARKGREENK2MNO4YELLOWGREENCL2ANDITSCCL4EXTRACTASUBSTANCEWITHAPURPLECOLORKMNO4ISDARKPURPLE,ITSSOLUTIONISREDPURPLE,IODINEINCCL4EXTRACT,IODINEVAPOR,NEUTRALPHTESTPAPERCOLOR,KIONFLAMECOLOR,ETCASUBSTANCEWITHABLACKBASECOLORBLACKCARBONPOWDER,ACTIVECARBON,WOODCARBON,TOBACCO,COPPEROXIDE,IRONOXIDE,COPPEROXIDE,CU2S,SULFIDE,MERCURY,SULFIDE,SILVERSULFIDE,ANDAG2OLIGHTBLACKIRONPOWDERBROWNANDBLACKMANGANESEDIOXIDEWHITEMATTERTHEPOWDERORSMOKEOFACOLORLESSCRYSTALTHEP2O5,WHICHISSTRONGLYRESPONSIVETOWATERITISDIFFICULTTODISSOLVEINWATERANDDILUTEACIDAGCL,BASO3,PBSO4ITISDIFFICULTTODISSOLVEINWATERBUTSOLUBLEINDILUTEACIDBASO3,BA3PO42,BACO3,CACO3,CA3PO42,CAHPO4,ALOH3,AL2O3,ZNO,ZNOH2,ZNS,FEOH2,AG2SO3,CASO3,ETCITISSLIGHTLYSOLUBLEINWATERCASO4,CAOH2,PBCL2,MGCO3,AG2SO4THEOXIDESOFWATERREACTIONBAO,CAO,NA2ONOTFULLYRESPONSIVEMGONINEGREYMATTERGRAPHITEGREYSCALES,ARSENIC,SELENIUMSOMETIMESGRAYRED,GERMANIUMETC2THECOLOROFIONSINAQUEOUSORAQUEOUSCRYSTALSOFTHEHYDRATEDIONSFE2LIGHTGREENCU2BLUEFE3LIGHTPURPLEISYELLOWBECAUSEITHASFECL4H2O22MNO4PURPLEBLOODREDTHEREACTIONOFPHENOLANDFECL3ISPURPLETHEIONSINAQUEOUSSOLUTIONSINCLUDINGOXYGENCONTAININGACIDARECOLORLESSUSETHEABOVERULESTOMAKEITEASYTOREMEMBERTHECOLOROFTHESOLUTIONORCRYSTALLINEHYDRATE3THEPARTICULARITYOFTHESINGLECOLOROFTHEPRIMARYMETALA,A,A,AMOSTOFTHEMETALISSILVERCESIUMMICROYELLOWBARIUMMICROYELLOWLEADBLUEANDWHITEBISMUTHREDDISHRED4OTHERMETALLICCOLORSCOPPERISBURGUNDYORRED,GOLDISYELLOW,OTHERMETALSARESILVERYWHITE,ANDTHEFEWAREGRAYSUCHASGERMANIUM5THECOLOROFNONMETALLICSINGLEMATTERHALOGENISCOLOREDOXYGENGROUPISOFCOLOREXCEPTOXYGENNITROGENISNONFERROUSINADDITIONTONITROGENINADDITIONTOSOMEALLOTROPES,THECARBONGROUPISOFCOLOR2LAWSOFMATTERODORCOMMONGAS,VOLATILEODORUNSCENTEDGASESH2,O2,N2,CO2,CO,RAREGAS,METHANE,ACETYLENEPUNGENTODORHCL,HBR,HI,HF,SO2,NO2,NH3HNO3CONCENTRATEDLIQUID,ACETALDEHYDELIQUIDSTRONGIRRITATINGODORGASESANDVOLATILESUBSTANCESCL2,BR2,FORMALDEHYDE,ACETICACIDRARESMELLC2H2SMELLOFROTTENEGGSH2SSPECIALSMELLBENZENELIQUID,TOLUENELIQUID,PHENOLLIQUID,OILLIQUID,COALTARLIQUID,WHITEPHOSPHORUSSPECIALSMELLETHANOLLIQUID,LOWERLEVELESTERAROMATICFRUITYAROMALOWLEVELESTERLIQUIDSPECIALUNPLEASANTSMELLNOTPUREC2H2MIXEDWITHH2S,PH3,ETC3RULESOFMELTINGPOINTANDBOILINGPOINTCRYSTALPURESUBSTANCEHASFIXEDMELTINGPOINTTHEIMPURITYOFTHESOLIDIFICATIONPOINTISRELATEDTOTHECOMPOSITIONFREEZINGPOINTISNOTFIXEDAMORPHOUSSUBSTANCES,SUCHASGLASS,CEMENT,PARAFFIN,PLASTIC,ETC,ARESOFTENEDBYHEAT,ANDGRADUALFLUIDITYSOFTENINGPROCESSUNTILLIQUID,NOMELTINGPOINTTHEBOILINGPOINTREFERSTOTHETEMPERATUREATWHICHTHEVAPORPRESSUREOFTHELIQUIDISATTHESAMETIMEASTHEEXTERNALPRESSURETHEEXTERNALPRESSUREISTHESTANDARDPRESSURE101X105PA,WHICHISTHENORMALBOILINGPOINTTHELOWERTHEEXTERNALPRESSURE,THELOWERTHEBOILINGPOINT,SOTHEREDUCEDPRESSURECANREDUCETHEBOILINGPOINTTHEBOILINGPOINTISGASANDLIQUIDSTATE1THEPERIODICTABLELOOKSATTHEMELTINGANDBOILINGPOINTOFTHEPRIMARYGROUPTHEMELTINGPOINTOFTHESINGLEMASSOFTHESAMEMAINGROUPISBASICALLYTHELOWERMELTINGPOINTOFTHELOWERMETALTHENONMETALLICMELTINGPOINTANDBOILINGPOINTAREINCREASINGBUTTHECARBONELEMENTISSPECIAL,THATISC,SI,GE,SN,THELOWERTHEMELTINGPOINT,THELOWERTHEMELTINGPOINT,SIMILARTOTHEMETALANDAFAMILYOFGALLIUMMELTINGPOINTBELOW,INDIUM,THALLIUMATINMELTINGPOINTISLOWERTHANLEAD2THEMELTINGPOINTOFSEVERALREGIONSINTHESAMECYCLEHIGHMELTINGPOINTSINGLEMATTERC,SI,BTRIANGLESMALLAREA,BECAUSEITISATOMICCRYSTAL,MELTINGPOINTISHIGHDIAMONDANDGRAPHITEHASTHEHIGHESTMELTINGPOINTHIGHERTHAN3550,HIGHMELTINGPOINTOFMETALELEMENTSDURINGTHETRANSITIONELEMENTSINTHECENTRALANDPART,ITSHIGHMELTINGPOINTISTUNGSTEN3410LOWMELTINGPOINTSINGLEMATTERTHENONMETALLICLOWMELTINGPOINTISCONCENTRATEDINTHERIGHTANDTHERIGHTOFTHEPERIODICTABLEWITHTHEHYDROGENOFIATHERAREGASWELDING,THEBOILINGPOINTARETHESAMECYCLE,THELOWESTINTHEHELIUMISMELTINGPOINT2722,26X105PA,THELOWESTBOILINGPOINT2689LOWMELTINGPOINTMETALAREATWOIA,BZINC,CD,HGANDALACLAN,GE,THAFAMILYOFSN,PBACLANOFSB,BI,TRIANGULARDISTRIBUTIONTHELOWESTMELTINGPOINTISHG3887,NEARROOMTEMPERATUREOFLIQUIDGALLIUM2978CESIUM284,BODYTEMPERATURECANMAKEITSMELTING3FROMTHECRYSTALTYPETOTHEMELTINGANDBOILINGPOINTRULETHEMELTING,BOILINGPOINTOFATOMICCRYSTALSISHIGHERTHANIONICCRYSTALSANDHIGHERTHANMOLECULARCRYSTALSMETALLICMONOCHROMEANDALLOYAREMETALCRYSTALS,WITHAHIGHPROPORTIONOFMELTINGANDBOILINGPOINTSBUTALSOLOWTHESHORTERTHECOVALENTBONDBETWEENTHEBONDINGELEMENTSINANATOMICCRYSTAL,THELARGERTHEBOND,THEHIGHERTHEMELTINGPOINTTHEBONDLENGTHANDKEYCANBECOMPAREDBYTHEATOMICRADIUSSUCHASMELTINGPOINTDIAMONDCARBIDECRYSTALSILICONMOLECULARCRYSTALISDETERMINEDBYINTERMOLECULARFORCE,ANDITSJUDGMENTISTHESTRUCTUREPROPERTYOFSIMILARMATERIAL,THERELATIVEMOLECULARMASSLARGE,VANDERWAALSFORCE,THEMELTING,BOILINGPOINTCORRESPONDINGLYHIGHSUCHASTHEHOMOLOGUEOFHYDROCARBON,HALOGENSINGLEMATTER,RAREGAS,ETCTHEHIGHERTHENUMBEROFBRANCHESINAGENERALHYDROCARBON,THELOWERTHEBOILINGPOINTALCOHOLHASAHIGHERBOILINGPOINTTHANETHERINTHEDERIVATIVESOFHYDROCARBONSTHEBOILINGPOINTOFCARBOXYLICACIDISHIGHERTHANESTERTHEGREATERTHEUNSATURATIONINOIL,THELOWERTHEMELTINGPOINTTHEGLYCERYLOLEATEISALIQUIDATNORMALTEMPERATUREWHILETHESTEARATEISSOLIDTHEABOVESITUATIONISTHEMOSTIMPORTANTOFTHEPARTICULARITYOFTHERELATIVEMOLECULARMASSOFSMALL,HIGHBOILINGPOINTTHREEGASEOUSHYDRIDE,NH3,H2O,THEBOILINGPOINTOFTHEVASTMAJORITYOFGASEOUSHFTHANKINHYDRIDEISMUCHHIGHERMAINLYBECAUSETHEREAREHYDROGENBONDS4HIGHANDLOWREGULARITYOFCERTAINSUBSTANCESAMETALMELTINGPOINTINTHESAMEPERIODSHORTPERIODSUCHASLINACLNABRNAI4MATERIALSOLUBILITYRULE1SOLUBILITYOFGASESTHEROOMTEMPERATUREISVERYEASYTODISSOLVENH31WATER700GASHCL150ANDHF,HBR,HI,FORMALDEHYDE40WATERSOLUTIONFORMALINTHETEMPERATUREISSOLUBLEINWATERCO211CL212H2S126SO2140THEWATERISSOLUBLEINWATERO2,O3,C2H2,ETCITISDIFFICULTTODISSOLVEINWATERH2,N2,CH4,C2H2,NO,CO,ETC2THESOLUBILITYOFTHELIQUIDSOLUBLEINWATERORSOLUBLEINWATEREXAMPLEALCOHOL,ACETONE,ACETICACID,NITRICACID,SULFURICACIDWATERSOLUBLEINWATERFOREXAMPLEETHYLACETATEISUSEDASALOWLEVELESTEROFESSENCETHEYARENOTSOLUBLEINWATERLIQUIDHYDROCARBON,ETHERANDHALOGENATEDHYDROCARBON3WATERSOLUBILITYOFSOLIDSNOMECHANICALPROPERTIESHYDROXYLANDCARBOXYLICACIDAREHYDROPHOBICINORGANICMATTER,HYDROPHOBICANDHYDROPHOBIC,ANDTHELARGERTHEHYDROCARBON,THEWORSETHEWATERSOLUBLE,THELESSSOLUBLEINORGANICSOLVENTSFOREXAMPLEFORMICACIDANDACETICACIDAREMUTUALLYSOLUBLEWITHWATER,BUTTHECOOHPROPORTIONOFSTEARICACIDANDOLEICACIDISNOTSOLUBLEINWATERANDSOLUBLEINORGANICSOLVENTSSUCHASCCL4ANDGASOLINEPHENOL,TRIBROMOPHENOLANDBENZOICACIDARESOLUBLEINBENZENE4EXTRACTIONOFTHEORGANICSOLVENTFROMTHEAQUEOUSSOLUTIONOFIODINE,BROMINEANDCHLORINEFOREXAMPLEBENZENE,GASOLINE,ETHYLETHER,ETHYLACETATE,CCL4,CS2,ETC5WHITEPHOSPHORUSANDSULPHURARESOLUBLEINCS26COMMONWATERSOLUBLEINORGANICSUBSTANCEFOREXAMPLEKOH,NAOH,AGNO3SOLUBILITYISMORETHAN100GATROOMTEMPERATUREAGNO3OVER200GKNO3IN20SOLUBILITYIS316G,SOLUBILITYAT100FOR246GTHESOLUBILITYOFSUBSTANCESWITHVERYLITTLEVARIATIONOFTEMPERATUREISCOMMONONLYWITHNACL7SUBSTANCESTHATAREDIFFICULTTODISSOLVEINWATERANDGENERALSOLVENTSATOMICCRYSTALSUNLIKESOLVENTSSUCHASC,SI,SIO2,SIC,ETCASMALLAMOUNTOFCARBONIS