高考英语阅读理解技巧之猜测词意

1、考试说明中关于阅读理解的要求考试说明中关于阅读理解的要求 本部分共分两节，测试考生的英语阅读理解能本部分共分两节，测试考生的英语阅读理解能力。要求考生读懂书、报、杂志、网络中关于一般力。要求考生读懂书、报、杂志、网络中关于一般性话题的文字材料以及公告、说明、广告等（生词性话题的文字材料以及公告、说明、广告等（生词量不超过量不超过3），并能从中获取相关信息。考生应），并能从中获取相关信息。考生应能：能：、理解主旨要义；、理解主旨要义；、理解文中具体信息；、理解文中具体信息；、根据上下文推断生词的词义；、根据上下文推断生词的词义；、作出简单判断和理解；、作出简单判断和理解；、理解文章的基本结构；、

2、理解文章的基本结构；、理解作者的意图和态度、理解作者的意图和态度。整理pptIf you come across the new words when reading, What will you do ?What difficulty do you have in reading?整理pptHow to guess the meanings of words 整理pptWays to Guess the Words一一. Explanation（解释）（解释）二二. Context（上下文）（上下文）三三. Word-formation（字形）（字形）四四. Examples（例子）（例子）

3、五五. Common sense（常识）（常识）整理ppt eg： It will be very hard but also very brittle - that is, it will break easily. eg： Modern medicine began with the stethoscope, a medical tool used for listening to the movements of a persons lung and his heartbeats. 一、一、Explanation易碎的，脆弱的易碎的，脆弱的听诊器听诊器 利用文章中用不同的话对同一概念的解

4、释，猜利用文章中用不同的话对同一概念的解释，猜测词义。测词义。信号词：信号词：be, be called, means, be defined as ，that is,等等，标点符号有等等，标点符号有：等等 A person who is skilled at making or repairing wooden objects is called a . His uncle is a , an expert who does research on animals. The , who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year. We ar

5、e on the - working from midnight to 8 a.m. - this week. 木匠木匠 动物学家动物学家 牧人牧人 夜班夜班Ex. 1 carpenter,zoologist,herdsman,night shift整理ppt二二. Context对比关系对比关系 同义、近义、反义关系同义、近义、反义关系因果关系因果关系整理ppte.g. John usually wastes a lot of money on such useless things, his wife, however, is very abstemious .e.g. Though To

6、ms face has been washed quite clean, his neck still remains .1.1.对比关系对比关系 污秽的污秽的, , 邋遢的邋遢的有节制的有节制的, , 节约的节约的整理ppt 能体现对比关系的词汇很多，能体现对比关系的词汇很多，主要有主要有but, yet, however, while, unlike, instead,on the other hand, on the contrary, in contrast with等。标点符号分号等。标点符号分号有时也可表示对比。有时也可表示对比。 In the past the world see

7、med to run in an orderly way. Now, however, everything seems to be in a state of . If you agree, write “ yes”; if you , write “no”. Some human actions are learned, but quite a few other actions are . Although a large number of people considered him to have stolen the money, I was sure that he was of

8、 the theft.混乱混乱 无辜的无辜的 天生的天生的不同意不同意Ex. 2 turmoil,dissent,innate,innocent整理ppt2.2.同义、近义、反义关系同义、近义、反义关系 同义词替换的表达方法可以为我同义词替换的表达方法可以为我们推测词义提供明显的语境线索。一们推测词义提供明显的语境线索。一些常见的引出同义词的标志性词语有些常见的引出同义词的标志性词语有or, like, similaror, like, similar等。等。 反义词利用文章中所出现的、与某反义词利用文章中所出现的、与某生词或词组意思相反的内容，猜测词生词或词组意思相反的内容，猜测词义。信号词

9、中有义。信号词中有instead, but,notinstead, but,not等等整理ppte.g. Mother was tall, fat and middle-aged. My aunt was an old woman, almost as plump as mother, and much shorter.圆胖的圆胖的, , 丰满的丰满的 e.g. The new tax law supersedes, or replaces, the law that was in effect last year.取代取代,接替接替,撤换撤换整理ppt eg： American busine

10、ssmen expect employees to be punctual. They do not expect that the workers will come late.文中文中be punctual的意思，可理解为的意思，可理解为“not come late”，即，即“准时，不迟准时，不迟到到”。e.g. Mr Smith loves to talk, and his wife is similarly loquacious. 显然，显然，similarly 是个语境线索，它是个语境线索，它暗示暗示loquacious意为意为love to talk。Ex. 3 symptoms,

11、volatile,shivered One of symptoms caused by this kind of illness is a high fever. Because this chemical liquid is highly volatile, we must keep it in a bottle which has a tight lid. In the strong wind, the beggar shivered with the terrible cold. 症状症状易挥发的易挥发的 颤抖颤抖整理ppt3. 3. 因果关系因果关系:信号词：信号词：如如because

12、，as，since，for，so，thus，as a resultso that, such that，therefore等表示前因后果等表示前因后果e.g. Rubber can be made to stretch more than nine times its normal length because it is very .e.g. The river is so that it is impossible to see the bottom even when it is shallow.弹性的弹性的混浊的混浊的 Since I could not afford to purch

13、ase the original painting, I bought a . An inexperienced eye could not tell the difference. Hes such a businessman that he loses no money in any trade. She wanted the hairdresser to her hair a bit because it was too long. 复制品复制品 精明的精明的 修剪修剪Ex. 4 replica,shrewd,trim整理ppt 1. With their shining brown e

14、yes, wagging tails, and unconditional love, dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence. unconditional:nonjudgmental:无条件的，绝对的无条件的，绝对的没有判断力的没有判断力的2.2.根据构词法：合成、派生（前缀、后缀）、转化等根据构词法：合成、派生（前缀、后缀）、转化等三三. Word-formation整理ppt -er -or -ian -ist -ese-ess后缀后缀,构成

15、可数名词猜一猜猜一猜: :solution solve druggist drugelectrician electricgreatness greatreminder remind构词法构词法-ment-tion-ness-sion-ery-ing后缀后缀, ,构成构成抽象抽象名词名词整理ppt dis- im- mis- un- non-否定前缀否定前缀re-co- mini- over- pre- post- vice- en- tele-其其它它前前缀缀重复重复共同共同,平等平等小小过度过度-后后副的副的使使-可能可能远程远程-前前整理ppt猜一猜: minicar postwar s

16、upermarket preview preschool recall irrelative nonstandard disloyal unlock co-worker overactive vice president 微型汽车微型汽车战后战后超市超市预习预习学前学前回忆回忆,回想回想无关系的无关系的不标准的不标准的不忠诚的不忠诚的开锁开锁合作者合作者过分活跃过分活跃副总统副总统整理ppt-al-ble-ern-ful-ish-ive-less-y-ly-ous形形容容词词后后缀缀enizeify动动词词后后缀缀e. g. weakenrealizesatisfy猜猜猜猜:strengthe

17、n simplify activate mountainouscourageouschangeable lifeless hilly peaceable fictional 整理ppt e.g. We must safeguard the world peace. A protect B care C prevent D to keep safe with guns e.g. Dont listen to his nonsense. A having no meaning B meaningless words C humorous speech D not making sense 维护维护

18、, 保护保护, 捍卫捍卫胡说胡说, 废话废话合成词合成词整理ppte.g. On the farm they mainly raise poultry, such as chickens, ducks and geese, for their eggs and meat.e.g. I have found Lucy is quite generous, for example, whenever she meets a beggar, she gives some coins to him. 四四. Examples家禽家禽慷慨的，大方的慷慨的，大方的整理ppteg: Metal when h

19、eated and when cooled. eg: When you throw a stone into still water of a lake, you will watch spread in rings on the surface of water.五五. Common sense膨胀，扩大膨胀，扩大收缩，缩小收缩，缩小波纹，细浪波纹，细浪整理ppt 1. In old days, when girls from rich families were married to their husbands, they expected to bring with themselve

20、s a large quantity of dowry. Most of the roses are beginning to wither because of the cold. 3. When a doctor performs an operation on a patient, he usually gives an to make him unconscious, because he does not want his patient to feel pain or to know what is happening to him. Ex. 5 dowry, wither, an

21、aesthetic嫁妆嫁妆枯萎枯萎 麻药麻药整理ppt因果因果猜猜构词法构词法How to guess the meaning of words?定义定义同同/反义词反义词对比对比转折转折上下文上下文生活生活常识常识解释解释整理pptLets do some exercises to consolidate it. DiscussionExercises小试身手 Alberts success after much effort and practice proves the value of persistence. 2. All his attempts to unlock the doo

22、r was futile, because he was using the wrong key.3. Though Mr. Smith has been manager for just 3 months, he has already made much greater achievements than his predecessors. 祝祝功功成成你你!A. time B. competition C. perseveranceA. 成功的成功的 B. 徒劳的徒劳的C.有效的有效的D. 匆促的匆促的A. 上级上级 B. 前任前任 C. 同事同事 D. 下级下级4. She didnt

23、 hear what you said because she was completely engrossed in her reading. 5. Twelve-year-old Sally was an active girl. But her sister was quite sedate. 6. He is a resolute man. Once he makes up his mind to do something, he wont give it up halfway. 祝祝功功成成你你!小试身手A. 心不在焉的心不在焉的 B.紧张的紧张的 C. 全神贯注的全神贯注的 D.睡

24、意浓的睡意浓的A. pretty B. calm C. protective D. energeticA. strong B. firm C. kind D. clever7. The official asked the man what his occupation was. The man told him that he worked as an engineer. 8. Those new comers were not used to the life in the suburbs which was so different from that inside the city.

25、9. You can take any of the periodicals: The World of English, Foreign Language Teaching in School, or English Learning. 祝祝功功成成你你!小试身手A. work B. study C. name D. interestA. town B. capital C. country D. houseA. dictionaries B. story-books C. magazines D. newspapers10. The flowers in the vase withered

26、 because they had no water. 11. Just for fun, they decided to try a very circuitous country road instead of the more direct highway. 12. That museum is so immense that it will be impossible to see all the exhibits in one day. 祝祝功功成成你你!小试身手A. became sweeter B. became red C. became dryA. direct B. ind

27、irect C. straightA. small B. large C. dull整理ppt Now lets try some examples in the passages.Here are some examples in the exams.Try to guess the meanings of the underlined words in the following passages.整理ppt Here is an example from Here is an example from oneone test paper test paper分析：此题考查考生猜词的能力。

28、青少年太早来到学校上课，就坐在桌旁打盹。分析：此题考查考生猜词的能力。青少年太早来到学校上课，就坐在桌旁打盹。而且我们知道而且我们知道“nod”有点头的意思。根据常识，打盹的时候会情不自禁地垂下有点头的意思。根据常识，打盹的时候会情不自禁地垂下头。头。eg： A Brown University sleep researcher has some advice for people who run high schools: Dont start classes so early in the morning. It may not be that the students who nod o

29、ff at their desks are lazy. And it may not be that their parents have failed to enforce (确保确保) bedtime. Instead, it may be that biologically these sleepyhead students arent used to the early hour.49. The underlined phrase “nod off” most probably means “ _”. turn around B. agree with others C. fall a

30、sleep D. refuse to work整理ppt Here is another example from the test paper.Here is another example from the test paper.分析：此题考查考生猜词的能力。根据上下文原则里的并分析：此题考查考生猜词的能力。根据上下文原则里的并列关系，我们通过一个列关系，我们通过一个and可以断定可以断定apprehensive跟跟nervous是同义词。是同义词。 eg：A heart-warming story tells of a woman who finally decided to ask h

31、er boss for a raise in salary. All day she felt nervous and apprehensive. Late in the afternoon she summoned the courage to approach her employer. To her delight, the boss agreed to a raise.54. The underlined word in the second paragraph most probably means_A. worried B. eager C. certain D. afraid整理

32、ppt Here is another example from the test paper.Here is another example from the test paper.分析：此题考查考生猜词的能力。根据解释定义原则，我分析：此题考查考生猜词的能力。根据解释定义原则，我们通过下文对们通过下文对cuisine这个词的补充解释，来判定它的基本这个词的补充解释，来判定它的基本意思为食物。意思为食物。 eg：Each region has a distinctive local flavor. Here, wed like to introduce the best of Chinese

33、 cuisine. Now, there might be Chinese restaurants almost everywhere in the world, but I couldnt think of a better place or time to show the charm of it than at the Beijing Olympics.41. The underlined word in paragraph 1 most probably means_A. cooker B. cook C. food D. tradition整理ppt Here is another

34、example from the test paper.Here is another example from the test paper.分析：此题考查考生猜词的能力。根据解释定义原则，我分析：此题考查考生猜词的能力。根据解释定义原则，我们通过下文对们通过下文对leg这个词的补充解释，来判定它的基本意思这个词的补充解释，来判定它的基本意思为这个为这个bike tour的一部分，不要误选的一部分，不要误选A。 A bike tour and race will be held on Aug 26 and 27. At 5:30 am, the riders will leave Tiana

35、nmen Square and ride the first 35 km as a training leg. Then the next 55 Km leg from Yanjiao to Jixian, will be the first competition. The underlined word “leg” probably means _. A.race B. practice C. part of the training D. part of the tour整理ppt Do more exercises.整理ppteg： One of the predominant con

36、cerns today is the future of our natural resources. This issue is of greatest importance because it is becoming clear to many people that our present resources will not last forever. 文中文中“predominant”的词义可猜测为具有与的词义可猜测为具有与“of greatest importance”相近的意思。相近的意思。整理ppt eg： Pantomime refers to a short play i

37、n which no words are spoken手势手势, , 哑剧哑剧, , 舞剧舞剧整理ppteg： Cleaning up waterways is an enormous task. The job is so large, in fact, that the government may not be able to save some of the rivers and lakes which have been polluted. 文中文中“enormous”的词义可猜测的词义可猜测为与为与“large”的意思相近。的意思相近。整理ppteg： Unlike her gre

38、garious sister, Jane is a shy person, who does not like to go to parties, or to make new friends.根据文中根据文中“unlike.”的意思，可将的意思，可将gregarious理解为与文中理解为与文中“a shy person who does not like to go to parties, or to make new friends.”相反的意思，即：表示相反的意思，即：表示“好交际的好交际的”。整理ppt eg： The old man put on his spectacles and

39、 began to read. spectacles的词义，从下文的词义，从下文“戴戴上上spectacles后开始阅读后开始阅读”可可以猜得其词义以猜得其词义“眼镜眼镜”。整理ppteg： Some artists plan their paintings around geometric forms like squares, circles and triangles. geometric forms的意思，可从的意思，可从文中所列举的三角形，正方形、圆文中所列举的三角形，正方形、圆形来猜得其意义为形来猜得其意义为“几何图形几何图形”。整理ppt eg： They overestimat

40、e the interviewees ability and asked him many difficult questions. 在在overestimate词中词中over-是前缀，是前缀，意为意为“过分过分”。因此。因此overestimate的的词义可以猜测为词义可以猜测为“过高估计过高估计”的意思。的意思。整理ppt eg： We were told that ours was the most spacious room in the hotel. That was why we had to pay so much for it. Spacious是由词根是由词根space(空

41、空间间)+ious(形容词后缀形容词后缀)构成。由此构成。由此我们可以猜得其大概意思为我们可以猜得其大概意思为“有有空间的，宽敞的空间的，宽敞的”。小试身手 Alberts success after much effort and practice proves the value of persistence. A. time B. competition C. perseverance2. All his attempts to unlock the door was futile, because he was using the wrong key. A. 成功的成功的 B. 徒劳的徒劳的C.有效的有效的D. 匆促的匆促的3. Though Mr. Smith has been manager for just 3 months, he has alread