语法精讲讲义

1、语法讲义长难句分析策略主讲讲师：英语语法讲义2 / 38总论：语法在各题型直接命题点的体现：一、1.阅读：定语从句、宾语从句、状语从句-现在分词、过去分词、比较结构主语从句。2.完形：定语从句、宾语从句、状语从句-现在分词、过去分词主语从句、比较结构、同位语从句。3.翻译：定语从句-状语从句、宾语从句、现在分词-过去分词-比较结构、倒装同位语从句、表语从句。二、英语句则：一个句子中有且只能有一个动词。 分号和并列连词可以连接多个独立的句子并列句；多个句子之间是关系；多句的动词共同句子的动词。 复合句分为主句和从句两部分，由从属连词连接；主句的动语是动词；主从句之间属于上下级关系。三、长难句分析

2、六步走1.(2010Text4) These (changes) gave bs more freedom to use ms to value illiquid assets (非heir income sements (损益计算).资产) and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets2. （2001 完形）Theernment is to ban payments to witnesses by newsprs seeking to buy up peopleinvolved in prominent case

3、ch as the trial of Rosemary West.3. （2005Text1）Whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in monkeys and humans, orwhether it stems from the common an unanswered question.tort the species had 35 million years ago, is , as yet, an(2005-25) What can we infer from the last paragraph?You nev

4、er know how strong you are until being strong is the only choice you have英语语法讲义3 / 38A Monkeys can be trained to develop sol emotions.B Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.C Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.D Cooperation among monkeys remains stable onlyhe wild.

5、4. (2008Text2) Theernetand prere from funding agencies, who are questioning why commerlpublishers are making money fromernment-funded research by restricting acs to itis makingacs to scientific results a reality.四、基本知识补充1. 句子成分：主干成分主语、谓语/系词、宾语/表语修饰成分定语、状语和补语例：When it comes to English test, he, who i

6、s a college student, considers grammar most important.2. 由词到句的扩展：除谓语和补语外，任何其他句子成分都可以用句子代替单词或短语从句。例：Last year, the hard-working student considered the NETEM most important.（词）In 2011, most of college students, a group of hard-working people, considered passing the NETEM most important.（短语）When it was

7、 2011, what was considered to be the most important for most of college students, who were hard-working people, was passing the NETEM.（句）3. 简单句基本句型：（1）主语+及物动词+宾语I like English.（2）主语+系动词+表语He looks twisted.（3）主语+不及物动词I faed.You never know how strong you are until being strong is the only choice you h

8、ave英语语法讲义4 / 38（4）主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语He told me a story.（5）主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语We call this kind pseudo-girls.启示：“”部分为句子的谓语部分，只有有动词才成句，通过动词与连词区分简单句、并列句、复合句。You never know how strong you are until being strong is the only choice you have英语语法讲义5 / 38第二章名词性语法内容一、 名词：1 语能：充当句子中主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、同位语等成分。例：The reas

9、ons are clear now.Why he murdered his wife is clear now.He has made clear the facts.He has made clear what they had done yesterday.It is the question.It is whether I should disgracefully survive or smartly disappear.We found out the fact, the murder.We found out the factt he was killed.Americans ele

10、cted Barack Obama their.二、名词性结构：动名词与不定式1 动名词与不定式做主语例：5. (2006 完形) Finding ways to assist this growing homeless population has become increasingly difficult.6. (2005.49) Creating a European Identityt respects the different cultures and traditions which go tomake up the connecting fabric (组织) of the O

11、ld Continent（欧洲大陆）is no easy task and demands a strategic choice.7. To err（犯错）is human; to five, divine（神圣的）.2 动名词与不定式做宾语例：8. (1994 语法) I appretethe opportunity to study abroad two years ago.A. having been givenB. having givenC. to have been givenD. to have given9. (2003Text1) The latest revolution

12、isnt simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemens.You never know how strong you are until being strong is the only choice you have英语语法讲义6 / 383 动名词与不定式检测题10. (2004Text1) With thousands of career-related sites on the can be time-consuming and inefficient. Working wiof eyes looking out for yo

13、u.ernet, finding promising openings（空缺） al search agent means having another set11. (2004 完形) All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act.12. (2001Text5) I have discovered , as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from theeditorship

14、 of She after a build-up of stress,t abandoning the doctrine of juggling your life, and makingthe alternative move sus.o downshifting brings with it far greater rewardsn finanl sucs and sol13. (1998Text4) Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation develomore and moreregional competitio

15、n, as population growthhe Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.三、名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、表语从句。注：用从句代替名词充当句子成分，称之为名词性从句。1 主语从句：t 引导（陈述句）、whether、what 等疑问词引导（what疑问句）。14. (2006Text3)t these seas are beinerfished has been known for years.15. (1993.74) And it is imagined by manyt the operations

16、 of the common mind can be by no meanscompared with these proses (the scientists mind proses), andt they have to be acquired by a sortof spel training.16. (2000.72) It is obvioust the strength of a countrys economy is directly bound up with the efficiencyof its agriculture and industry, and all kind

17、s.t thisurn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of17. (2008.46) It may be said and improving experience.t the measure of the worth of any sol institution is its effect in enlargingYou never know how strong you are until being strong is the only choice you have英语语法讲义7 / 3818. (1994

18、.75) Whether theernment should increase the financing of pure science at the expense oftechnology or vice versa often depends on the ie of which is seen as the driving force.2 宾语从句：t 引导（可省陈述句）、whether 等疑问词引导（疑问句）。19. (2005Text2) Do you remember all those years when scientist argued (t) smoking would

19、 kill us butthe doubters insistedt we didnt know for sure?20. (2004.61) The Greeks amedt the structure of language had some connection with the pros ofthought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.21. (1997Text4) The test of any democratic society, he

20、wrote in a Wall Street Journal column,s not in the widesthow well it can control expres sible latitude. but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expres3 表语从句：t 引导和 as/as if 引导（陈述句）、because/why、what 等疑问词引导（疑问句）。22. (1997Text2) A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how frie

21、ndly, courteous, and helpful most Americans were to them.23. (2006Text3) The notion ist people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happenedhe ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short timeo the past.4 同位语从句：t 引导（陈述句）、疑问词引导（疑问句）。a. 名词+同位语从句24. (2005Text3) A ce

22、ntury ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory shadows of our unconscious desires and fears.t dreams were the disguised25. (2011.46) Allens contribution was to take an amption we all sharet because we are not robotswe therefore control our thoughtsand reveals its erroneous nature.You never kno

23、w how strong you are until being strong is the only choice you have英语语法讲义8 / 3826. (2009Text1) The conventional viewt education should be one of the very highest priorities forpromoting raeconomic development in poor countries is wrong.（3）名词性从句检测题：27. What he wanted to convey wast he was innocent, b

24、ut the public consideredt the factt theair had a strong influence on the female stars was the prominent evidence for his fault.28. (2012Text1) But in her new book, Johe Club, Tina Rosenberg contendst perere cso erbe aitive force through what she calls the sol cure, in whichanizations and offils use

25、theof group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives andsibly the world.29. (2012Text2) Now the company iddenly claimingt the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the2006 legislation, andt only the federalernmens regulatoryer over nuclear ies.30. (2010Text2) The Federal Circuit ied an unusua

26、l order singt the case (Bilski) would be heardby all 12 of the courts judges, rathern a typical panel of three, andt one ie it wants to evaluate iswhether it should reconsider its Se Street Bruling.（2010-27）Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?A.Its ruling comps with the court decis.B.I

27、t involves a very big business tranion.C.Is been dismissed by the Federal Circuit.D.It may change the legal practihe U.S.You never know how strong you are until being strong is the only choice you have英语语法讲义9 / 38第三章形容词性语法内容一、语能：定语、表语、补语、状语。例：She is beautiful.We find the exameresting.The girl stood

28、there, full of confidence.He is a handsome boy.He is a boy who is handsome.We should know the culture past and present.二、形容词性从句：定语从句限定性定语从句（t 可）、非限定性定语从句（t 否）。例：31.（2005.47）Multi-media groups have been increasingly sucsful: groups which bring togetherevi, radio, newsprs, magazines and publishing hou

29、sest work in relation to one another.32. (1999Text2) Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online tranions only withestablished business partners who are given acs to the companys privateranet.33. He studied hard at school when he was young, which contributed a lot to hics in his career

30、.1 关系代词引导的定语从句：whose 引导。t 引导（做连词可省）、which 引导、who 引导、whom 引导、例：34. Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (模式)o which they plug (嵌入，套入) each days events.35. (2012Text1) But in her new book, Johe Club, Tina Rosenberg contendst perere cso erbe aitive force through w

31、hat she calls the sol cure, in whichanizations and offils use theof group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives andsibly the world.You never know how strong you are until being strong is the only choice you have英语语法讲义10 / 382 关系副词引导的定语从句：when 引导、where 引导、why 引导、whereby 引导。例：36.eviis one o

32、f the means whereby these feelings are created and conveyed.37. (1998cloze) By contrast, they saw was still a compley agricultural country,he precedingdred years from 1659 to 1750, when Englandriod of abundance and prosperity.38. (2005Text3) Of all the components of a good nights sleep, dreams seem

33、to be least within our control.In dreams, a window openso a world where logic ispended and deeople speak.3 as 引导的定语从句：a.引导限定性定语从句：固定搭配的必须必 suchas, the sameas(t),asas；例：39. (2001Text4) The most important forbehind the massive (巨大的) M&A (并购) wave are the same s.t under(引起) the globalization pro40. The

34、 sun gives us as much energy every minute as mind uses in a year.b.引导非限定性定语从句：代替 which 出现在主句之前。例：41. (2006Text2) Stratford-on-Avon, as we all know, has only one industryWilliam Shakespearebutthere are two distinctively separate and increasingly hostiranches.42. (2006Translation) This description eve

35、n fits the majority eminent scholars. Being learned in somebranches of humnowledge is one thing; living in public and industrious thoughts, as Emerwouldsay, is something else.英语语法讲义11 / 38作文常用句型：As is shown above。hctures, As is seen from the chart, As is vividly betrayedhe cartoon4 定语从句和同位语从句区分：例：Th

36、et they have drawn is wrong.Thet they wont accept our conditions is wrong.5 定语从句检测题43. (2012Text3)he idealized verof how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to beobserved and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work.44. (2006 翻译) The def

37、inition also excludes the majority of factors, despite the factt teaching hastraditionally been the method whereby manyellectuals earn their living.45. (1994 完形 54) The words used by the speaker may stir up unfavorable reactions in the listener 45erfere with his comprehen.A. whoB. asC. whichD. what4

38、6. (2006Text2) Hilton is building its own hothere, which you may be sure will be decorated withHamle expensive.mburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth, and will be very47. (2008Text4) They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in1998, which almostce

39、rtainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fatheredeast one child with his slave Sally Hemings.48. (2008Text4) Washington, who had begun to bevet all men were created equal after observing thebravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong op to grant his slaves their freedo

40、m in his will.ition of his relatives（2008-40）Washingtons decito free slaves originated from his .A. moral considerationB. military experienceYou never know how strong you are until being strong is the only choice you have英语语法讲义12 / 38C. finanl conditionsD. political stand49. (2010Text1) Of all the c

41、hangesve taken place in English-language newsprs during the pastquarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline of their arts coverage.he scope and seriousness50. (2010Text1) It is difficult to the poof imsibility for the average reader underof forty toimagine a time w

42、hen high-quality arts criticism could be foundost big-city newsprs.三、分词：现在分词、过去分词时态与主1语能：定语、表语、宾语/主语补足语、状语。2.定语：a.We are often attracted by enchanting music.We must adapt (适应) our thinking to the changed conditions.b.The Americanvisiting China now will return on Saturday.51. (2006Text4) After all, w

43、hat is the one modern form of expresalmost compley dedicated (用于) to dcting happiness.c.分词作定语检测题：52. (1996 年语法) There was a veryeresting remark in a book by an Englishmant I read recently4what he thought was a reason for this American characteristic.A. givingB. gaveC. to giveD. gives53. (1995 年语法) H

44、ow many of us, say, a meetingt is irrelevant to us would beerestedhediscus.A. attendedB. attendingC. to attendD. have attended54. (1999 年语法) Its easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague (不明确的) changesplace in our ever-changing world.A. takingB. to takeC.

45、takeD. takenYou never know how strong you are until being strong is the only choice you have英语语法讲义13 / 3855. (2003.63) The emphasis on data gatheredhand, combined wicross-culturalbrought l science.toysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important so56. (2010Text

46、1) We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspr reviews published in Englandbetn the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, aime when newsprwas dirt-cheapand stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared.(2010-22) Newspr reviews in

47、 England before World War II were characterized by .A. free themesB. casual stylesC. elaboraayoutD. radical viewpos3.表语：a.His argument is very convincing.b.分词作表语检测题：57. （2005Text3）In dreams, a window opens people speak.o a world where logic ispended (暂停、终止) and dead4.补足语：主要看动作是谁发出的，宾语发出就是宾语补足语。a.Whi

48、le walking along the streets, we often hear someone singing for his/her living.he morning, people woke up and found the world outside their house compley changed.b.分词做补足语检测题：Teachers always speak loudly in order to make themselves heard.5. 状语：注意分词的逻辑主语，由主关系决定分词选择（切记）。a. Changing from solid to liquid

49、, water takes in heat from all substan(物质) near it.英语语法讲义14 / 38Seenhis light, economic crisis is not as serious as people generally supe.b. 分词作状语检测题：58. (1998 语法) He wasnt asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, insufficientl（y 不够地）popular will members.A. being consideredB. consideringC.

50、to be consideredD. having considered59. (1992 语法) of the burden of ice, the balloon climbed up and drifted to the south.A. To be freeB. FreeingC. To freeD. Freed60. (1993 语法) All flightsbecause of the snowstorm（暴风雪）, we decided to take the train.A. were canceledB. had been canceledC. having canceled

51、D. having been canceled61. (2012Text4) Politins have repeatedly backloaded public-sector pay deals, keng the payincreases modest but adding to holidays and espelly penst are already generous.62. (1999Text1) Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying toipate

52、（）everysible accident.63. (2004. 64) Beingerestedhe relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the ideatthe structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.64. (2007Text4) Left, until now, to odd, low-level IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern only

53、ofdata-rich industries such as bing,ecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on thess agenda in businesses of every variety.6. 分词的复合结构：分词前加逻辑主语。Time permitting, we are going to Beijing Botanical Garden.65. (2001 年语法) Good news was sometimes released prematurely（提前地）, with the British

54、 recapture（重新收回，夺回） of the porthalf a day before the defenderually surrendered.英语语法讲义15 / 38A. to announceB. announcedC. announcingD. was announcedc.分词的复合结构检测题：66. (1999Text3) But, for a small group of students, profesal training might be the way to go since welldeveloped skills, all other factors b

55、eing equal, can be the difference betn having a job or not.67. (1997 年语法) Just as the value of aephone network increases with each new phoneto thesystem, so does the value of a computer system increase with each programt turns out.A. addingB. to have addedC. to addD. added68. (1993 年语法) As for the w

56、er, it is inconvenient to be cold, with most of料） is allowed saved for the dawn.furnace fuel（锅炉燃A. whatB.tC. whichD. such启示：分词已经不是动词，所以不能在句中做谓语。区分过去分词和动词过去式。You never know how strong you are until being strong is the only choice you have英语语法讲义16 / 38第四章能：状语。副词性语法内容一、语注：状语修饰动词、形容词和整句。例：She carefully

57、picked up all the bits of broken glass.He is old enough to get married.He passed the-round of the examination. However, he was not admitted by Renmin University becausehis performance on oral English was really bad.(表示上下文关系)二、副词性从句：状语从句时间状语从句、地点状语从句、条件状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、方式状语从句、让步状语从句、比较状语从句。6

58、9（. 2005.9）Strangely, some people find are sensitive to the smells of both flowers.t they can smell one type of flower but not another, 9othersA. whenB. sinceC. forD. whereas70.（1997.48）The phenomenon provides a way for avoiding market circles and the growing burdens im pen(退休金) panies to remain glo

59、bally competitive 48 ed by employment rules, healthcare costs andA. butB. whileC. andD. whereas注：。71. (2010-18) When work started again on Monday, output duly rose compared with the previous Saturdayand continued to rise for the next couple of days. , a comparison with data forks when there wasno ex

60、perimenion showedt output always went up on Mondays.A. ThereforeB. FurthermoreC. HoweverD. Meanwhile72. (2007-9) Generally there was a beft the new nations should be sovereign and independent ses,large enough to be economically viable andegrated by a common set of laws.On the ie of freedom of religi