07工程翻译-范例

1、城市建设与交通Urban Construction and Traffic 1The term “salite city” is used to describe the relationship betn a large city andneighboring smaller cities and townsbe collection and distribution post are economically dependent upon it. Salite cities mayhe commerl linkages of a trading metropolis, or theymay

2、 be manufacturing or mining centers existing with one-industry economies as the creatures ofsome nearby center. This latter form is what is generally meant when one uses the term “salitecity”. Takenhis sense, nineteenth century Chicopee and Lowell, Massachusetts, were salitesofton. Both were mill to

3、wns created byton investors to serve the economy oft NewfarmingEngland metropolis. Located on cheap land along waterer sites in the midst of aregiont could supplyle labor, they were saliteshe fullesse of the term. Pullman,Illinois, and Gray,na, were likewise one-industry towns created in conjunction

4、 with the muchbroader economy of nearby Chicago. Such pla, as Vera Schlman and Stanley Buder havepoed outheir excellent urban biographies, hane-dimenal quality, a paucity of solvigor. These cities could not stand alone; they were in a sense colonies of a multifunctional mother city.1“城”一词用以描述一个大城市与其

5、邻近地区一些较小的、在经济上依赖它的城镇之间的关系。城市可以是贸易中心商务联系中的集散地，也可能是作为附近某个中心城市的附属、以单一工业经济存在的制造业或矿业中心。这后一种形式就是人们使用“城”一词的通常意思。从这个意思上讲，19 世纪马萨诸塞州的奇科皮和就是波士顿的卫星城市。两者都是波士顿投资者创建的作坊城市，为新英格兰地区那个大都市的经济服务。它们位于一个水能丰富、地价低廉的农业地区，可提供充足的劳动力资源，因而是真正意义上的城市。州的和印第安纳州的也都是单一的工业城镇。它们的建立与附近芝加哥更加广泛的经济是密不可分的。这些地方正像施曼和巴德在他们优秀的城市发展史中的那样，都具有单一的特性

6、，即缺乏社会。这些城市难以独立存在；在某种意义上说，它们是一个多功能母城的殖民地。2roved to be the most viable solution to the great American problem of distance.The railroRail transporion was fast, reliable, relatively cheap to construct, and useable even in wer.Able to go almost anywhere, even over the Allegheny Barrier, the railroad def

7、ied terrain andweather. Early experiments with railroads involved the use of various kinds ofer, includingwind, dogs, horses, and finally. Theimportant line was begun by the Baltimore andOhio Companysignificantly on Independence Day in 1828. At the colorful dedication ceremony,thestas laid in Baltim

8、ore by Charles Carroll, then age ninety, the only surviving signerof the Declaration of Independence. But theotive for railroads, truly a declaration ofindependence from primitive transporion, was not, as commonly suped, a Yee invention.Id already been used to a limited extent in England.2的大问题距离问题的可

9、行的办法。铁路铁路被证实是解决快速、可靠，相对来说造价低廉，即使在冬天也可以用。铁路几乎可以通向任何地方，甚至可以格尼险阻，不受地形和气候的约束。早期对铁路的试验涉及各种动力的使用，这些动力包括风、狗、马以及最后应用的蒸汽。第一条重要的铁路线由巴尔的摩和俄亥俄公司于 1828 年独立日隆重开工。在五彩缤纷的奉献仪式上，第一块基石由这位九十高龄的用的蒸汽机的发明。它在英老人在巴尔的摩奠定，这位老人是参加签字人中的仅存者。但是铁并不像大家所推测的是车摆脱原始方式的真正国早已有限度地使用了。3The London Undergroundsubway was built in London in 18

10、63. At the time，theThe worldsernment waslooking for a way to reduce traffic problemshe city of London. The poor areas of the city weresible for horse carriages to get through. The city sible for workers to live outside of London andso crowded with peoplet it was almost imrying to make itoffils weree

11、restedtravel easily to work each day. If people had a cheap and convenient wayt they could dependon to go to and from work, they would relocate their homes outside of the city. This would helpease the prere of too many people livinghe poor parts of London. From these problems, theidea of the London

12、Underground, thesubway system, was born.The plans for building the Underground met with several problems and delays, but the fasttrack was finally opened in January 1863. Atrain pulled the cars along the fast undergroundtrack which was 6 kilometers (3.7) long. About 30,000 people got on the subway t

13、heday. Riders were treated to comfortable seats (standing up while the train was moving was notallowed), and pleasant decorations（温馨的装潢）inside each of the cars. However, the smokefrom the engine soon filled the air in the tunnels wish(煤烟) and soot（油烟）, as well aschemical gases. Fans（鼓风机 air-blowers）

14、had to be puthe tunnels later to keep the air cleanenough for people to breathe. Even with（即使）its problems, ridinghe Underground did catchon（逐渐流行）. It carried 9 million riders in itsyear.4A Brief History of the London UndergroundThe London Underground is an iconic（标志性的）underground metropolitan railr

15、oad located in London, England. In addition to sha （塑造）the city of London above it, the London Underground also influenced metropolitan railroads around the world. Many nations m ed（模仿，塑造）their subway systems after the London Underground. The London Underground is also known as the Tube, due to the

16、characteristic sh of the subway tunnels（隧道）.The total network which comprises（）the London Underground is 253(408kilometers) long. 976 million rides are taking on the London Underground each year in 4,070subway cars. The London Underground began in 1863, when service wasopened betnPaddington(帕丁顿)Sion

17、 and Farringdon(法灵登) Street. The system(地铁线) has continued to expand（延续）, with perioonstructions of new lines and retrofitting（改造）of old ones tobetter serve the users of the London Underground. Construction on the metropolitan railwaysystem, which came to be known as the London Underground, began in

18、 the Victorian era in response to（应对）increasing traffic congestion. The growing population made traveling inLondon very difficult, and it was thought（认为）t an underground railway would solve manycongestion problems. The London Underground expanded raly, and included 12 separainesby 2006.Initially the

19、 lines were constructed using a cut and cover technique（挖填法）. This involved comple y excavating the dir（t 泥土）, building a supported brick arch, and covering the arch. This technique was time consuming and contributed to congestion as well, as it blocked off vitalroadways(路面). Later, a system similar

20、 tot used in coal mining was used, where tunnels wereexcavated and supported with beams（柱梁）before being brick lined（衬砖）.Theline to be completed was the Circle Line（环线）, which was finished in 1884. Otherlines followed quickly, including the Central Line（中心线）, Bakerloo（鲁）, andtrains（蒸汽火车）, butHammersm

21、ind City. Initially the London Underground usedbegan to convert to electric trains（电动火车）in the early 1900s. The London Underground roduced electronic ticket machines（电子售票机）in 1918, and continued to be at the forefront（前沿，前列）of metropolitan railway innovation（，创新）.The London Undergrounds extensive ne

22、twork( 广泛网络) was employed for use asunderground bomb shelters（防空洞）during the Second World War. Britons（布莱顿人）of all ages and classes sheltered underground during numerous bombings of London. Expan（扩建）on the London Underground ceased during the war, with partially completed（部分完成） lines being used for

23、storage and basic manufacturing. In 2003, the London Underground wasegratedo（并入，成为一体）the Transport for London system, which is aimed at increasingefficiency and capability（效率和能力）of Londons transit servi（服务whisk）.The London Underground also utilizes（采用）a unique map, designed by Harry Beck in 1933. Be

24、ck realized t a geographically accurate（地理准确）and properly scaled（比例适当）map would be difficult for travelers to read. His map simplified the London Underground to its essence（到了本质）, color coding（彩色编码）the various lines and smoothing out their routes(注明沿途经过的站点) sot the entire system could be represented

25、 simply and plainly（简单而明晰）.Maps styled after his are used for transit systems everywhere to quickly convey basic information about routes to travelers.The London Underground also has several “ghost s ions,” Tube s ions which are no longer used although they still exist. These disused(废弃的)s ions were

26、 closed for various reasons. Some of them are like time capsules（时间胶囊）perfectly capturing（捕捉）the moment at which they were closed, while others have been more or less erased（抹去）from history. Toursof the disused sions are sometimes held, and are aneresting（饶有）look the subway system（地铁系统的心脏）.o the hea

27、rt of5eresting architectural phenomenon of the 1970s was the enthusiasm forThe mostrefurbishing older buildings. Obviously, this was not an entirely new phenomenon. What is new isthe wholesale in reusing the past, in recycling, in adaptive rehabiliion. A few trial effortshe1960s, such as Ghirardelli

28、 Square in San Francisco, proved their finanl viability, but it was inthe 1970s with the strongernment support through tax incentives and radepretion, aswell as growingerest in ecology ies,t recycling became a major factor on the urban scene.One of the most comprehensive ventures was the restoration

29、 and transformation oftons 18thcentury Fancuil Hall and the Quincy Market, designed in 1824. This section had fallen on hardtimes, but beginning with the construction of a new city hall immediay adjacent, is returnedto life with theelligent reuse of these fine old buildings under the design leadersh

30、ip ofBenjamin Thompson. He has provided a marvelous setting for dining, shopoffice, and simply walking., profesalButler Square, in Minneapolis, exemplifies major changes in its complex of offi,commerl space, and public amenities carved out of a massive pile designed in 1906 as ahardware warehouse, t

31、he excitingSan Antonio, Texas, offers aerior and adding large skylights.big object lesson for numerous other cities combating urbandecay. Rathern bringing in the bulldozers, San Antonios leaders rehabilied existingstructures, while simultaneously cleaning up the San Antonio River, whibusiness distri

32、ct.eanders through the520 世纪 70 年代建筑方面最有趣的现象就是人们对修葺较古老建筑物的热情。显然，这并不是什么全新的现象。新奇的只是古为今用、旧物回收和实用翻新的规模。60 年代曾有几次尝试（如旧金的克位德里广场）证明在经济上是切实可行的。然而只是到 70 年代，由于通过剌激和加快折旧给予支持以及人们对生态问题日注，旧物回收才成为城市面貌的一个重要。最具综合利用性质投机之一要算对波士顿城内于 18 世纪建造的范尼尔大厅以及在 1824 设计的市场的修复与改造。这部分建筑曾在乱世坍塌，但是随着人们紧挨着它修建一座新的市政大厅开始，它又恢复了生机，人们在设计师的下巧妙

33、地重新利用这些漂亮的古老建筑。他为人们提供了一个绝妙的就餐、购物、办公或仅仅是散步的场所。明尼阿波利斯广场以把许多、商业场地和公共所一体的改造提供了明证，它是在 1906 年设计作为五金仓库用的巨大建筑物上开辟出来的。这座建筑激动人心的木质结构，通过在室内开天窗彩入上空光线，显得十分明亮。得克萨斯州的对市也作为许多与城市作的其他城市提供了一堂实物教育课。市政蜒流过的对现存建筑不是用推土机推倒，而是进行修葺，同时疏浚那条从商业区蜿河。6r is as American as jazz. It is this countrys greatest and most characteristicThe

34、 skyscrcontribution to the city, to whose skyline it lends rhythm and romance. Like jazz, the skyscrarchitecture is a popular art. During its golden age, in the 1920s and 1930s, the skyscrrrbecame a popular symbol of our national character: a soaring, upward-aspiring image aserfulas a moon rocket. N

35、ow, some fifty years after it reached its high powith teration of theChrysler and Empire Se buildings, and adred years after the invention of the steel skeletonmade itsible, the skyscrr is undergoing a renaissance.6特有的。它是这个国家对城市做出的最大而最有特色的色彩。像爵士音乐一样，摩天大楼的建筑是一种流行摩天大楼和爵士音乐一样是贡献，赋予她空中轮廓以节奏感和的艺术。在它的黄金时代

36、，即 20 世纪 20 和 30 年代，摩天大楼成为民族特点的一个受大众欢迎的象征：一个像登月火箭一样强大的、高耸入云顶天立地的形象。如今，在它达到了和这一代摩天大楼的高度大约 50 年后，在使摩天大楼的建筑造成为可能的钢铁结构发明 100 年后，摩天大楼正在经历一次复兴。7.What Is a Building?A building does not express its meaninghe same way as a picture or a sculpture because it isby nature muore complex. It demands a prior effort

37、 ofysis.heplace, we neversee a building in its totality: we can never obtaoren partial views both of the exterior anderior, with the resultt we are always obliged to relate what we can see to what we cannot seeto form a clear picture of the whole. It is imhas to think as well as look. To help ussibl

38、e simply to indulge the pleasure of the eye: oneellectual exercise we have an important tool tohishand, the plan, which informs us simultaneously about exterior anderior, the whole and the part.Together with the cross section, which reveals the structure, it gives in abstract form a comiteimage of t

39、he building which photographsin whatever numbercould never give. It is thereforenesary, before anything else, to lear5n to read a plan and to familiarize olf in a general waywith the various means of graphic expresaxonometric plan).used in architecture (cross section, elevation,7认识建筑建筑表现其意义的方式与绘画或雕塑

40、不同，因为它本质上要复杂得多。他一开始就需要进行分析。首先，根本不能完整地看到一幢建筑所能获得的仅为建筑内外的部分印象。结果，总是不得不将所看到的联系起来才能形成一幅清晰、完整的画面。单是一饱眼福是不可能的，需要边看边想。为了有助于这种思维活动，手里有一种重要的工具，平面图。他可同时提供建筑内外整体与局部的有关信息。平面图与剖面图（展示建筑结构）一起，以抽象形式，一幅的建筑图，这是无论多少幅都不能表现的。因此，在学别的知识之前，有必要先学会看平面图，并广泛熟悉建筑学中常用的各种图示面图、正是他、三项投影图。（剖8建设开发控制（汉-英翻译）开发强度控制：高星级假日酒店开发强度为中低强度，容积率控

41、制在 0.8 以内。建筑密度可控制在 20以内。酒店至沙滩之间的公共绿化带可进行适当的园林景观建设，保证酒店与海滨沙滩的联系。度假社区建筑（包括别墅、联排式住宅、多层住宅和住宅）依据总体规划的布局合理的分布。联排式住宅采取低强度的开发模式，容积率控制在 0.8 以内，建筑密度可控制在25以内；多层式住宅采取中强度的开发模式，容积率控制在 1.0 以内，建筑密度可控制在25以内；20以内。式住宅采取中高强度的开发模式，容积率控制在 2 以内，建筑密度可控制在商业服务建筑主要分布在度假区人流较为密集的区域，沿主要道路两侧分布。商业和服务业的建筑占地较小，使用强度较高，容积率控制在 1.0 以下，建

42、筑密度控制在 35以内。本着适当增加建设密度、增加土地集聚效应，增加红塘湾旅游度假区初期开发的人气汇集的规划理念，对于某些地块给予一定的调节度，即对于能同时进行周边公共开敞空间建设的开发，可考虑其建筑密度指标适当上调 5-10%，具体由当地规划管理部门根据实际建设的需要适当调节和管理。其它市政配套设施建设按国家有关规范控制其开发强度。建设开发控制Construction and Development Control开发强度控制：高星级假日酒店开发强度为中低强度，容积率控制在 0.8 以内。建筑密度可控制在 20以内。酒店至沙滩之间的公共绿化带可进行适当的园林景观建设，保证酒店与海滨沙滩的联系

43、。Developmentensity control: in developmentensity, high-star holiday hos feature mediumand lowensity, with floor area ratio lessn 0.8. Building density could be limited within 20%.Public greenbelt betn the hoand the beach shall be properly landscd to ensure the linkbetn the hoand the seashore beach.度

44、假社区建筑（包括别墅、联排式住宅、多层住宅和住宅）依据总体规划的布局合理的分布。联排式住宅采取低强度的开发模式，容积率控制在 0.8 以内，建筑密度可控制在 25以内；多层式住宅采取中强度的开发模式，容积率控制在 1.0 以内，建筑密度可控制在 25以内；以内。式住宅采取中高强度的开发模式，容积率控制在 2 以内，建筑密度可控制在 20Resort community buildings (including villas, townhouses, multi-storey and high-rise residen)will be rationally distributed on the

45、basis of the layout of the overall planning. Townhouse development will be subject to low-ensity mode, with floor area ratio lessn 0.8 and buildingdensity limited within 25%; multi-storey residence will follow medium-ensity development,with floor area ratio lessn 1.0 and building density limited wit

46、hin 25%; high-rise residence willmeet the requirements of medium and high-ensity development, with floor area ratio lessand building density limited within 20%.n 2商业服务建筑主要分布在度假区人流较为密集的区域，沿主要道路两侧分布。商业和服务业的建筑占地较小，使用强度较高，容积率控制在 1.0 以下，建筑密度控制在 35以内。本着适当增加建设密度、增加土地集聚效应，增加红塘湾旅游度假区初期开发的人气汇集的规划理念，对于某些地块给予一定

47、的调节度，即对于能同时进行周边公共开敞空间建设的开发，可考虑其建筑密度指标适当上调 5-10%，具体由当地规划管理部门根据实际建设的需要适当调节和管理。Commerl buildings are mainly distributed at both sides along the main road in relatively denseareas in resort. Commerl and service buildings occupy less land, but feature higherensity,with floor area ratio below 1.0, and bui

48、lding density limited within 35%. Based on planningconcept of appropriate increase in construction density, increased land concentrating effewellas popular collection in initially developed Hongtang Bay resort, some lots will be appropria y regulated, i.e. building density indicator will be properly

49、 adjusted to 5-10% for simultaneous development of surrounding public open space, and specific matters concerned will be correspondingly coordinated and managed on the basis of actual construction by local planningand management authorities.其它市政配套设施建设按国家有关规范控制其开发强度。Other municipal supporting facilit

50、ies will be subject to certain development according to the relevant standards of the se.ensity of construction andConstruction and Development ControlDevelopmentensity control: in developmentensity, high-star holiday hos featuren 0.8. Building density could be limitedmedium and lowensity, with floo

51、r area ratio lesswithin 20%. Public greenbelt betn the hoand the beach shall be properly landscd toensure the link betn the hoand seashore beach.Resort community buildings (including villas, townhouses, multi-storey and high-riseresiden) will be rationally distributed on the basis of the layout of t

52、he overall planning.Townhouse development will be subject to low-ensity mode, with floor area ratio lessand building density limited within 25%; multi-storey residence will follow mediumn 0.8ensitydevelopment, with floor area ratio lessn 1.0 and building density limited within 25%; high-riseresidenc

53、e will meet the requirements of medium and high-ensity development, with floor arearatio lessn 2 and building density limited within 20%.Commerl buildings are mainly distributed at both sides along the main road in relativelydense areas in resort. Commerl and service buildings occupy less land, but

54、feature higherensity, with floor area ratio below 1.0, and building density limited within 35%. Based onplanning concept of appropriate increase in construction density, increased land concentratingeffewell as popular collection in initially developed Hongtang Bay resort, some lots will beappropria

55、y regulated, i.e. building density indicator will be properly adjusted to 5-10% for simultaneous development of surrounding public open space, and specific matters concerned will be correspondingly coordinated and managed on the basis of actual construction by local planningand management authoritie

56、s.Other municipal supporting facilities will be subject to certaindevelopment according to the relevant standards of the se.ensity of construction andDesign of SpillwaysSpillways are ordinarily classified according to their most prominent feature. Commonly referred to types can be listed as follows.

57、1. Free Overall (Straight Drop) SpillwaysA free over-fall or straight drop spillways is one in which the flow drops freely from the crest.This type iited to a thin arch or deck overflow dam or to a crest is which has a nearly verticaldownstream face. Occaally the crest is extendedhe form of an overh

58、anging lip to directsmall discharges away from the face of the over-fall section.Where no artifil protection is provided at the base of the over-fall, scour will occuroststreambeds and will form a deep pge poll. The volume and depth of the hole are related to therange of discharges, the height of th

59、e drop, and the depth of tail-water.A free over-fall spillways is not adaptable for high drops on yielding foundations, because ofthe large impact forwhiust be absorbed by the apron at the poof imement of the jet.Vibrations incident to the impact might crack or displace the structure, with danger fr

60、om failure bypior undermining. Ordinarily, the use of this structure for hydraulic drops from heool totail-water in exs of 20 feet should not be considered.2. Ogee (Overflow) SpillwaysThe ogee spillways have a control weir which is ogee or S-shd in profile. The upper curveof the ogee ordinarily is m